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The working class included immigrants, women, and children because most men were at war. They worked in factories under harsh conditions for low pay. Most lived in industrial cities like Chicago and New York. This happened during the 1890s–1920s, the Progressive Era. Industrialization created a demand for cheap labor. Strikes, unions, and reformers pushed for better conditions. These changes led to labor laws and modern workers' rights.

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The Panic of 1873 affected banks, businesses, and workers. It was caused by over-speculation in railroads and industry. This occurred across the U.S. and Europe. It began in 1873 and led to a six-year depression. Overinvestment and weak financial systems were to blame. Workers lost jobs, and strikes increased. This event exposed the need for financial reform and economic stability.

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The Cloakmakers' Strike of 1910 involved thousands of garment workers, mostly immigrants, fighting for better pay, shorter hours, and union rights in New York City. Their famous picture shows workers holding banners and standing together in solidarity. The strike led to the Protocol of Peace, improving working conditions and inspiring future labor actions.

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The new consumer culture included middle-class Americans. They bought mass-produced goods like appliances and clothing. This happened in growing urban areas across the U.S. during the early 20th century. It was driven by industrialization and advertising. Department stores, catalogs, and credit made shopping easier. This created a society focused on materialism and shaped modern consumer habits.

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Frederick Winslow Taylor, founder of scientific management.

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Scientific management was focused on factory efficiency. It was developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor, and introduced time studies and strict workflows. This was used in factories across the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It aimed to maximize productivity and reduce costs. Managers controlled every step of work processes. This led to higher output but often dehumanized workers, sparking labor unrest.

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The Knights of Labor included workers from all trades, both skilled and unskilled. They fought for better wages, shorter hours, and improved conditions. Their activities spread across the United States. The movement peaked in the 1880s. They sought to unite workers and oppose exploitation in the workplace.

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The American Federation of Labor (AFL) involved skilled workers from various trades. It focused on better wages, hours, and workplace conditions. Its efforts took place in industrial cities across the U.S. It was founded in 1886 and gained prominence in the early 20th century. The AFL prioritized practical economic gains over political reforms to protect workers' rights.