# data[].attributes.body
Cells are the simplest unit of living matter

Cell Theory:
- All living organisms are composed of cells
- The cell is the basic unit of life
- All cells arise from other cells

# data[].attributes.body
Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Bacteria are prokaryotes.

Eukaryotes are complex and do have membrane-bound organelles. Animals, plants, and fungi are eukaryotes.

# data[].attributes.body
Autotrophs:
- Obtain carbon directly through CO2
- Photoautotrophs get energy through light
- Chemoautotrophs get energy through "inorganic oxidation" of water, minerals, or nitrogen gas

Heterotrophs:
- Obtain carbon through other means (not directly from CO2)
- Photoheterotrophs get energy through light
- Chemoheterotrophs depend on other organisms for carbon

# data[].attributes.body
Genetic Transfer/Bacterial Conjugation
- They grab stray DNA from the environment
- Plasmid Transfer
Binary Fission
- Rapid reproduction or 2 identical cells

# data[].attributes.body
Mitosis
- Somatic/Body cells
Meiosis
- Gametes
- Egg/sperm
Variations & Diversity come from mutations

# data[].attributes.body
- Unicellular
- May have flagella for movement
- Aerobic, anaerobic, or facultative (an)aerobe
- Gram + or gram -

# data[].attributes.body
- Unicellular
- Live in extreme environments
- Some types include:
- Thermophiles (extreme hot temps)
- Halophiles (salty environments)
- Methanogens (methane-producing)
- Psychrophiles (extreme cold temps)

# data[].attributes.body
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Cyanobacteria or blue-green algae
- Photosynthetic
- Live in damp soil, water, and on rocks

# data[].attributes.body
- Aerobic
- Cellulose in cell wall
- Many ways of locomotion
- Cilia (hair-like)
- Flagellates (whip-like)
- Pseudopodia (fake feet)

# data[].attributes.body
- Mushrooms, mold, yeast
- Cell wall contains chitin
- Reproduce by releasing spores
- Decomposers

# data[].attributes.body
- Nonliving, noncellular entities
- Consists of:
- Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Surrounded by a protein coat
- Require a host to reproduce

# data[].attributes.body
- Not technically microorganisms, but part of their life cycle is microscopic
- Examples:
- Flatworms
- Lung Fluke Disease
- Roundworms
- Ascariasis

# data[].attributes.body
Bacilli: Rod-shaped
Cocci: Round, spherical
Spirilla: Rigid spiral-shaped bacteria
Filamentous: Thread-like, cells elongate but don’t divide

# data[].attributes.body
Tests for peptidoglycan
Gram +: Thick peptidoglycan layer
Gram -: Thin/no peptidoglycan layer

# data[].attributes.body
Identifies aerobic bacteria
Catalase: Enzyme produced by bacteria that uses oxygen
A positive catalase test will have bubbles present
A negative catalase test will have no reaction

# data[].attributes.body
Identifies aerobic bacteria
Depending on where the bacteria grows in a tube full of liquid, you can determine whether it is aerobic or anaerobic

# data[].attributes.body
Consists of:
- DNA or RNA
- A protein coat, which can be:
- Capsid: a rigid structure to withstand harsh environments
- Envelope: can only survive in aqueous solutions

# data[].attributes.body
- Complex
- Bacteriophage (a virus that infects a bacteria)
- Helical/filamentous
- Spherical
- Polyhedral

# data[].attributes.body
The chain of infection occurs in the following order:
- Organism
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Transmission
- Portal of Entry
- Susceptible Host

# data[].attributes.body
- Invade the Host
- Cause Disease
- Evade Host Defenses

# data[].attributes.body
Antibiotics
- Used for bacterial infections ONLY
- Examples include Doxycycline, Penicillin, Amoxicillin

Antivirals
- Used for viral infections ONLY
- Examples include Tamiflu, Retrovir, Zovirax

# data[].attributes.body
Nutrients are provided by different types of agar. Some agar types include LB agar, potato dextrose, yeast-mannitol, sheep's blood, and MacConkey agar.

# data[].attributes.body
- Write name, date, time, and sample on the petri dish (agar side)
- There are different plating techniques, such as:
- Triple-Z
- 4-Quadrant Streak
- Wrap the dish in parafilm, then store upside down