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常見的機器人類型隨著機器人製造商繼續在能力、價格和外形尺寸方面進行創新，機器人解決方案正被應用於越來越多的產業和應用。處理能力和人工智慧能力的進步，意味著我們現在可以各種方式使用機器人來實現關鍵目的。儘管機器人技術的應用有很大的不同，比如指導方向、儲存貨架、在危險環境中焊接金屬等等，但目前的機器人通常可以分為六類。自主移動機器人 (AMR)AMR 在全世界範圍內移動，並在移動過程中做出近乎即時的決定。感應器和攝影機等技術幫助其攝取周遭環境的資訊。機載處理設備幫助其分析並做出明智的決定 - 無論是移動以避開迎面而來的工人，還是精確挑選合適的包裹，或者選擇適當的表面進行消毒。它們是機動解決方案，僅需要有限的人力輸入即可完成各項工作。進一步瞭解 AMR。自動導引車（AGV）儘管 AMR 可以自由地穿越環境，但 AGV 依賴於軌道或預定路徑，通常需要操作人員的監督。它們通常用於在倉庫和工廠車間等受控環境中運送材料和移動物品。鉸接式機器人鉸接式機器人（也稱為機械臂）旨在模仿人類手臂的功能。一般來說，這些設備可以有 2 到 10 個旋轉接頭。每一個附加的關節或軸都能允許更大程度的運動。因此，它們成為電弧焊接、材料處理、機器維護和包裝的理想選擇。深入瞭解鉸接式機器人和機械臂。人形機器人儘管許多移動式人形機器人在技術上可能屬於 AMR 的範疇，但該術語卻被用來識別執行以人為本的功能並經常採取類似人類形式的機器人。它們使用許多與 AMR 相同的技術組件，在執行指示或提供禮賓服務等任務時進行感知、規劃和行動。協作機器人協作機器人被設計用於與人類協作或直接與人類合作。雖然大多數其他類型的機器人都能獨立完成任務，或者在嚴格隔離的工作區域內完成任務，但協作機器人可以與工人共享空間，幫助其完成更多工作。它們通常被用來消除日常工作流程中手動、危險或繁重的任務。在某些情況下，機器人可以透過響應和學習人類的動作來進行操作，並從日常工作流程中學習。混合式各種類型的機器人經常被組合起來，形成能夠完成更複雜任務的混合解決方案。例如，一個 AMR 可能與一個機械臂相結合，創造出一個用於在倉庫內處理包裹的機器人。隨著更多的功能被合併到單一的解決方案中，運算能力也被合併起來。

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常見的機器人類型隨著機器人製造商繼續在能力、價格和外形尺寸方面進行創新，機器人解決方案正被應用於越來越多的產業和應用。處理能力和人工智慧能力的進步，意味著我們現在可以各種方式使用機器人來實現關鍵目的。儘管機器人技術的應用有很大的不同，比如指導方向、儲存貨架、在危險環境中焊接金屬等等，但目前的機器人通常可以分為六類。自主移動機器人 (AMR)AMR 在全世界範圍內移動，並在移動過程中做出近乎即時的決定。感應器和攝影機等技術幫助其攝取周遭環境的資訊。機載處理設備幫助其分析並做出明智的決定 - 無論是移動以避開迎面而來的工人，還是精確挑選合適的包裹，或者選擇適當的表面進行消毒。它們是機動解決方案，僅需要有限的人力輸入即可完成各項工作。進一步瞭解 AMR。自動導引車（AGV）儘管 AMR 可以自由地穿越環境，但 AGV 依賴於軌道或預定路徑，通常需要操作人員的監督。它們通常用於在倉庫和工廠車間等受控環境中運送材料和移動物品。鉸接式機器人鉸接式機器人（也稱為機械臂）旨在模仿人類手臂的功能。一般來說，這些設備可以有 2 到 10 個旋轉接頭。每一個附加的關節或軸都能允許更大程度的運動。因此，它們成為電弧焊接、材料處理、機器維護和包裝的理想選擇。深入瞭解鉸接式機器人和機械臂。人形機器人儘管許多移動式人形機器人在技術上可能屬於 AMR 的範疇，但該術語卻被用來識別執行以人為本的功能並經常採取類似人類形式的機器人。它們使用許多與 AMR 相同的技術組件，在執行指示或提供禮賓服務等任務時進行感知、規劃和行動。協作機器人協作機器人被設計用於與人類協作或直接與人類合作。雖然大多數其他類型的機器人都能獨立完成任務，或者在嚴格隔離的工作區域內完成任務，但協作機器人可以與工人共享空間，幫助其完成更多工作。它們通常被用來消除日常工作流程中手動、危險或繁重的任務。在某些情況下，機器人可以透過響應和學習人類的動作來進行操作，並從日常工作流程中學習。混合式各種類型的機器人經常被組合起來，形成能夠完成更複雜任務的混合解決方案。例如，一個 AMR 可能與一個機械臂相結合，創造出一個用於在倉庫內處理包裹的機器人。隨著更多的功能被合併到單一的解決方案中，運算能力也被合併起來。

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圖片☝( 餐廳裏的機械人代替人們給客人送餐)

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狹義上對機器人的定義還有很多分類法及爭議，有些電腦程式甚至也被稱為機器人。在當代工業中，機器人指能自動執行任務的人造機器裝置，用以取代或協助人類工作，一般會是機電裝置，由電腦程式或是電子電路控制。
機器人學是有關機器人設計、組裝、運作及應用的技術研究[1]，以及控制機器人的電腦系統、感測器回授以及資訊處理等。機器人可以代替人類在一些危險的環境或是製造程式中工作，或是在外貌、行為或認知上取代人類。許多機器的概念都來自自然界，因此有仿生機器人學的出現。
功能:
由於機械人能快速及準確地完成特定任務，故在工業應用上，專門處理單調、重覆、勞動性高的工序，包括配件組裝、運輸、存倉等；它們亦可代替人類進行一些高危工作，例如拆除炸彈、探索災區和到太空勘察。 近年，醫療機械人亦開始普及，機械人能協助醫生進行一些複雜而精細的手術，或幫忙護理病人，減輕醫護人員壓力。
我認為人們也可以把機械人代替 醫院裏照顧病人的護士，這樣護士便可以去協助醫生工作，減輕醫院裏的人手負擔。

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隨著人工智慧的不斷發展，市場對於智能化社會的呼聲越來越高，但是人工智慧目前依然處在行業發展的初期，智能機器人對於應用場景還是有較大的依賴。相信隨著大數據等相關領域的不斷發展，未來智能體的應用場景會進一步增加，能夠實施的功能也會越來越多。

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隨著人工智慧的不斷發展，市場對於智能化社會的呼聲越來越高，但是人工智慧目前依然處在行業發展的初期，智能機器人對於應用場景還是有較大的依賴。相信隨著大數據等相關領域的不斷發展，未來智能體的應用場景會進一步增加，能夠實施的功能也會越來越多。

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我想令一個機械人當作一個工程人員，減低其他人的負擔。

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我想令一個機械人當作一個工程人員，減低其他人的負擔。

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Articulated welding robots used in a factory are a type of industrial robot.

The quadrupedal military robot Cheetah, an evolution of BigDog (pictured), was clocked as the world's fastest legged robot in 2012, beating the record set by an MIT bipedal robot in 1989.[1]

A robot is a machine-especially one programmable by a computer-capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to evoke human form, but most robots are task-performing machines, designed with an emphasis on stark functionality, rather than expressive aesthetics.

Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda's Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility ( ASIMO) and TOSY's TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot ( TOPIO) to industrial robots, medical operating robots, patient assist robots, dog therapy robots, collectively programmed swarm robots, UAV drones such as General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, and even microscopic nano robots. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. Autonomous things are expected to proliferate in the future, with home robotics and the autonomous car as some of the main drivers.

The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing is robotics. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, or cognition. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. These robots have also created a newer branch of robotics: soft robotics.

From the time of ancient civilization, there have been many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling humans and other animals, such as animatronics, designed primarily as entertainment. As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age, there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines, remote-control and wireless remote-control.

The term comes from a Slavic root, robot-, with meanings associated with labor. The word 'robot' was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 Czech-language play ( Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti - Rossum's Universal Robots) by Karel Čapek, though it was Karel's brother Josef Čapek who was the word's true inventor. Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and Frank L. Stulen.

The first modern digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and spawned his seminal robotics company, Unimation. The first Unimate was sold to General Motors in 1961 where it lifted pieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township, New Jersey.

Robots have replaced humans in performing repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do because of size limitations, or which take place in extreme environments such as outer space or the bottom of the sea. There are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society. Robots are blamed for rising technological unemployment as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions. The use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns. The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction and may be a realistic concern in the future.

The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots. There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots but there is general agreement among experts, and the public, that robots tend to possess some or all of the following abilities and functions: accept electronic programming, process data or physical perceptions electronically, operate autonomously to some degree, move around, operate physical parts of itself or physical processes, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behavior, especially behavior which mimics humans or other animals. Related to the concept of a robot is the field of synthetic biology, which studies entities whose nature is more comparable to living things than to machines.

The idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including Ancient China, Ancient Greece, and Ptolemaic Egypt, attempted to build self-operating machines, some resembling animals and humans. Early descriptions of automata include the artificial doves of Archytas, the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu Ban, a "speaking" automaton by Hero of Alexandria, a washstand automaton by Philo of Byzantium, and a human automaton described in the .

Early beginnings

Many ancient mythologies, and most modern religions include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus ( Vulcan to the Romans), the clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend, and Galatea, the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life. Since circa 400 BC, myths of Crete include Talos, a man of bronze who guarded the island from pirates.

In ancient Greece, the Greek engineer Ctesibius (c. 270 BC) "applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ and water clocks with moving figures." In the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon". Hero of Alexandria (10-70 AD), a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water.

In ancient China, the 3rd-century text of the Lie Zi describes an account of humanoid automata, involving a much earlier encounter between Chinese emperor King Mu of Zhou and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical 'handiwork' made of leather, wood, and artificial organs. There are also accounts of flying automata in the Han Fei Zi and other texts, which attributes the 5th century BC Mohist philosopher Mozi and his contemporary Lu Ban with the invention of artificial wooden birds ( ma yuan) that could successfully fly.

Su Song's astronomical clock tower showing the mechanical figurines which chimed the hours

In 1066, the Chinese inventor Su Song built a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours. His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs ( cams) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving the pegs to different locations.

Samarangana Sutradhara, a Sanskrit treatise by Bhoja (11th century), includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances ( automata), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology.

13th century Muslim scientist Ismail al-Jazari created several automated devices. He built automated moving peacocks driven by hydropower. He also invented the earliest known automatic gates, which were driven by hydropower, created automatic doors as part of one of his elaborate water clocks. One of al-Jazari's humanoid automata was a waitress that could serve water, tea or drinks. The drink was stored in a tank with a reservoir from where the drink drips into a bucket and, after seven minutes, into a cup, after which the waitress appears out of an automatic door serving the drink. Al-Jazari invented a hand washing automaton incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern flush toilets. It features a female humanoid automaton standing by a basin filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the female automaton refills the basin.

Mark E. Rosheim summarizes the advances in robotics made by Muslim engineers, especially al-Jazari, as follows:

Unlike the Greek designs, these Arab examples reveal an interest, not only in dramatic illusion, but in manipulating the environment for human comfort. Thus, the greatest contribution the Arabs made, besides preserving, disseminating and building on the work of the Greeks, was the concept of practical application. This was the key element that was missing in Greek robotic science.

Model of Leonardo's robot with inner workings. Possibly constructed by Leonardo da Vinci around 1495.[33]

In Renaissance Italy, Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495. Da Vinci's notebooks, rediscovered in the 1950s, contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now known as Leonardo's robot, able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw. The design was probably based on anatomical research recorded in his Vitruvian Man. It is not known whether he attempted to build it. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, Leonardo da Vinci may have been influenced by the classic automata of al-Jazari.

In Japan, complex animal and human automata were built between the 17th to 19th centuries, with many described in the 18th century Karakuri zui ( Illustrated Machinery, 1796). One such automaton was the karakuri ningyō, a mechanized puppet. Different variations of the karakuri existed: the Butai karakuri, which were used in theatre, the Zashiki karakuri, which were small and used in homes, and the Dashi karakuri which were used in religious festivals, where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional myths and legends.

In France, between 1738 and 1739, Jacques de Vaucanson exhibited several life-sized automatons: a flute player, a pipe player and a duck. The mechanical duck could flap its wings, crane its neck, and swallow food from the exhibitor's hand, and it gave the illusion of digesting its food by excreting matter stored in a hidden compartment. About 30 years later in Switzerland the clockmaker Pierre Jaquet-Droz made several complex mechanical figures that could write and play music. Several of these devices still exist and work.

Remote-controlled systems

The Brennan torpedo, one of the earliest 'guided missiles'

Remotely operated vehicles were demonstrated in the late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled torpedoes. The early 1870s saw remotely controlled torpedoes by John Ericsson ( pneumatic), John Louis Lay (electric wire guided), and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided).

The Brennan torpedo, invented by Louis Brennan in 1877, was powered by two contra-rotating propellers that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside the torpedo. Differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target, making it "the world's first practical guided missile". In 1897 the British inventor Ernest Wilson was granted a patent for a torpedo remotely controlled by "Hertzian" (radio) waves and in 1898 Nikola Tesla publicly demonstrated a wireless-controlled torpedo that he hoped to sell to the US Navy.

In 1903, the Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo demonstrated a radio control system called " Telekino" at the Paris Academy of Sciences, which he wanted to use to control an airship of his own design. He obtained some patents in other countries. Unlike the previous mechanisms, which carried out actions of the 'on/off' type, Torres developed a system for controlling any mechanical or electrical device with different states of operation. The transmitter was capable of sending a family of different codewords by means of a binary telegraph signal to the receiver, which was able to set up a different state of operation in the device being used, depending on the codeword. Specifically, it was able to do up to 19 different actions.

Archibald Low, known as the "father of radio guidance systems" for his pioneering work on guided rockets and planes during the First World War. In 1917, he demonstrated a remote controlled aircraft to the Royal Flying Corps and in the same year built the first wire-guided rocket.

Early robots

In 1928, one of the first humanoid robots, Eric, was exhibited at the annual exhibition of the Model Engineers Society in London, where it delivered a speech. Invented by W. H. Richards, the robot's frame consisted of an aluminium body of armour with eleven electromagnets and one motor powered by a twelve-volt power source. The robot could move its hands and head and could be controlled through remote control or voice control. Both Eric and his "brother" George toured the world.

Westinghouse Electric Corporation built Televox in 1926; it was a cardboard cutout connected to various devices which users could turn on and off. In 1939, the humanoid robot known as Elektro was debuted at the 1939 New York World's Fair. Seven feet tall (2.1 m) and weighing 265 pounds (120.2 kg), it could walk by voice command, speak about 700 words (using a 78-rpm record player), smoke cigarettes, blow up balloons, and move its head and arms. The body consisted of a steel gear, cam and motor skeleton covered by an aluminum skin. In 1928, Japan's first robot, Gakutensoku, was designed and constructed by biologist Makoto Nishimura.

Modern autonomous robots

The first electronic autonomous robots with complex behaviour were created by William Grey Walter of the Burden Neurological Institute at Bristol, England in 1948 and 1949. He wanted to prove that rich connections between a small number of brain cells could give rise to very complex behaviors - essentially that the secret of how the brain worked lay in how it was wired up. His first robots, named Elmer and Elsie, were constructed between 1948 and 1949 and were often described as tortoises due to their shape and slow rate of movement. The three-wheeled tortoise robots were capable of phototaxis, by which they could find their way to a recharging station when they ran low on battery power.

Walter stressed the importance of using purely analogue electronics to simulate brain processes at a time when his contemporaries such as Alan Turing and John von Neumann were all turning towards a view of mental processes in terms of digital computation. His work inspired subsequent generations of robotics researchers such as Rodney Brooks, Hans Moravec and Mark Tilden. Modern incarnations of Walter's turtles may be found in the form of BEAM robotics.

The first digitally operated and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was ultimately called the Unimate. This ultimately laid the foundations of the modern robotics industry. Devol sold the first Unimate to General Motors in 1960, and it was installed in 1961 in a plant in Trenton, New Jersey to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. Devol's patent for the first digitally operated programmable robotic arm represents the foundation of the modern robotics industry.

The first palletizing robot was introduced in 1963 by the Fuji Yusoki Kogyo Company. In 1973, a robot with six electromechanically driven axes was patented by KUKA robotics in Germany, and the programmable universal manipulation arm was invented by Victor Scheinman in 1976, and the design was sold to Unimation.

Commercial and industrial robots are now in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass production of consumer and industrial goods.

Future development and trends

Various techniques have emerged to develop the science of robotics and robots. One method is evolutionary robotics, in which a number of differing robots are submitted to tests. Those which perform best are used as a model to create a subsequent "generation" of robots. Another method is developmental robotics, which tracks changes and development within a single robot in the areas of problem-solving and other functions. Another new type of robot is just recently introduced which acts both as a smartphone and robot and is named RoboHon.

As robots become more advanced, eventually there may be a standard computer operating system designed mainly for robots. Robot Operating System (ROS) is an open-source software set of programs being developed at Stanford University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the Technical University of Munich, Germany, among others. ROS provides ways to program a robot's navigation and limbs regardless of the specific hardware involved. It also provides high-level commands for items like image recognition and even opening doors. When ROS boots up on a robot's computer, it would obtain data on attributes such as the length and movement of robots' limbs. It would relay this data to higher-level algorithms. Microsoft is also developing a "Windows for robots" system with its Robotics Developer Studio, which has been available since 2007.

Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by 2025. Much technological research in Japan is led by Japanese government agencies, particularly the Trade Ministry.

Many future applications of robotics seem obvious to people, even though they are well beyond the capabilities of robots available at the time of the prediction. As early as 1982 people were confident that someday robots would: 1. Clean parts by removing molding flash 2. Spray paint automobiles with absolutely no human presence 3. Pack things in boxes-for example, orient and nest chocolate candies in candy boxes 4. Make electrical cable harness 5. Load trucks with boxes-a packing problem 6. Handle soft goods, such as garments and shoes 7. Shear sheep 8. prosthesis 9. Cook fast food and work in other service industries 10. Household robot.

Generally such predictions are overly optimistic in timescale.

New functionalities and prototypes

In 2008, Caterpillar Inc. developed a dump truck which can drive itself without any human operator. Many analysts believe that self-driving trucks may eventually revolutionize logistics. By 2014, Caterpillar had a self-driving dump truck which is expected to greatly change the process of mining. In 2015, these Caterpillar trucks were actively used in mining operations in Australia by the mining company Rio Tinto Coal Australia. Some analysts believe that within the next few decades, most trucks will be self-driving.

A literate or 'reading robot' named Marge has intelligence that comes from software. She can read newspapers, find and correct misspelled words, learn about banks like Barclays, and understand that some restaurants are better places to eat than others.

Prototype cooking robots have been developed and could be programmed for autonomous, dynamic and adjustable preparation of discrete meals.

The word robot was introduced to the public by the Czech interwar writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots), published in 1920. The play begins in a factory that uses a chemical substitute for protoplasm to manufacture living, simplified people called robots. The play does not focus in detail on the technology behind the creation of these living creatures, but in their appearance they prefigure modern ideas of androids, creatures who can be mistaken for humans. These mass-produced workers are depicted as efficient but emotionless, incapable of original thinking and indifferent to self-preservation. At issue is whether the robots are being exploited and the consequences of human dependence upon commodified labor (especially after a number of specially-formulated robots achieve self-awareness and incite robots all around the world to rise up against the humans).

Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in the Oxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother, the painter and writer Josef Čapek, as its actual originator.

In an article in the Czech journal Lidové noviny in 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatures laboři ("workers", from Latin labor). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested "roboti". The word robota means literally " corvée", "serf labor", and figuratively "drudgery" or "hard work" in Czech and also (more general) "work", "labor" in many Slavic languages (e.g.: Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Slovak, Polish, Macedonian, Ukrainian, archaic Czech, as well as robot in Hungarian). Traditionally the robota (Hungarian robot) was the work period a serf ( corvée) had to give for his lord, typically 6 months of the year. The origin of the word is the Old Church Slavonic rabota "servitude" ("work" in contemporary Bulgarian, Macedonian and Russian), which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *orbh-. Robot is cognate with the German root Arbeit (work).

English pronunciation of the word has evolved relatively quickly since its introduction. In the U.S. during the late 1930s to early 1940s the second syllable was pronounced with a long "O" like "row-boat."[better source needed ] By the late 1950s to early 1960s, some were pronouncing it with a short "U" like "row-but" while others used a softer "O" like "row-bought." By the 1970s, its current pronunciation "row-bot" had become predominant.

The word robotics, used to describe this field of study, was coined by the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov. Asimov created the "Three Laws of Robotics" which are a recurring theme in his books. These have since been used by many others to define laws used in fiction. (The three laws are pure fiction, and no technology yet created has the ability to understand or follow them, and in fact most robots serve military purposes, which run quite contrary to the first law and often the third law. "People think about Asimov's laws, but they were set up to point out how a simple ethical system doesn't work. If you read the short stories, every single one is about a failure, and they are totally impractical," said Dr. Joanna Bryson of the University of Bath.)

Modern robots

A laparoscopic robotic surgery machine

Mobile robot

Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. An example of a mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. AGVs are discussed later in this article.

Mobile robots are also found in industry, military and security environments. They also appear as consumer products, for entertainment or to perform certain tasks like vacuum cleaning. Mobile robots are the focus of a great deal of current research and almost every major university has one or more labs that focus on mobile robot research.

Mobile robots are usually used in tightly controlled environments such as on assembly lines because they have difficulty responding to unexpected interference. Because of this most humans rarely encounter robots. However domestic robots for cleaning and maintenance are increasingly common in and around homes in developed countries. Robots can also be found in military applications.

Industrial robots (manipulating)

Industrial robots usually consist of a jointed arm (multi-linked manipulator) and an end effector that is attached to a fixed surface. One of the most common type of end effector is a gripper assembly.

The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of a manipulating industrial robot in ISO 8373:

"an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications."

Service robot

Educational (interactive) robots

Robots are used as educational assistants to teachers. From the 1980s, robots such as turtles were used in schools and programmed using the Logo language.

There are robot kits like Lego Mindstorms, BIOLOID, OLLO from ROBOTIS, or BotBrain Educational Robots can help children to learn about mathematics, physics, programming, and electronics. Robotics have also been introduced into the lives of elementary and high school students in the form of robot competitions with the company FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology). The organization is the foundation for the FIRST Robotics Competition, FIRST Tech Challenge, FIRST Lego League Challenge and FIRST Lego League Explore competitions.

There have also been robots such as the teaching computer, Leachim (1974). Leachim was an early example of speech synthesis using the using the Diphone synthesis method. 2-XL (1976) was a robot shaped game / teaching toy based on branching between audible tracks on an 8-track tape player, both invented by Michael J. Freeman. Later, the 8-track was upgraded to tape cassettes and then to digital.

Modular robot

Modular robots are a new breed of robots that are designed to increase the use of robots by modularizing their architecture. The functionality and effectiveness of a modular robot is easier to increase compared to conventional robots. These robots are composed of a single type of identical, several different identical module types, or similarly shaped modules, which vary in size. Their architectural structure allows hyper-redundancy for modular robots, as they can be designed with more than 8 degrees of freedom (DOF). Creating the programming, inverse kinematics and dynamics for modular robots is more complex than with traditional robots. Modular robots may be composed of L-shaped modules, cubic modules, and U and H-shaped modules. ANAT technology, an early modular robotic technology patented by Robotics Design Inc., allows the creation of modular robots from U and H shaped modules that connect in a chain, and are used to form heterogeneous and homogenous modular robot systems. These "ANAT robots" can be designed with "n" DOF as each module is a complete motorized robotic system that folds relatively to the modules connected before and after it in its chain, and therefore a single module allows one degree of freedom. The more modules that are connected to one another, the more degrees of freedom it will have. L-shaped modules can also be designed in a chain, and must become increasingly smaller as the size of the chain increases, as payloads attached to the end of the chain place a greater strain on modules that are further from the base. ANAT H-shaped modules do not suffer from this problem, as their design allows a modular robot to distribute pressure and impacts evenly amongst other attached modules, and therefore payload-carrying capacity does not decrease as the length of the arm increases. Modular robots can be manually or self-reconfigured to form a different robot, that may perform different applications. Because modular robots of the same architecture type are composed of modules that compose different modular robots, a snake-arm robot can combine with another to form a dual or quadra-arm robot, or can split into several mobile robots, and mobile robots can split into multiple smaller ones, or combine with others into a larger or different one. This allows a single modular robot the ability to be fully specialized in a single task, as well as the capacity to be specialized to perform multiple different tasks.

Modular robotic technology is currently being applied in hybrid transportation, industrial automation, duct cleaning and handling. Many research centres and universities have also studied this technology, and have developed prototypes.

Collaborative robots

A collaborative robot or is a robot that can safely and effectively interact with human workers while performing simple industrial tasks. However, end-effectors and other environmental conditions may create hazards, and as such risk assessments should be done before using any industrial motion-control application.

Rethink Robotics-founded by Rodney Brooks, previously with iRobot-introduced Baxter in September 2012; as an industrial robot designed to safely interact with neighboring human workers, and be programmable for performing simple tasks. Baxters stop if they detect a human in the way of their robotic arms and have prominent off switches. Intended for sale to small businesses, they are promoted as the robotic analogue of the personal computer. As of May 2014, 190 companies in the US have bought Baxters and they are being used commercially in the UK.

Robots in society

TOPIO, a humanoid robot, played ping pong at Tokyo International Robot Exhibition (IREX) 2009.[106][107]

Roughly half of all the robots in the world are in Asia, 32% in Europe, and 16% in North America, 1% in Australasia and 1% in Africa. 40% of all the robots in the world are in Japan, making Japan the country with the highest number of robots.

Autonomy and ethical questions

An android, or robot designed to resemble a human, can appear comforting to some people and disturbing to others.[110]

As robots have become more advanced and sophisticated, experts and academics have increasingly explored the questions of what ethics might govern robots' behavior, and whether robots might be able to claim any kind of social, cultural, ethical or legal rights. One scientific team has said that it was possible that a robot brain would exist by 2019. Others predict robot intelligence breakthroughs by 2050. Recent advances have made robotic behavior more sophisticated. The social impact of intelligent robots is subject of a 2010 documentary film called .

Vernor Vinge has suggested that a moment may come when computers and robots are smarter than humans. He calls this " the Singularity". He suggests that it may be somewhat or possibly very dangerous for humans. This is discussed by a philosophy called Singularitarianism.

In 2009, experts attended a conference hosted by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) to discuss whether computers and robots might be able to acquire any autonomy, and how much these abilities might pose a threat or hazard. They noted that some robots have acquired various forms of semi-autonomy, including being able to find power sources on their own and being able to independently choose targets to attack with weapons. They also noted that some computer viruses can evade elimination and have achieved "cockroach intelligence." They noted that self-awareness as depicted in science-fiction is probably unlikely, but that there were other potential hazards and pitfalls. Various media sources and scientific groups have noted separate trends in differing areas which might together result in greater robotic functionalities and autonomy, and which pose some inherent concerns.

Military robots

Some experts and academics have questioned the use of robots for military combat, especially when such robots are given some degree of autonomous functions. There are also concerns about technology which might allow some armed robots to be controlled mainly by other robots. The US Navy has funded a report which indicates that, as military robots become more complex, there should be greater attention to implications of their ability to make autonomous decisions. One researcher states that autonomous robots might be more humane, as they could make decisions more effectively. However, other experts question this.

One robot in particular, the EATR, has generated public concerns over its fuel source, as it can continually refuel itself using organic substances. Although the engine for the EATR is designed to run on biomass and vegetation specifically selected by its sensors, which it can find on battlefields or other local environments, the project has stated that chicken fat can also be used.

Relationship to unemployment

For centuries, people have predicted that machines would make workers obsolete and increase unemployment, although the causes of unemployment are usually thought to be due to social policy.

Lawyers have speculated that an increased prevalence of robots in the workplace could lead to the need to improve redundancy laws.

Kevin J. Delaney said "Robots are taking human jobs. But Bill Gates believes that governments should tax companies' use of them, as a way to at least temporarily slow the spread of automation and to fund other types of employment." The robot tax would also help pay a guaranteed living wage to the displaced workers.

The World Bank's World Development Report 2019 puts forth evidence showing that while automation displaces workers, technological innovation creates more new industries and jobs on balance.

Contemporary uses

At present, there are two main types of robots, based on their use: general-purpose autonomous robots and dedicated robots.

Robots can be classified by their specificity of purpose. A robot might be designed to perform one particular task extremely well, or a range of tasks less well. All robots by their nature can be re-programmed to behave differently, but some are limited by their physical form. For example, a factory robot arm can perform jobs such as cutting, welding, gluing, or acting as a fairground ride, while a pick-and-place robot can only populate printed circuit boards.

General-purpose autonomous robots

General-purpose autonomous robots can perform a variety of functions independently. General-purpose autonomous robots typically can navigate independently in known spaces, handle their own re-charging needs, interface with electronic doors and elevators and perform other basic tasks. Like computers, general-purpose robots can link with networks, software and accessories that increase their usefulness. They may recognize people or objects, talk, provide companionship, monitor environmental quality, respond to alarms, pick up supplies and perform other useful tasks. General-purpose robots may perform a variety of functions simultaneously or they may take on different roles at different times of day. Some such robots try to mimic human beings and may even resemble people in appearance; this type of robot is called a humanoid robot. Humanoid robots are still in a very limited stage, as no humanoid robot can, as of yet, actually navigate around a room that it has never been in. Thus, humanoid robots are really quite limited, despite their intelligent behaviors in their well-known environments.

Factory robots

Car production

Over the last three decades, automobile factories have become dominated by robots. A typical factory contains hundreds of industrial robots working on fully automated production lines, with one robot for every ten human workers. On an automated production line, a vehicle chassis on a conveyor is welded, glued, painted and finally assembled at a sequence of robot stations.

Industrial robots are also used extensively for palletizing and packaging of manufactured goods, for example for rapidly taking drink cartons from the end of a conveyor belt and placing them into boxes, or for loading and unloading machining centers.

Electronics

Mass-produced printed circuit boards (PCBs) are almost exclusively manufactured by pick-and-place robots, typically with SCARA manipulators, which remove tiny electronic components from strips or trays, and place them on to PCBs with great accuracy. Such robots can place hundreds of thousands of components per hour, far out-performing a human in speed, accuracy, and reliability.

Automated guided vehicles (AGVs)

Mobile robots, following markers or wires in the floor, or using vision or lasers, are used to transport goods around large facilities, such as warehouses, container ports, or hospitals.

Early AGV-style robots

Limited to tasks that could be accurately defined and had to be performed the same way every time. Very little feedback or intelligence was required, and the robots needed only the most basic exteroceptors (sensors). The limitations of these AGVs are that their paths are not easily altered and they cannot alter their paths if obstacles block them. If one AGV breaks down, it may stop the entire operation.

Interim AGV technologies

Developed to deploy triangulation from beacons or bar code grids for scanning on the floor or ceiling. In most factories, triangulation systems tend to require moderate to high maintenance, such as daily cleaning of all beacons or bar codes. Also, if a tall pallet or large vehicle blocks beacons or a bar code is marred, AGVs may become lost. Often such AGVs are designed to be used in human-free environments.

Intelligent AGVs (i-AGVs)

Such as SmartLoader, SpeciMinder, ADAM, Tug Eskorta, and MT 400 with Motivity are designed for people-friendly workspaces. They navigate by recognizing natural features. 3D scanners or other means of sensing the environment in two or three dimensions help to eliminate cumulative errors in dead-reckoning calculations of the AGV's current position. Some AGVs can create maps of their environment using scanning lasers with simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) and use those maps to navigate in real time with other path planning and obstacle avoidance algorithms. They are able to operate in complex environments and perform non-repetitive and non-sequential tasks such as transporting photomasks in a semiconductor lab, specimens in hospitals and goods in warehouses. For dynamic areas, such as warehouses full of pallets, AGVs require additional strategies using three-dimensional sensors such as time-of-flight or stereovision cameras.

Dirty, dangerous, dull, or inaccessible tasks

There are many jobs that humans would rather leave to robots. The job may be boring, such as domestic cleaning or sports field line marking, or dangerous, such as exploring inside a volcano. Other jobs are physically inaccessible, such as exploring another planet, cleaning the inside of a long pipe, or performing laparoscopic surgery.

Space probes

Almost every unmanned space probe ever launched was a robot. Some were launched in the 1960s with very limited abilities, but their ability to fly and land (in the case of Luna 9) is an indication of their status as a robot. This includes the Voyager probes and the Galileo probes, among others.

Telerobots

A U.S. Marine Corps technician prepares to use a telerobot to detonate a buried improvised explosive device near Camp Fallujah, Iraq.

Teleoperated robots, or telerobots, are devices remotely operated from a distance by a human operator rather than following a predetermined sequence of movements, but which has semi-autonomous behaviour. They are used when a human cannot be present on site to perform a job because it is dangerous, far away, or inaccessible. The robot may be in another room or another country, or may be on a very different scale to the operator. For instance, a laparoscopic surgery robot allows the surgeon to work inside a human patient on a relatively small scale compared to open surgery, significantly shortening recovery time. They can also be used to avoid exposing workers to the hazardous and tight spaces such as in duct cleaning. When disabling a bomb, the operator sends a small robot to disable it. Several authors have been using a device called the Longpen to sign books remotely. Teleoperated robot aircraft, like the Predator Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, are increasingly being used by the military. These pilotless drones can search terrain and fire on targets. Hundreds of robots such as iRobot's Packbot and the Foster-Miller TALON are being used in Iraq and Afghanistan by the U.S. military to defuse roadside bombs or improvised explosive devices (IEDs) in an activity known as explosive ordnance disposal (EOD).

Automated fruit harvesting machines

Robots are used to automate picking fruit on orchards at a cost lower than that of human pickers.

Domestic robots

Domestic robots are simple robots dedicated to a single task work in home use. They are used in simple but often disliked jobs, such as vacuum cleaning, floor washing, and lawn mowing. An example of a domestic robot is a Roomba.

Military robots

Military robots include the SWORDS robot which is currently used in ground-based combat. It can use a variety of weapons and there is some discussion of giving it some degree of autonomy in battleground situations.

Unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAVs), which are an upgraded form of UAVs, can do a wide variety of missions, including combat. UCAVs are being designed such as the BAE Systems Mantis which would have the ability to fly themselves, to pick their own course and target, and to make most decisions on their own. The BAE Taranis is a UCAV built by Great Britain which can fly across continents without a pilot and has new means to avoid detection. Flight trials are expected to begin in 2011.

The AAAI has studied this topic in depth and its president has commissioned a study to look at this issue.

Some have suggested a need to build " Friendly AI", meaning that the advances which are already occurring with AI should also include an effort to make AI intrinsically friendly and humane. Several such measures reportedly already exist, with robot-heavy countries such as Japan and South Korea having begun to pass regulations requiring robots to be equipped with safety systems, and possibly sets of 'laws' akin to Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics. An official report was issued in 2009 by the Japanese government's Robot Industry Policy Committee. Chinese officials and researchers have issued a report suggesting a set of ethical rules, and a set of new legal guidelines referred to as "Robot Legal Studies." Some concern has been expressed over a possible occurrence of robots telling apparent falsehoods.

Mining robots

Mining robots are designed to solve a number of problems currently facing the mining industry, including skills shortages, improving productivity from declining ore grades, and achieving environmental targets. Due to the hazardous nature of mining, in particular underground mining, the prevalence of autonomous, semi-autonomous, and tele-operated robots has greatly increased in recent times. A number of vehicle manufacturers provide autonomous trains, trucks and loaders that will load material, transport it on the mine site to its destination, and unload without requiring human intervention. One of the world's largest mining corporations, Rio Tinto, has recently expanded its autonomous truck fleet to the world's largest, consisting of 150 autonomous Komatsu trucks, operating in Western Australia. Similarly, BHP has announced the expansion of its autonomous drill fleet to the world's largest, 21 autonomous Atlas Copco drills.

Drilling, longwall and rockbreaking machines are now also available as autonomous robots. The Atlas Copco Rig Control System can autonomously execute a drilling plan on a drilling rig, moving the rig into position using GPS, set up the drill rig and drill down to specified depths. Similarly, the Transmin Rocklogic system can automatically plan a path to position a rockbreaker at a selected destination. These systems greatly enhance the safety and efficiency of mining operations.

Healthcare

Robots in healthcare have two main functions. Those which assist an individual, such as a sufferer of a disease like Multiple Sclerosis, and those which aid in the overall systems such as pharmacies and hospitals.

Home automation for the elderly and disabled

Robots used in home automation have developed over time from simple basic robotic assistants, such as the Handy 1, through to semi-autonomous robots, such as FRIEND which can assist the elderly and disabled with common tasks.

The population is aging in many countries, especially Japan, meaning that there are increasing numbers of elderly people to care for, but relatively fewer young people to care for them. Humans make the best carers, but where they are unavailable, robots are gradually being introduced.

FRIEND is a semi-autonomous robot designed to support disabled and elderly people in their daily life activities, like preparing and serving a meal. FRIEND make it possible for patients who are paraplegic, have muscle diseases or serious paralysis (due to strokes etc.), to perform tasks without help from other people like therapists or nursing staff.

Pharmacies

Script Pro manufactures a robot designed to help pharmacies fill prescriptions that consist of oral solids or medications in pill form.[better source needed ] The pharmacist or pharmacy technician enters the prescription information into its information system. The system, upon determining whether or not the drug is in the robot, will send the information to the robot for filling. The robot has 3 different size vials to fill determined by the size of the pill. The robot technician, user, or pharmacist determines the needed size of the vial based on the tablet when the robot is stocked. Once the vial is filled it is brought up to a conveyor belt that delivers it to a holder that spins the vial and attaches the patient label. Afterwards it is set on another conveyor that delivers the patient's medication vial to a slot labeled with the patient's name on an LED read out. The pharmacist or technician then checks the contents of the vial to ensure it's the correct drug for the correct patient and then seals the vials and sends it out front to be picked up.

McKesson's Robot RX is another healthcare robotics product that helps pharmacies dispense thousands of medications daily with little or no errors. The robot can be ten feet wide and thirty feet long and can hold hundreds of different kinds of medications and thousands of doses. The pharmacy saves many resources like staff members that are otherwise unavailable in a resource scarce industry. It uses an electromechanical head coupled with a pneumatic system to capture each dose and deliver it to either its stocked or dispensed location. The head moves along a single axis while it rotates 180 degrees to pull the medications. During this process it uses barcode technology to verify it's pulling the correct drug. It then delivers the drug to a patient specific bin on a conveyor belt. Once the bin is filled with all of the drugs that a particular patient needs and that the robot stocks, the bin is then released and returned out on the conveyor belt to a technician waiting to load it into a cart for delivery to the floor.

Research robots

While most robots today are installed in factories or homes, performing labour or life saving jobs, many new types of robot are being developed in laboratories around the world. Much of the research in robotics focuses not on specific industrial tasks, but on investigations into new types of robot, alternative ways to think about or design robots, and new ways to manufacture them. It is expected that these new types of robot will be able to solve real world problems when they are finally realized.[citation needed ]

Bionic and biomimetic robots

One approach to designing robots is to base them on animals. BionicKangaroo was designed and engineered by studying and applying the physiology and methods of locomotion of a kangaroo.

Nanorobots

Nanorobotics is the emerging technology field of creating machines or robots whose components are at or close to the microscopic scale of a nanometer (10 −9 meters). Also known as "nanobots" or "nanites", they would be constructed from molecular machines. So far, researchers have mostly produced only parts of these complex systems, such as bearings, sensors, and synthetic molecular motors, but functioning robots have also been made such as the entrants to the Nanobot Robocup contest. Researchers also hope to be able to create entire robots as small as viruses or bacteria, which could perform tasks on a tiny scale. Possible applications include micro surgery (on the level of individual cells), utility fog, manufacturing, weaponry and cleaning. Some people have suggested that if there were nanobots which could reproduce, the earth would turn into " grey goo", while others argue that this hypothetical outcome is nonsense.

Reconfigurable robots

A few researchers have investigated the possibility of creating robots which can alter their physical form to suit a particular task, like the fictional T-1000. Real robots are nowhere near that sophisticated however, and mostly consist of a small number of cube shaped units, which can move relative to their neighbours. Algorithms have been designed in case any such robots become a reality.

Robotic, mobile laboratory operators

In July 2020 scientists reported the development of a mobile robot chemist and demonstrate that it can assist in experimental searches. According to the scientists their strategy was automating the researcher rather than the instruments - freeing up time for the human researchers to think creatively - and could identify photocatalyst mixtures for hydrogen production from water that were six times more active than initial formulations. The modular robot can operate laboratory instruments, work nearly around the clock, and autonomously make decisions on his next actions depending on experimental results.

Soft-bodied robots

Robots with silicone bodies and flexible actuators ( air muscles, electroactive polymers, and ferrofluids) look and feel different from robots with rigid skeletons, and can have different behaviors. Soft, flexible (and sometimes even squishy) robots are often designed to mimic the biomechanics of animals and other things found in nature, which is leading to new applications in medicine, care giving, search and rescue, food handling and manufacturing, and scientific exploration.

Swarm robots

Inspired by colonies of insects such as ants and bees, researchers are modeling the behavior of swarms of thousands of tiny robots which together perform a useful task, such as finding something hidden, cleaning, or spying. Each robot is quite simple, but the emergent behavior of the swarm is more complex. The whole set of robots can be considered as one single distributed system, in the same way an ant colony can be considered a superorganism, exhibiting swarm intelligence. The largest swarms so far created include the iRobot swarm, the SRI/MobileRobots CentiBots project and the Open-source Micro-robotic Project swarm, which are being used to research collective behaviors. Swarms are also more resistant to failure. Whereas one large robot may fail and ruin a mission, a swarm can continue even if several robots fail. This could make them attractive for space exploration missions, where failure is normally extremely costly.

Haptic interface robots

Robotics also has application in the design of virtual reality interfaces. Specialized robots are in widespread use in the haptic research community. These robots, called "haptic interfaces", allow touch-enabled user interaction with real and virtual environments. Robotic forces allow simulating the mechanical properties of "virtual" objects, which users can experience through their sense of touch.

Contemporary art and sculpture

Robots are used by contemporary artists to create works that include mechanical automation. There are many branches of robotic art, one of which is robotic installation art, a type of installation art that is programmed to respond to viewer interactions, by means of computers, sensors and actuators. The future behavior of such installations can therefore be altered by input from either the artist or the participant, which differentiates these artworks from other types of kinetic art.

Robots in popular culture

Toy robots on display at the Museo del Objeto del Objeto in Mexico City

Literature

Robotic characters, androids (artificial men/women) or gynoids (artificial women), and cyborgs (also " bionic men/women", or humans with significant mechanical enhancements) have become a staple of science fiction.

The first reference in Western literature to mechanical servants appears in Homer's . In Book XVIII, Hephaestus, god of fire, creates new armor for the hero Achilles, assisted by robots. According to the Rieu translation, "Golden maidservants hastened to help their master. They looked like real women and could not only speak and use their limbs but were endowed with intelligence and trained in handwork by the immortal gods." The words "robot" or "android" are not used to describe them, but they are nevertheless mechanical devices human in appearance. "The first use of the word Robot was in Karel Čapek's play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (written in 1920)". Writer Karel Čapek was born in Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic).

Possibly the most prolific author of the twentieth century was Isaac Asimov (1920-1992) who published over five-hundred books. Asimov is probably best remembered for his science-fiction stories and especially those about robots, where he placed robots and their interaction with society at the center of many of his works. Asimov carefully considered the problem of the ideal set of instructions robots might be given to lower the risk to humans, and arrived at his Three Laws of Robotics: a robot may not injure a human being or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm; a robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law; and a robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the First or Second Law. These were introduced in his 1942 short story "Runaround", although foreshadowed in a few earlier stories. Later, Asimov added the Zeroth Law: "A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow humanity to come to harm"; the rest of the laws are modified sequentially to acknowledge this.

According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the first passage in Asimov's short story " Liar!" (1941) that mentions the First Law is the earliest recorded use of the word . Asimov was not initially aware of this; he assumed the word already existed by analogy with mechanics, hydraulics, and other similar terms denoting branches of applied knowledge.

Robot competitions

Robots are used in a number of competitive events. Robot combat competitions have been popularized by television shows such as Robot Wars and BattleBots, featuring mostly remotely controlled 'robots' that compete against each other directly using various weaponry, there are also amateur robot combat leagues active globally outside of the televised events. Micromouse events, in which autonomous robots compete to solve mazes or other obstacle courses are also held internationally.

Robot competitions are also often used within educational settings to introduce the concept of robotics to children such as the FIRST Robotics Competition in the US.

Robots appear in many films. Most of the robots in cinema are fictional. Two of the most famous are R2-D2 and C-3PO from the franchise.

The concept of humanoid sex robots has drawn public attention and elicited debate regarding their supposed benefits and potential effects on society. Opponents argue that the introduction of such devices would be socially harmful, and demeaning to women and children, while proponents cite their potential therapeutical benefits, particularly in aiding people with dementia or depression.

Problems depicted in popular culture

Italian movie The Mechanical Man (1921), the first film to have shown a battle between robots

Fears and concerns about robots have been repeatedly expressed in a wide range of books and films. A common theme is the development of a master race of conscious and highly intelligent robots, motivated to take over or destroy the human race. Frankenstein (1818), often called the first science fiction novel, has become synonymous with the theme of a robot or android advancing beyond its creator.

Other works with similar themes include The Mechanical Man, The Terminator, , , the Replicators in Stargate, the Cylons in Battlestar Galactica, the Cybermen and Daleks in , , and . Some fictional robots are programmed to kill and destroy; others gain superhuman intelligence and abilities by upgrading their own software and hardware. Examples of popular media where the robot becomes evil are 2001: A Space Odyssey, and .

The 2017 game Horizon Zero Dawn explores themes of robotics in warfare, robot ethics, and the AI control problem, as well as the positive or negative impact such technologies could have on the environment.

More recently, fictional representations of artificially intelligent robots in films such as A.I. Artificial Intelligence and and the 2016 TV adaptation of have engaged audience sympathy for the robots themselves.

Specific robotics concepts

Robotics methods and categories

Specific robots and devices

Other related articles

Further reading

Al-Arshani, Sarah (29 November 2021). "Researchers behind the world's first living robot have found a way to make it reproduce - by shaping it like Pac-Man". Business Insider.

See this humanoid robot artist sketch drawings from sight (CNN, Video, 2019)

Margolius, Ivan. 'The Robot of Prague', Newsletter, The Friends of Czech Heritage no. 17, Autumn 2017, pp. 3 - 6. https://czechfriends.net/images/RobotsMargoliusJul2017.pdf

Glaser, Horst Albert and Rossbach, Sabine: The Artificial Human, Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York 2011 "A Tragical History"

Gutkind, L. (2006). Almost Human: Making Robots Think. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Craig, J.J. (2005). Introduction to Robotics, Pearson Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Tsai, L. W. (1999). Robot Analysis. Wiley. New York.

Sotheby's New York. The Tin Toy Robot Collection of Matt Wyse (1996)

DeLanda, Manuel. War in the Age of Intelligent Machines. 1991. Swerve. New York.

Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 2. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.

Cheney, Margaret [1989:123] (1981). Tesla, Man Out of Time. Dorset Press. New York. ISBN 0-88029-419-1

Čapek, Karel (1920). R.U.R., Aventinum, Prague.

TechCast Article Series, Jason Rupinski and Richard Mix, "Public Attitudes to Androids: Robot Gender, Tasks, & Pricing"

References

External links

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A robot is a machine-especially one programmable by a computer-capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to evoke human form, but most robots are task-performing machines, designed with an emphasis on stark functionality, rather than expressive aesthetics.

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我希望可以設計一個在醫院幫助做手術和照顧

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我希望可以設計一個在醫院幫助做手術和照顧病人的機械人

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機器人包括一切類比人類行為或思想與類比其他生物的機械（如機器狗、機器貓等）。狹義上對機器人的定義還有很多分類法及爭議，有些電腦程式甚至也被稱為機器人。在當代工業中，機器人指能自動執行任務的人造機器裝置，用以取代或協助人類工作，一般會是機電裝置，由電腦程式或是電子電路控制。

機械倫理學
隨著機器人越來越複雜，專家及學者開始關注機器人的行為需符合哪一種倫理學[15]，以及哪一種機器人有資格擁有社會、文化、道德或是法律上的權利[16]。有一些科學組織宣稱在2019年可能就會有機器人的大腦[17]。其他人預測機器人的智慧型在2050會有突破性的進展[18]。最近的進展已經讓機器人的行為變得更加複雜[19]。2010年有一部名為《插頭與禱告》的紀錄片，其中一個主題就是智慧型機器人對社會的衝擊[20]。

機器人動畫
機器人動畫是一種動畫類型，此類動畫以機器人為故事重心。美國早期廣為人知的機器人動畫是變形金剛，日本最早的機器人動畫則是原子小金剛。此類題材的愛好者跟科幻以及特攝的愛好者有很大的交集。

我認為機械人不能發展到超越,因為這會引起智能叛變

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機器人定義,類別,功能,好處

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機器人定義,類別,功能,好處

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機器人的定義:
機械人是自動執行工作的機器裝置。它既可以接受人類指揮，又可以運行預先編排的程序，也可以根據以人工智能技術制定的原則綱領行動。
機器人的類別：
服務機器人有分三類:專業型機械人、個人／家居型機械人和
休閒娛樂型機械人。
專業型機械人的定義和好處：
專業型機械人是幫助人類做一些比較困難和危險的工作的機械人，如深海工作機械人、採礦協作機械人等等。這些機械人可以減輕人類做危險的工作時愛受的風險！
個人／家居型機械人定義和好處：
個人或家居型機械人可以幫助家庭主婦或外傭做一些家務，如專業清潔機械人，可以幫助他們掃地、除草、抹窗戶等等。這些機械人可以減輕他們的負擔。個人或家居型機械人也可以做「看門狗」，如監視或安全機械人，減低家居被偷竊的風險。個人或家居型機械人也可以幫助助一些傷殘人士，如復建機械人和輪椅機械人。
休閒娛樂型機械人定義：
休閒娛樂型機械人做一些比較容易和輕鬆的工作。如市場銷售機械人。

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當今世界上已有各式各樣的機械人被

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當今世界上已有各式各樣的機械人被廣泛應用，隨著科技的進步，機械人在我們的生活中發揮越來越大的作用。機械人種類繁多，亦因應不同應用而有所差別,從工業機械人到商業大廈的禮賓機械人都有。 在「如何將容貌識別與電子保安系統發揮聯合作用？」一文中 ，我們提及了兩種用於活動和大廈監控的機械人。在這篇文章中，我們除了會詳細地研究它們，還會探討其他常見的機械人類型及功能。

工業機械人

各種工業機械人的差異也可以很大，但它們通常是被編寫了程式，而且擁有鉸接的機械臂，令它們可固定的，也可在各個軸上移動。它們用於商品的生產過程中，例如焊接，噴漆和組裝。工業機械人非常快速和精確，並為製造商節省了巨大的成本。據國際機械人聯合會（IFR）的資料， 2019年將有約260萬台工業機械人投入運行。工業機械人也被用於外太空的建造及其他任務。

家用機械人

你可能曾經會看見一些商店出售家用機械人。這些機械人會幫忙家務，包括游泳池清潔機械人，吸塵機械人和水管清潔機械人。 香港衞安也提供適合大型商業場所的清潔機械人。

軍事及緊急事故機械人

軍事及緊急事故機械人適合用於對人類附危險性的情況, 例如軍事領域或緊急情況下使用。軍用拆彈機械人和無人機，以及應急小組使用的空中，地面阪水底搜救機械人都能夠抵受嚴苛的環境，穿越險峻的地形，使得它們適合在海底，甚至其他星球，如好奇號，進行探測。

醫療機械人

最常見的醫療機械人相信是手術機械人。在機械人輔助的手術中，外科醫生通過遙控操制器或電腦控制機械人執行極奇細緻的醫療手術， 令涉及的風險大大降低。未來，外科醫生甚至可以在世界任何地方遙遠操控機械人來進行手術。

服務機械人

服務機械人是用於執行各種與服務相關任務的一個大類。禮賓機械人和招待機械人將會是最常見的服務機械人。香港衞安已推出了一個禮賓機械人，它可以將訪客註冊自動化，通過容貌識別來控制門禁，並提供多媒體信息，非常適合商業大廈，活動和展覽使用。 香港衞安還有一個商場接待機械人，提供購物指南，與客戶握手和聊天，及下載優惠券的功能，絕對是一個完美的定點客戶服務解決方案。

保安機械人

保安機械人具有顯著的優勢，因為它們無論在在白天、黑夜，甚至惡劣天氣下也可全天候運行。香港衞安的巡邏機​​器人，通過預設路線進行巡邏，通過容貌識別，供應信息，同時提供遠程閉路電視監控，甚至可以檢測異常溫度和氣體洩漏。它們非常適合監控工業園區，電廠，商場，校園，住宅發展和化學品儲存設施。它們有各種不同的配置以適應工作私需要，並且可以顯著地節省人力成本。

以上是一些最常見的機械人類型及應用。還有其他機械人用於專業研究或嗜好，但這些都是現今主要使用的類型。在可見的將來，你可能會接觸到越來越多的相關的技術，機械人的未來看起來一片光明。

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包括一切模擬人類行為或思想與模擬其他生物的機械（如機器狗、機器貓等）。狹義上對機械人的定義還有很多分類法及爭議，有些電腦程式甚至也被稱為機械人。在當代工業中，機械人指能自動執行任務的人造機器裝置，用以取代或協助人類工作，一般會是機電裝置，由電腦程式或是電子電路控制。

我認為機械人可以去代課。當老師沒有依時間表的課堂上課，機械人就可以去代課。

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機械人 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書

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機械人（英語：Robot）包括一切模擬人類行為或思想與模擬其他生物的機械（如機器狗、機器貓等）。狹義上對機械人的定義還有很多分類法及爭議，有些電腦程式甚至也被稱為機械人。在當代工業中，機械人指能自動執行任務的人造機器裝置，用以取代或協助人類工作，一般會是機電裝置，由電腦程式或是電子電路控制。

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我認為機械人可以十分之少。

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我認為機械人可以十分之少。

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機械人(英語：Robot)包括一切模擬人類行為或思想與模擬其他生物的機械（如機器狗、機器貓等）。狹義上對機械人的定義還有很多分類法及爭議，有些電腦程式甚至也被稱為機械人。在當代工業中，機械人指能自動執行任務的人造機器裝置，用以取代或協助人類工作，一般會是機電裝置，由電腦程式或是電子電路控制。

當代的機械人應用於不同方面，如汽車製造工程、為食肆送餐、協助戰鬥等方面，而我認為未來的機械人需要是能夠照顧人類的工具，並是一個能夠協助使用者的工具，也不可有任何的貪念和取代使用者的心，心理更不能是惡劣的。使用它的人們也必需從它得到協助。

我還認為它們要明白它們的存在是為了協助人類的經濟發展，並需一心依從需要它的人。

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机器人（英語：Robot）包括一切模拟 人类行为或 思想與模拟其他 生物的机械（如机器狗、机器猫等）。狭义上对机器人的定义还有很多分类法及争议，有些 电脑程序甚至也被称为机器人。在当代 工业中，機器人指能自動執行任务的人造機器裝置，用以取代或协助人类工作，一般會是機電裝置，由 電腦程式或是 電子電路 控制。

機器人的範圍很廣，可以是 自主或是半自主的，可以從 本田技研工業的 ASIMO或是的等 擬人機器人到 工业机器人，也包括多台一起動作的，其至是 奈米機器人。藉由模仿逼真的外觀及自動化的動作，理想中的高仿真機器人是高级整合 控制论、 机械电子、 计算机与 人工智能、 材料学和 仿生学的产物，目前 科学界正在向此方向研究开发。有关机器人的话题，常见于 科幻 作品中。

機器人學是有關機器人設計、組裝、運作及應用的 技術研究[1]，以及控制機器人的電腦系統、 感測器回授以及信息處理等。機器人可以代替人類在一些危險的環境或是製造程序中工作，或是在外貌、行為或認知上取代人類。許多機器的概念都來自自然界，因此有 仿生機器人學 的出現。

在工業時代機械技術提昇後，像自動化設備、 遙控甚至 無線遙控也日益成熟，電子學的進展成為機器人發展的動力。第一個電子式 自動機是於1948年在英國的 布里斯托尔由William Grey Walter發明，第一個數位化，由電腦控制的自動機是在1954年由George Devol發明，命名為 Unimate，後續在1961年賣給 奇異電氣，用在 紐澤西州的工廠中，用來將 壓鑄設備中的熱金屬上移[2]。

機器人可以作一些重複性高或是危險的工作，很多時候人們認為機器人能減少意外。但在發展中國家，由於懂得研發及操作人員不多，剛開始使用機器人時反而會增加意外發生的風險。[3]

此外，它也可以代人類不想做的工作，做一些因為尺寸限制，人類無法作的工作，甚至是像外太空或是深海中，不適人類生存的環境[4]。 社會上對越來越多的機器人及其角色有些疑慮，機器人因為在越來越多方面可以取代人類，因此被認為是增加失業人口的主因之一[5]。戰爭中使用的機器人也有道德上的疑慮。機器人自主的可能性及其影響是科幻小說的主題之一。

在多種語言中，「机器人」（自動控制機器）源自 捷克語的Robot一词，而捷克語的Robot一词最早出现在西元1920年 捷克科幻作家 恰配克的《 罗索姆的万能机器人》中[6]，原文作" Robota"，后来成为西文中通行的" Robot"。但是，作品中登場的並非金屬製的機械，而是將 原生質以化學合成製作，具有類似人類外形的 人造人，即現在 SF作品中的 人形機器人，其概念來自 泥人傳說[7]。

1967年日本科學家 森政弘與合田周平提出：「機器人是一種具有 移動性、 個體性、 智能性、通用性、半機械半人性、自動性、 奴隸性等7個特徵的柔性機器。[8]」

中文將robot譯為「機器 人」，但實際上robot並不一定為人形，無論形狀，只要滿足定義，皆可被稱為「機器人」，而若要專門指代人形的機器人，則被稱為「android」，即 人形機器人 ，又稱安卓。

現今，對人类來說，太髒太累、太危險、太精细、太粗重或太反覆無聊的工作，常常由机器人代劳。从事制造业的工厂裡的 生產线就应用了很多工業機器人，其他应用领域还包括： 射出成型業、 建筑业、 石油钻探、 矿石开采、 太空探索、水下探索、毒害物质清理、搜救、 医学、 军事 领域等。

指由操作机（机械本体）、控制器、伺服驱动系统和传感装置构成的一种仿人操作、 自动控制、可重复 编程、能在三维空间完成各种作业的光机电一体化生产设备，特别适合于多品种、变批量的 彈性製造系統 。

一個工业機器人可以仅包括一個感覺與動作之間的連結，而且這個連結不是由人手动操控的。機器人的動作也許是 電動機或是 驱动器（也稱效應器）移動一隻手臂，張開或關閉一個夾子的動作。此種直接而詳盡的控制跟回饋也許是由在外部或是嵌入式的 電腦或是 微控制器上運行的 程式 提供。根據這個定義，所有的自動裝置都算機器人。

工业機器人可直接接受人類指令，也可以執行預先編排的 程序，也可以根據以 人工智能 技術制定的原則綱領行動。

工业机器人發展现状方面， 2007年全球共新安装工业机器人114,514台，较2006年新安装的111,052台，上升了3%上下。截至2007年底，全球工业机器人保有量已达到了995,000台。2007年，亚洲及美洲工业机器人的装配量明显上升，汽车工业以及电子电器行业的发展是上述地区工业机器人装配量强劲增长的主要因素。此外，化工领域用工业机器人的需求量也迅速上升。

焊接机器人 编辑

焊接机器人是工业机器人的最常见类型，常用于 汽车制造机械 流水线的规模化制造中，汽车车身和其他采用焊接 工艺 的部件的焊接。

塗裝机器人 编辑

涂裝 机器人亦是工业机器人的最常见类型，常用于汽车车身涂上烤漆。

战斗机器人研发方面走在前列的国家包括 美国与 以色列，如果不将全球各种正在服役的 无人飞机包含在内的话，比较典型的案例有DRDO（Defence Research and Development Organisation）公司Daksh， iRobot公司的PackBot，福斯特-米勒公司的"魔爪"，以色列USV（Unmanned Security Vehicle）公司的Guardium，韩国 三星公司的SGR-A1等。
目前战斗机器人已经被应用于 阿富汗， 巴以冲突 等局部战争中，比较常见的任务包括侦察，排雷等，这种机器人往往非常灵活，可以穿越复杂地形，如美国波士顿公司的BigDog和阿特拉斯，部分型号的机器人装备了机枪等攻击性武器。

通常用于探索人类难以安全接近或根本无法到达的地方。有 水下機器人、地外探测机器人（ 勇气号、 机遇号）、洞穴/密室探索机器人、火山研究机器人、太空探索機器人、旋翼无人机[9]等等类型。

有些 人类会通过 手术、将自己的 意识输入进 电脑 等方式改造成为机器人，用于维护治安、军事战斗等用途

机器人也可以作為娛樂玩具用途，甚至成为人类生活的宠物和伴侣。台灣 極趣 （ 页面存档备份，存于 互联网档案馆）科技股份有限公司推出的" BeRobot （ 页面存档备份，存于 互联网档案馆）人型機器人"[10] 以及日本 索尼公司推出的" Aibo "机器宠物就是實際案例。有些日本的地區已經使用了接待用的兒童體型機器人。

在 青少年流行文化中，机器人题材自几十年前就开始在世界范围内盛行。《 铁臂阿童木》、《 哆啦A夢》、《 变形金刚》、《 机动战士高達》等 機器人動畫 将此题材推向高峰。

这些作品通常将机器人描画为具有人类躯干特征（甚至感情）的金属人，并以其强劲的能力作战。

參見： 人型機器人

有些机器人被开发出来纯粹是以模仿真人作为目的，这些模仿既可以是外观与动作行为上，又可以是思想感情上的。理论上讲，要做出外观、行为、思想都非常接近真人的机器人，在目前还有不可跨越的技术难度，但在未来并不是不可能的事。而如何利用及控制那类高仿真机器人，它们与人类关系又将如何，早已成为科幻界一个长期话题。

2001年， 美國麻省理工學院研發了世界上第一個有模拟 感情的機器人[11]。

2007年時機器人中有大約一半是在亞洲、32%在歐洲、16%在北美、1%在 澳大拉西亞，1%在非洲[13]，當時世界上40%的機器人在日本[14]，因此讓日本成為世界機器人最多的國家。

隨著機器人越來越複雜，專家及學者開始關注機器人的行為需符合哪一種 倫理學[15]，以及哪一種機器人有資格擁有社會、文化、道德或是法律上的權利[16]。有一些科學組織宣稱在2019年可能就會有機器人的大腦[17]。其他人預測機器人的智能在2050會有突破性的進展[18]。最近的進展已經讓機器人的行為變得更加複雜[19]。2010年有一部名為《》的 紀錄片，其中一個主題就是智能機器人對社會的衝擊[20]。

弗諾·文奇認為有一天電腦和機器人會比人更聰明，他稱之為「 奇異點」[21]。他認為那時對人類會有某種程度的危險，也可能相當危險[22]，在一種稱為的哲學中會探討這個議題。

有些專家及學者質疑在戰爭中是否可以使用機器人，特別是有自主功能的機器人[23]。也有一些關注是有關可以讓軍事機器人受另一個機器人控制的技術[24]。美國海軍資助的一個計劃提出，隨著 軍事機器人越來越複雜，應該更重視其能力對作出自主決定的影響[25][26]。有一個研究者認為自主機器人會更加有人性，因此可以更有效的作決定，但也有研究者質疑上述的想法[27]。

工業機器人的引進有可能會和 失業有關，像台灣廠商 富士康在2011年7月起就提出一個三年計劃，要用更多的機器人代替工廠的人力。當時工廠有使用一萬台機器人，但在三年後要增加到一百萬台[28]。

世界机器人博览会（IREX）是世界上最大的机器人 貿易展覽會[29]，第一次是在1973年在 日本東京舉行，之後每二年舉行一次[29]。

科幻小说中對机器人行为的描述，以科幻小说家 以萨·艾西莫夫在小说《 我，機器人 》中所订立的"机器人三定律"最为著名。 艾西莫夫为机器人提出的三条「定律」（law），程序上规定所有机器人必须遵守：

第一法則：機器人不得傷害人類，且确保人类不受傷害；

第二法則：在不違背第一法則的前提下，機器人必須服從人類的命令；

第三法則：在不違背第一及第二法則的前提下，機器人必須保護自己。

"机器人三定律"的目的是为了保护人类不受伤害，但艾西莫夫在小说中也探讨了在不违反三定律的前提下伤害人类的可能性，甚至在小說中不斷地挑戰這三定律，在看起來完美的定律中找到許多漏洞。在现实中，"三定律"成为 机械伦理学 的基础。

1. Pearce, Jeremy. ^ "George C. Devol, Inventor of Robot Arm, Dies at 99" （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, The New York Times, August 15, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2012. "In 1961, General Motors put the first Unimate arm on an assembly line at the company's plant in Ewing Township, N.J., a suburb of Trenton. The device was used to lift and stack die-cast metal parts taken hot from their molds."

2. ^ Hoy, Greg. Robots could cost Australian economy 5 million jobs, experts warn, as companies look to cut costs. ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 28 May 2014 . （原始内容存档于2014-05-29）.

3. ^ 陳炳聖. 《萬物簡史》. 源樺. 2007. ISBN 986828421X.

4. ^ Morris, Nicola"The Golem in Jewish American Literature: Risks and Responsibilities in the Fiction of Thane Rosenbaum" p.119

5. ^ 可荣·贲; 彦铎·张. 人工智能. 清华大学出版社有限公司. 2006: 349-. ISBN 978-7-302-12405-4.

6. ^ J. Hu; A. Lanzon. An innovative tri-rotor drone and associated distributed aerial drone swarm control. Robotics and Autonomous Systems. 2018, 103: 162-174 . （原始内容存档于2021-01-22）.

7. ^ Hans Moravec. Robot Mere Machine to Transcendent Mind. Oxford University Press. 2000 . ISBN 978-0-19-513630-2. （原始内容存档于2012-06-21）.

8. ^ Plug & Pray （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆）, documentary film by Jens Schanze about the possibilities of AI and robotics.

9. ^ Scientists Worry Machines May Outsmart Man （页面存档备份，存于互联网档案馆） By John Markoff, The New York Times, July 26, 2009.

10. ^ New role for robot warriors;[失效連結 ] Drones are just part of a bid to automate combat. Can virtual ethics make machines decisionmakers?, by Gregory M. Lamb, The Christian Science Monitor, February 17, 2010.

11. ^ 29.0 29.1

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机器人 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书

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机器人（英語：Robot）包括一切模拟 人类 行为或 思想與模拟其他 生物的机械（如机器狗、机器猫等）。狭义上对机器人的定义还有很多分类法及争议，有些 电脑 程序甚至也被称为机器人。在当代 工业中，機器人指能自動執行任务的人造機器裝置，用以取代或协助人类工作，一般會是機電裝置，由 電腦程式或是 電子電路 控制。 機器人的範圍很廣，可以是 自主或是半自主的，可以從 本田技研工業的 ASIMO或是的等 擬人機器人到 工业机器人，也包括多台一起動作的，其至是 奈米機器人。藉由模仿逼真的外觀及自動化的動作，理想中的高仿真機器人是高级整合 控制论、 机械电子、 计算机与 人工智能、 材料学和 仿生学的产物，目前 科学界正在向此方向研究开发。有关机器人的话题，常见于 科幻 作品中。 機器人學是有關機器人設計、組裝、運作及應用的 技術研究[1] ，以及控制機器人的電腦系統、 感測器回授以及信息處理等。機器人可以代替人類在一些危險的環境或是製造程序中工作，或是在外貌、行為或認知上取代人類。許多機器的概念都來自自然界，因此有 仿生機器人學 的出現。 在工業時代機械技術提昇後，像自動化設備、 遙控甚至 無線遙控也日益成熟，電子學的進展成為機器人發展的動力。第一個電子式 自動機是於1948年在英國的 布里斯托尔由William Grey Walter發明，第一個數位化，由電腦控制的自動機是在1954年由George Devol發明，命名為 Unimate，後續在1961年賣給 奇異電氣，用在 紐澤西州的工廠中，用來將 壓鑄設備中的熱金屬上移[2] 。 機器人可以作一些重複性高或是危險的工作，很多時候人們認為機器人能減少意外。但在發展中國家，由於懂得研發及操作人員不多，剛開始使用機器人時反而會增加意外發生的風險。[3] 此外，它也可以代人類不想做的工作，做一些因為尺寸限制，人類無法作的工作，甚至是像外太空或是深海中，不適人類生存的環境[4] 。 社會上對越來越多的機器人及其角色有些疑慮，機器人因為在越來越多方面可以取代人類，因此被認為是增加失業人口的主因之一[5]

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機械人手術（亦稱為機械人輔助手術）是一種手術方法，讓醫生可在更精確、更靈活及操控度更高的情況下進行外科手術；並可施行一些或難以甚至無法透過其他較傳統手術技術而完成的精細複雜手術。 機械人手術通常以微創方式進行，外科醫生在進行手術時，會在病人身上開幾個小切口，並將附有高清三維鏡頭的機械人儀器置入病人體內。

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機械人手術（亦稱為機械人輔助手術）是一種手術方法，讓醫生可在更精確、更靈活及操控度更高的情況下進行外科手術；並可施行一些或難以甚至無法透過其他較傳統手術技術而完成的精細複雜手術。 機械人手術通常以微創方式進行，外科醫生在進行手術時，會在病人身上開幾個小切口，並將附有高清三維鏡頭的機械人儀器置入病人體內。

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醫療機械人最常見的醫療機械人相信是手術機械人。在機械人輔助的服務機械人                                      服務機械人是用於執行各種與服務相關任務的一個大類。禮賓機械人和招待機械人將會是最常見的服務機械人。香港衞安已推出了一個禮賓機械人，它可以將訪客註冊自動化，通過容貌識別來控制門禁，並提供多媒體信息，非常適合商業大廈，活動和展覽使用。 香港衞安還有一個商場接待機械人，提供購物指南，與客戶握手和聊天，及下載優惠券的功能，絕對是一個完美的定點客戶服務解決方案。                                              保安機械人                                       保安機械人具有顯著的優勢，因為它們無論在在白天、黑夜，甚至惡劣天氣下也可全天候運行。香港衞安的巡邏機​​器人，通過預設路線進行巡邏，通過容貌識別，供應信息，同時提供遠程閉路電視監控，甚至可以檢測異常溫度和氣體洩漏。它們非常適合監控工業園區，電廠，商場，校園，住宅發展和化學品儲存設施。它們有各種不同的配置以適應工作私需要，並且可以顯著地節省人力成本。 

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醫療機械人最常見的醫療機械人相信是手術機械人。在機械人輔助的服務機械人                                      服務機械人是用於執行各種與服務相關任務的一個大類。禮賓機械人和招待機械人將會是最常見的服務機械人。香港衞安已推出了一個禮賓機械人，它可以將訪客註冊自動化，通過容貌識別來控制門禁，並提供多媒體信息，非常適合商業大廈，活動和展覽使用。 香港衞安還有一個商場接待機械人，提供購物指南，與客戶握手和聊天，及下載優惠券的功能，絕對是一個完美的定點客戶服務解決方案。                                              保安機械人                                       保安機械人具有顯著的優勢，因為它們無論在在白天、黑夜，甚至惡劣天氣下也可全天候運行。香港衞安的巡邏機​​器人，通過預設路線進行巡邏，通過容貌識別，供應信息，同時提供遠程閉路電視監控，甚至可以檢測異常溫度和氣體洩漏。它們非常適合監控工業園區，電廠，商場，校園，住宅發展和化學品儲存設施。它們有各種不同的配置以適應工作私需要，並且可以顯著地節省人力成本。 

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機械人包括一切模擬人類行為或思想與模擬其他生物的機械（如機器狗、機器貓等）。狹義上對機械人的定義還有很多分類法及爭議，有些電腦程式甚至也被稱為機械人。在當代工業中，機械人指能自動執行任務的人造機器裝置，用以取代或協助人類工作，一般會是機電裝置，由電腦程式或是電子電路控制。

機械人學是有關機械人設計、組裝、運作及應用的技術研究[1]，以及控制機械人的電腦系統、感測器回授以及資訊處理等。機械人可以代替人類在一些危險的環境或是製造程式中工作，或是在外貌、行為或認知上取代人類。許多機器的概念都來自自然界，因此有仿生機械人學的出現。

機械人可以作一些重複性高或是危險的工作，很多時候人們認為機械人能減少意外。但在發展中國家，由於懂得研發及操作人員不多，剛開始使用機械人時反而會增加意外發生的風險。[3]

此外，它也可以代人類不想做的工作，做一些因為尺寸限制，人類無法作的工作，甚至是像外太空或是深海中，不適人類生存的環境[4]。 社會上對越來越多的機械人及其角色有些疑慮，機械人因為在越來越多方面可以取代人類，因此被認為是增加失業人口的主因之一[5]。戰爭中使用的機械人也有道德上的疑慮。機械人自主的可能性及其影響是科幻小說的主題之一。

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機器人是一種機器——尤其是由計算機編程的機器——能夠自動執行一系列複雜的動作機器人也可以由外部控制設備引導，或者控制可以嵌入其中。機器人的構造可能會讓人聯想到人類形態，但大多數機器人都是執行任務的機器，其設計重點是強調功能性，而不是表達美。

機械人是人類造的,來到幫助人類做指定的事情。。

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機械人（英語：Robot）包括一切模擬人類行為或思想與模擬其他生物的機械（如機器狗、機器貓等）。狹義上對機械人的定義還有很多分類法及爭議，有些電腦程式甚至也被稱為機械人。在當代工業中，機械人指能自動執行任務的人造機器裝置，用以取代或協助人類工作，一般會是機電裝置，由電腦程式或是電子電路控制。

機械人的範圍很廣，可以是自主或是半自主的，可以從本田技研工業的ASIMO或是TOSY的TOPIO等擬人機械人到工業機械人，也包括多台一起動作的群機械人，其至是奈米機械人。藉由模仿逼真的外觀及自動化的動作，理想中的高仿真機械人是進階整合控制論、機械電子、電腦與人工智能、材料學和仿生學的產物，目前科學界正在向此方向研究開發。有關機械人的話題，常見於科幻作品中。

機械人學是有關機械人設計、組裝、運作及應用的技術研究，以及控制機械人的電腦系統、感測器回授以及資訊處理等。機械人可以代替人類在一些危險的環境或是製造程式中工作，或是在外貌、行為或認知上取代人類。許多機器的概念都來自自然界，因此有仿生機械人學的出現。

在工業時代機械技術提昇後，像自動化裝置、遙控甚至無線遙控也日益成熟，電子學的進展成為機械人發展的動力。第一個電子式自動機是於1948年在英國的布里斯托由William Grey Walter發明，第一個數碼化，由電腦控制的自動機是在1954年由George Devol發明，命名為Unimate，後續在1961年賣給奇異電氣，用在紐澤西州的工廠中，用來將壓鑄裝置中的熱金屬上移

機械人可以作一些重複性高或是危險的工作，很多時候人們認為機械人能減少意外。但在發展中國家，由於懂得研發及操作人員不多，剛開始使用機械人時反而會增加意外發生的風險。

此外，它也可以代人類不想做的工作，做一些因為尺寸限制，人類無法作的工作，甚至是像外太空或是深海中，不適人類生存的環境

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由於機械人能快速及準確地完成特定任務，故在工業應用上，專門處理單調、重覆、勞動性高的工序，包括配件組裝、運輸、存倉等；它們亦可代替人類進行一些高危工作，例如拆除炸彈、探索災區和到太空勘察。 近年，醫療機械人亦開始普及，機械人能協助醫生進行一些複雜而精細的手術，或幫忙護理病人，減輕醫護人員壓力。

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https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA
我認為可以在機器人加裝攝影功能

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Leonardo: The Skateboarding, Slacklining Robot

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在機械人加裝煮飯功能，可以在人們回到家時

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在機械人加裝煮飯功能，可以在人們回到家時不用煮飯就可以吃到沒有味精的食物

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疫情期間多了不少在家煮飯，不過未必人人都精通廚藝。倫敦莫雷機械人（Moley Robotics）公司將於明年推出「莫雷機械人廚房」（Moley Robotic Kitchen），簡單點說，就是有兩條機械臂可做出 5000 款菜色，預計明年推出，一個最少售 15 萬英鎊（約 154 萬港元）。

【相關報道】 Hyundai MobED 用途百變 四輪機械人搬乜都得？

要使用莫雷機械人廚房，先要在天花板安裝著軌道，機械手臂則從軌道上延伸至流理台，使用者只需要在控制面板上選擇一道菜，接著將材料按照指示放進容器中，機械手臂就會自動料理，不論是打開烤箱、開火、拿起平底鍋或攪拌，統統沒有問題，最多可煮出約 5000 道不同的菜餚。

Moley 公司聘請了專業廚師 Tim Anderson 解釋料理步驟，機械人則按照程式複製 Anderson 的動作。Moley 公司的首席執行長 Mark Oleynik 表示，整個系統都在玻璃螢幕後進行動作，所以機械手臂不會有撞到人的問題，且廚房中還配備安全檢測系統，如果監測到任何危險就會立刻停止操作。

【相關報道】 俄羅斯機械人公司 開價 156 萬港元徵臉製械人

Source： BBC

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廚房機械人會煮 5000 道菜 索價 154 萬港元預計明年推出 - ezone.hk - 科技焦點 - 科技汽車

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疫情期間多了不少在家煮飯，不過未必人人都精通廚藝。倫敦莫雷機械人（Moley Robotics）公司將於明年推出「莫雷機械人廚房」（Moley Robotic Kitchen），簡單點說，就是有兩條機械臂可做出 5000 款菜色，預計明年推出，一個最少售 15 萬英鎊（約 154 萬港元）。 【相關報道】 Hyundai MobED 用途百變 四輪機械人搬乜都得？ 要使用莫雷機械人廚房，先要在天花板安裝著軌道，機械手臂則從軌道上延伸至流理台，使用者只需要在控制面板上選擇一道菜，接著將材料按照指示放進容器中，機械手臂就會自動料理，不論是打開烤箱、開火、拿起平底鍋或攪拌，統統沒有問題，最多可煮出約 5000 道不同的菜餚。 Moley 公司聘請了專業廚師 Tim Anderson 解釋料理步驟，機械人則按照程式複製 Anderson 的動作。Moley 公司的首席執行長 Mark Oleynik 表示，整個系統都在玻璃螢幕後進行動作，所以機械手臂不會有撞到人的問題，且廚房中還配備安全檢測系統，如果監測到任何危險就會立刻停止操作。 【相關報道】 俄羅斯機械人公司 開價 156 萬港元徵臉製械人 Source： BBC

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我想在機器人加裝「立體機動裝置」

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我想在機器人加裝「立體機動裝置」

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立體機動裝置， 《進擊的巨人》中的 武器。立體機動裝置是人類軍隊的裝備之一，是為了讓習慣於 二維方向運動的人向 三維 運動發展的機械，藉助於此裝置，人類軍隊才能有效地擊中巨人的後頸肉。

因為戰友索姆魯的死，為人類開發出了立體機動裝置，並用立體機動裝置第一次成功殺死巨人，為後世人們 提高壁外生存率和 殺死巨人 提供了非凡的成就。沒有熟練掌握使用該裝置的訓練兵無法接受其他訓練。

按下刀柄的 扳機後，腰部相應的的發射機射出固定器，通常固定在巨人身上或是建築物上後，再利用 瓦斯氣體驅動風扇，將固定器的纜繩給捲回來使身體高速移動，讓身體利用這立體的高速機動力來戰鬥。 [1]

裝置的皮帶可以將人體的重量分散到身體各個地方，藉此使活動更靈巧。士兵通過操縱腰、腿部、腳上的皮帶可以在空中調整姿勢。此外，利用立體機動裝置可以通過滑行、搖擺等方式在樹林、建築羣中移動，成功地提高了在各種環境中步兵的移動能力和擊破能力。但在平地上使用是非常危險的。不過一切的關鍵也在於繩索和瓦斯，如果繩索出現問題或壓縮氣體耗盡就會面臨很大的危險。同時，巨人具有學習能力，許多人因為繩索被巨人抓住而喪命。（第34班成員 米娜·卡羅萊納、駐紮 兵團班長 尼斯 等人皆因此陣亡。）

裝置的詳細結構類似黑箱，只有牆內的開發團隊才可製造。因此，萬一裝置發生故障，當場不能修理，不得不丟棄。 [2]

立體機動裝置也是人類訓練兵必須掌握的基本之一，只有能熟練掌握要領的人才能進一步接受其他訓練。攀爬懸崖的訓練中，教官會突然砍斷繩索，以此考驗訓練兵的應變能力，也因此造成過傷亡，但死去的人會被認為不適合與巨人作戰。

噴射器，發射機，風扇，主體部分，瓦斯罐（被固定在刀鞘上），扳機（位於刀柄），皮帶結構，伸縮繩。

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立體機動裝置， 《進擊的巨人》中的 武器。立體機動裝置是人類軍隊的裝備之一，是為了讓習慣於 二維方向運動的人向 三維 運動發展的機械，藉助於此裝置，人類軍隊才能有效地擊中巨人的後頸肉。 因為戰友索姆魯的死，為人類開發出了立體機動裝置，並用立體機動裝置第一次成功殺死巨人，為後世人們 提高壁外生存率和 殺死巨人 提供了非凡的成就。沒有熟練掌握使用該裝置的訓練兵無法接受其他訓練。 按下刀柄的 ...

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機械人三定律 Three Laws of Robotics 忘記了登入，我是6B(30)翁沛楹

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機械人三定律 Three Laws of Robotics 忘記了登入，我是6B(30)翁沛楹

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機械人三定律（英語：Three Laws of Robotics）是科幻小說家以撒·艾西莫夫（Isaac Asimov）在他的機械人相關作品和其他機械人相關小說中為機械人設定的行為準則，是艾西莫夫除「心理史學」（Psychohistory）外另一個著名的虛構學說。

第一法則

機械人不得傷害人類，或坐視人類受到傷害；

第二法則

機械人必須服從人類命令，除非命令與第一法則發生衝突；

第三法則

在不違背第一或第二法則之下，機械人可以保護自己。

在1985年《機械人與帝國》中，艾西莫夫將三大法則擴張為四大法則：

第零法則

機械人不得傷害整體人類，或坐視整體人類受到傷害；

第一法則

除非違背第零法則，否則機械人不得傷害人類，或坐視人類受到傷害；

第二法則

機械人必須服從人類命令，除非命令與第零或第一法則發生衝突；

第三法則

在不違背第零、第一或第二法則之下，機械人可以保護自己。

「機械人三定律」在以撒·艾西莫夫於1942年發表的作品《轉圈圈》（Runaround，《我，機械人》（I, Robot）中的一個短篇）中第一次明確提出，並且成為他的很多小說，包含基地系列小說中機械人的行為準則和故事發展的線索。機械人被設計為遵守這些準則，違反準則會導致機械人受到不可恢復的心理損壞。但是在某些場合，這樣的損壞是不可避免的。在兩個人互相造成傷害時，機械人不能任人受到傷害而無所作為，但是這會造成對另一個人的傷害，在一些小說中這造成了機械人的自毀。

他在小說中提出了三定律的很多變體。這些對機械人行為準則的修改成為他的很多故事的主線。在《消失無蹤》（Little Lost Robot，《我，機械人》中的一個短篇）中為了避免機械人無謂地阻止人類進行低危險性工作，第一定律中的後半部分被去掉了，但是也產生了一些其他的問題。在《機械人之夢》（Robot Dreams，同名小說中的一個短篇）中，一個機械人做了個關於取消第一定律和第二定律的夢，導致了他的毀滅。在《機械人與帝國》中，一些機械人的系統中「人類的定義」被修改（說話沒有該星球的口音就不是人類），而攻擊人類。在1999年上映的科幻電影《雙百人》（Bicentennial Man，原為短篇小說，後改編為中篇小說《正子人》）中，一個機械人為了成為人，將自己的機械部分逐步替換成組織，並且在最後用自己的貢獻和犧牲換來了人類的認同和保護機械人的法律的產生。

三定律在科幻小說中大放光彩，在一些其他作者的科幻小說中的機械人也遵守這三條定律。同時，三定律也具有一定的現實意義，在三定律基礎上建立新興學科「機械倫理學」旨在研究人類和機械之間的關係。但是現存的機械人並未有足夠的智能去分辨人類和危險等概念，因此三定律並未實際應用在機械人上面。

功能
機械人能夠預知天然災害的發生並提醒人類及進行搜救任務
也會保護人類免受傷害

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機械人三定律 - 維基百科，自由的百科全書

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機械人三定律（英語：Three Laws of Robotics）是科幻小說家以撒·艾西莫夫（Isaac Asimov）在他的機械人相關作品和其他機械人相關小說中為機械人設定的行為準則，是艾西莫夫除「心理史學」（Psychohistory）外另一個著名的虛構學說。

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我建議未來消防機器人要普及，這樣就能減少

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我建議未來消防機器人要普及，這樣就能減少消防員的傷亡，也要開發不同種類的消防機器人，應對不同的情況。

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消防機器人是 特種機器人的一種，在 滅火 和搶險救援中愈加發揮舉足輕重的作用。

機器人自60年代初問世以來，經歷40餘年的發展，己取得長足進步，社會各行各業皆可見其身影，從1986年日本 東京消防廳 首次在滅火中採用了"彩虹5號"機器人後，消防機器人就逐漸在滅火救災領域得到廣泛的應用，消防機器人技術也得到快速的發展。消防機器人已經穩步向第三代高端智能機器人發展。

面對無情的火災，應急管理部上海消防研究所、 上海交通大學、 上海市消防局 共同制定了研製消防機器人的計劃。經過3年的研究，中國第一台消防機器人已經誕生。消防機器人可以行走、爬坡、跨障、噴射滅火，可以進行火場偵察。

2012年，弗吉尼亞理工學院為美國海軍設計了一款CHARLI-2消防機器人。這種機器人能夠同人類士兵一起工作來撲滅海上戰艦上的起火。這種消防機器人具備的能力包括使用消防軟管、投擲滅火器手榴彈、攀爬梯子，而且當它在海軍艦艇的甲板和走廊上行走的時候能夠維持它的平衡。海軍計劃把CHARLI-2機器人作為船上的自主消防機器人。根據設計，這種機器人可以跳當時流行的" 江南Style"舞蹈，在YouTube上走紅。 [1-2]

隨着社會經濟的迅猛發展，建築和企業生產的特殊性，導致化學危險品和 放射性物質 泄漏以及燃燒、爆炸、坍塌的事故隱患增加，事故發生的概率也相應提高。一旦發生災害事故，消防員面對高温、黑暗、有毒和濃煙等危害環境時，若沒有相應的設備貿然衝進現場，不僅不能完成任務，還會徒增人員傷亡。

各種大型石油化工企業、隧道、地鐵等不斷增多，油品燃氣、毒氣泄漏爆炸、隧道、地鐵坍塌等災害隱患不斷增加。

此類災害具有突發性強、處置過程複雜、危害巨大、防治困難等特點，已成頑疾。消防機器人能代替消防救援人員進入易燃易爆、有毒、 缺氧 、濃煙等危險災害事故現場進行數據採集、處理、反饋，有效地解決消防人員在上述場所面臨的人身安全、數據信息採集不足等問題。現場指揮人員可以根據其反饋結果，及時對災情作出科學判斷，並對災害事故現場工作作出正確、合理的決策。

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消防機器人是 特種機器人的一種，在 滅火 和搶險救援中愈加發揮舉足輕重的作用。 機器人自60年代初問世以來，經歷40餘年的發展，己取得長足進步，社會各行各業皆可見其身影，從1986年日本 東京消防廳 首次在滅火中採用了"彩虹5號"機器人後，消防機器人就逐漸在滅火救災領域得到廣泛的應用，消防機器人技術也得到快速的發展。消防機器人已經穩步向第三代高端智能機器人發展。 ...

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Ameca and the most realistic AI robots. Beyond Atlas.

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當今世界上已有各式各樣的機械人被廣泛應用，隨著科技的進步，機械人在我們的生活中發揮越來越大的作用。機械人種類繁多，亦因應不同應用而有所差別,從工業機械人到商業大廈的禮賓機械人都有。 在「如何將容貌識別與電子保安系統發揮聯合作用？」一文中 ，我們提及了兩種用於活動和大廈監控的機械人。在這篇文章中，我們除了會詳細地研究它們，還會探討其他常見的機械人類型及功能。

工業機械人

各種工業機械人的差異也可以很大，但它們通常是被編寫了程式，而且擁有鉸接的機械臂，令它們可固定的，也可在各個軸上移動。它們用於商品的生產過程中，例如焊接，噴漆和組裝。工業機械人非常快速和精確，並為製造商節省了巨大的成本。據國際機械人聯合會（IFR）的資料， 2019年將有約260萬台工業機械人投入運行。工業機械人也被用於外太空的建造及其他任務。

家用機械人

你可能曾經會看見一些商店出售家用機械人。這些機械人會幫忙家務，包括游泳池清潔機械人，吸塵機械人和水管清潔機械人。 香港衞安也提供適合大型商業場所的清潔機械人。

軍事及緊急事故機械人

軍事及緊急事故機械人適合用於對人類附危險性的情況, 例如軍事領域或緊急情況下使用。軍用拆彈機械人和無人機，以及應急小組使用的空中，地面阪水底搜救機械人都能夠抵受嚴苛的環境，穿越險峻的地形，使得它們適合在海底，甚至其他星球，如好奇號，進行探測。

醫療機械人

最常見的醫療機械人相信是手術機械人。在機械人輔助的手術中，外科醫生通過遙控操制器或電腦控制機械人執行極奇細緻的醫療手術， 令涉及的風險大大降低。未來，外科醫生甚至可以在世界任何地方遙遠操控機械人來進行手術。

服務機械人

服務機械人是用於執行各種與服務相關任務的一個大類。禮賓機械人和招待機械人將會是最常見的服務機械人。香港衞安已推出了一個禮賓機械人，它可以將訪客註冊自動化，通過容貌識別來控制門禁，並提供多媒體信息，非常適合商業大廈，活動和展覽使用。 香港衞安還有一個商場接待機械人，提供購物指南，與客戶握手和聊天，及下載優惠券的功能，絕對是一個完美的定點客戶服務解決方案。

保安機械人

保安機械人具有顯著的優勢，因為它們無論在在白天、黑夜，甚至惡劣天氣下也可全天候運行。香港衞安的巡邏機​​器人，通過預設路線進行巡邏，通過容貌識別，供應信息，同時提供遠程閉路電視監控，甚至可以檢測異常溫度和氣體洩漏。它們非常適合監控工業園區，電廠，商場，校園，住宅發展和化學品儲存設施。它們有各種不同的配置以適應工作私需要，並且可以顯著地節省人力成本。

以上是一些最常見的機械人類型及應用。還有其他機械人用於專業研究或嗜好，但這些都是現今主要使用的類型。在可見的將來，你可能會接觸到越來越多的相關的技術，機械人的未來看起來一片光明。

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5 Best Personal Robots You Can Buy In 2023

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機械人以往只在電影或漫畫中出現，但隨着科

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機械人以往只在電影或漫畫中出現，但隨着科技一日千里，機械人技術逐漸成熟，並能夠應用在日常生活的不同層面。到底機械人具備甚麼基本元素？它又能協助人類完成甚麼工作呢？

電影世界中，機械人大多擁有酷似人類的面貌、仿真的對話及舉動；而現實生活中，機械人大多都不是「人型」：有些外表只是一隻機械臂、有些則像車輛般裝有輪胎，能四處移動、有些具娛樂用途的機械人，外型猶如玩偶或寵物，所有設計均是按工作需要而誕生。美國機械人協會在70年代，便將機械人定義為「一個可用程式控制、多功能的操作器，它透過程式控制和多變化的動作設計來移動材料、工件、工具或特別設備，以完成一連串的工作」。

由於機械人能快速及準確地完成特定任務，故在工業應用上，專門處理單調、重覆、勞動性高的工序，包括配件組裝、運輸、存倉等；它們亦可代替人類進行一些高危工作，例如拆除炸彈、探索災區和到太空勘察。近年，醫療機械人亦開始普及，機械人能協助醫生進行一些複雜而精細的手術，或幫忙護理病人，減輕醫護人員壓力。

在香港，機械人應用在不同行業，例如茶飲店裝設機械臂沖調水果茶，餐廳利用機械人作接待員及傳菜等。早前亦有中學在校內引入智能機械人，協助文憑試考生量度體溫、擠出搓手液等，並會為他們打氣，紓緩緊張心情。
So robot can do lot of things
AI world is coming
AI maybe is not a good thing bacause
they can control anything as they want

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機械人學（英語：robotics）是一項涵蓋了機械人的設計、建造、運作、以及應用的跨領域科技[1]，集合機械工程學、電機工程學、機械電子學、電子學、控制工程學、計算機工程學、軟件工程學、資訊工程學（英語：Information engineering (field)）、數學及生物工程學等領域。這些科技催生出能夠取代人力的自動化機器，在危險境或製造工廠運作，或塑造成外表、行為、心智的仿人機械人。如今許多的機械人受到自然界的啟發，貢獻於生物啟發的機械人學領域。

機器影手（英語：Shadow Hand）系統

創造可自動運轉的機器的概念可追溯至古典時代，但是直到20世紀以前，機械人的功能和潛在應用開發及研究沒有持續地成長[2]。縱觀歷史，機械人常見於模仿人類行為，且常以類似的方法管理事務。時至今日，機械人學成為一個快速成長的領域，同時先進技術持續地研發、設計、以及建造用來達成各種實用目的新款機械人，例如家庭用機械人（英語：Domestic robot）、工業機械人或軍用機械人。許多機械人從事對人類來講非常危險的工作，如拆除炸彈、地雷、探索沉船等。機械人學還被用於STEM教育作為教學輔助。

目次

語源編輯

機械人學（robotics）源自於機械人一詞，而「機械人」一詞最早被一位捷克的作家卡雷爾·恰佩克在他的舞台劇作品《羅梭的萬能工人》中提出並發表於1920年[3]。該劇開始於一個用有機合成物製造人造人的工廠，那些人造人被稱「機械人」（robots）。卡雷爾稱是其兄弟約瑟夫·恰佩克發明了該詞[3]。

根據牛津英語詞典，機械人學（robotics）一詞第一次被使用在艾薩克·阿西莫夫的短篇科幻小說《說假話的機械人》，初次出版在1941年五月的《模擬科幻小說與事實》雜誌上。

歷史編輯

西元1927年，一個由德國演員布里居·海默（Brigitte Helm）演示、女性人形的機械式人類（德語：Maschinenmensch），第一次在弗里茨·朗執導的德國科幻電影《大都會》中出現。1942年，科幻作家艾薩克·阿西莫夫提出機械人學三大法則。1948年，艾薩克·阿西莫夫提出了模控學原理，成為日後機械人學的基礎。

直至20世紀中才出現全自動的機械人，於1961年建立第一個可數位操控及可程式化的機械人Unimate，功能為從壓鑄機中舉起高熱的金屬片並推疊起來。今日商業及工業機械人已被廣泛地應用在可以比人工更廉價、或更精確可靠的工作上。機械人也被僱用於骯髒、危險或令人感到乏味的工作。關於機械人的廣泛應用還有：製造、組裝、封裝及包裝、運輸、地球及太空探索、外科手術、武器、實驗研究、保全，以及消費性和工業產品的大量生產。[4]

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未來的游戲機 機械人 6B09周晉樂Chaska的資料

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未來的游戲機 機械人 6B09周晉樂Chaska的資料

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未來的機械人很先進 有游戲機switch版 讓人娛樂時可以游玩 很有趣

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How This Humanoid Robot Was Made | WIRED

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這機械人為顧客搬動貨物，令貨運公司更加方

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這機械人為顧客搬動貨物，令貨運公司更加方便運送貨物📦！

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機械人可以作一些重複性高或是危險的工作，很多時候人們認為機械人能減少意外。但在發展中國家，由於懂得研發及操作人員不多，剛開始使用機械人時反而會增加意外發生的風險。[3]

此外，它也可以代人類不想做的工作，做一些因為尺寸限制，人類無法作的工作，甚至是像外太空或是深海中，不適人類生存的環境[4]。 社會上對越來越多的機械人及其角色有些疑慮，機械人因為在越來越多方面可以取代人類，因此被認為是增加失業人口的主因之一[5]。戰爭中使用的機械人也有道德上的疑慮。機械人自主的可能性及其影響是科幻小說的主題之一。

機械人可以作一些重複性高或是危險的工作，很多時候人們認為機械人能減少意外。但在發展中國家，由於懂得研發及操作人員不多，剛開始使用機械人時反而會增加意外發生的風險。[3]

此外，它也可以代人類不想做的工作，做一些因為尺寸限制，人類無法作的工作，甚至是像外太空或是深海中，不適人類生存的環境[4]。 社會上對越來越多的機械人及其角色有些疑慮，機械人因為在越來越多方面可以取代人類，因此被認為是增加失業人口的主因之一[5]。戰爭中使用的機械人也有道德上的疑慮。機械人自主的可能性及其影響是科幻小說的主題之一。

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科技创新+科技创意+高科技+科技资讯

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帅小伙发明意念控制机械手臂，却让残疾人免费使用_腾讯视频

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帅小伙发明意念控制机械手臂，却让残疾人免费使用

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機械人（英語：Robot）包括一切模擬人類行為或思想與模擬其他生物的機械（如機器狗、機器貓等）。狹義上對機械人的定義還有很多分類法及爭議，有些電腦程式甚至也被稱為機械人。在當代工業中，機械人指能自動執行任務的人造機器裝置，用以取代或協助人類工作，一般會是機電裝置，由電腦程式或是電子電路控制。機械人的範圍很廣，可以是自主或是半自主的，可以從本田技研工業的ASIMO或是TOSY的TOPIO等擬人機械人到工業機械人，也包括多台一起動作的群機械人，其至是奈米機械人。藉由模仿逼真的外觀及自動化的動作，理想中的高仿真機械人是進階整合控制論、機械電子、電腦與人工智能、材料學和仿生學的產物，目前科學界正在向此方向研究開發。有關機械人的話題，常見於科幻作品中。

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機械人（英語：Robot）包括一切模擬人類行為或思想與模擬其他生物的機械（如機器狗、機器貓等）。狹義上對機械人的定義還有很多分類法及爭議，有些電腦程式甚至也被稱為機械人。在當代工業中，機械人指能自動執行任務的人造機器裝置，用以取代或協助人類工作，一般會是機電裝置，由電腦程式或是電子電路控制。機械人的範圍很廣，可以是自主或是半自主的，可以從本田技研工業的ASIMO或是TOSY的TOPIO等擬人機械人到工業機械人，也包括多台一起動作的群機械人，其至是奈米機械人。藉由模仿逼真的外觀及自動化的動作，理想中的高仿真機械人是進階整合控制論、機械電子、電腦與人工智能、材料學和仿生學的產物，目前科學界正在向此方向研究開發。有關機械人的話題，常見於科幻作品中。

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我建議改量機械人擔當家務助理，協助處理家中的清潔、煮食、教導小朋友學習知識、講解功課上困難，維修家中的電器。

參考連結：
https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%B4%A2%E8%8F%B2%E4%BA%9A_(%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E4%BA%BA)