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March 3, 1865: Freedmen's Bureau Established

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March 3, 1865: Freedmen's Bureau Established

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The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands was established in Washington, D.C. to support former slaves and poor whites in the South. While the bureau made significant efforts in education and basic needs, it struggled with limited resources and southern resistance. The bureau's inability to fulfill its promise of '40 acres and a mule' to formerly enslaved people contributed to the rise of sharecropping.

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A deadly riot erupted in Memphis, Tennessee, resulting in the deaths of 46 African Americans and the destruction of 90 properties, including churches and schools. This violent event demonstrated the growing racial tensions and resistance to black freedom in the South, foreshadowing the rise of violent supremacist organizations.

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A peaceful march by African Americans advocating for voting rights turned deadly when white mobs, including police, attacked the protesters. This event highlighted the violent opposition to African American political participation and influenced the passing of Reconstruction Acts by Congress.

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Congress divided the South into five military districts, requiring states to ratify the 14th Amendment and establish new constitutions ensuring African American male suffrage. This marked the beginning of Radical Reconstruction and military occupation of the South.

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1870: Hiram Revels Becomes First African American Senator

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1870: Hiram Revels Becomes First African American Senator

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Hiram Revels was elected as the first African American U.S. Senator, representing Mississippi. His election symbolized the brief period of African American political participation during Reconstruction, before the rise of Jim Crow laws and disenfranchisement.

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The deadliest instance of racial violence during Reconstruction occurred in Colfax, Louisiana, where approximately 150 African Americans were killed by white supremacists. This event exemplified the violent 'Redemption' movement by Southern Democrats to regain political control.

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The White League, a paramilitary group, attempted to overthrow the Reconstruction government in New Orleans. This insurrection represented the growing power of 'Redeemer' Democrats and their violent tactics to restore white supremacy.

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1877: Compromise of 1877 Ends Reconstruction

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1877: Compromise of 1877 Ends Reconstruction

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The informal agreement that resolved the 1876 presidential election led to the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, effectively ending Reconstruction. This compromise marked the triumph of Southern 'Redemption' and the beginning of the Jim Crow era, leaving African Americans vulnerable to discrimination and segregation.