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Look at these examples to see how modal verbs and other expressions are used to show how certain the speaker is about something.

She might well be on the train.
That must be his dad.
That can't be right.
You're bound to make mistakes occasionally.

This page focuses on expressing the probability of present and future situations. To learn how to express probability in relation to past events go to Modals - deductions about the past.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar test 1

Grammar test 1: Grammar C1: Modals - probability: 1

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Certainty

We use must when we feel sure that something is true or think it's the only realistic possibility.

Note that we use must to show that we deduced this - we have arrived at this conclusion by reasoning.

This must be her house. (I've arrived at this conclusion by reasoning or looking at the evidence.)
This is her house. (A simple statement of fact.)

We can also use be bound to to express certainty about a guess or prediction.

Be bound to is not a modal verb, but it is a related expression.

We use can't when we feel sure that something is not possible.

Degrees of uncertainty

We use should and shouldn't to show expectations about the future. They show we think something will probably be the case because it's normal or reasonable to expect.

Should and shouldn't in this context have the meaning of 'if all goes well'. We don't use them to predict something negative or unwanted.

The treatment should be very painful.
Our flight shouldn't arrive on time.

We use might, may or could to say that we think something in the present or future is possible but we're not sure.

I might see you tomorrow if you're in the office.
There may be another issue that we don't know about.
This illness could be prevented.

They all have the same meaning, but may is more formal than might and could.

Adding well after the modal makes the situation sound more likely.

I'll try the pharmacy, but it might well be closed now.
She may well have to rethink her plan.
That could well be true.

The negative forms are may not and might not (or mightn't).

Couldn't is different from may not and might not. It means something is impossible.

General possibility

Note that can is not used to talk about possibility in relation to a specific event or situation.

Azi can may/might/could be in the garden.

Instead, can shows that something sometimes happens or is capable of happening.

Note that all modal verbs are followed by an infinitive without to.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Grammar test 2

Grammar test 2: Grammar C1: Modals - probability: 2

Language level

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Do you know how to use modal verbs and other expressions to show how probable you think something is? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

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English grammar exercise about relative clauses

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SUBIR

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So, such, too, enough, very - Inglés con Cambridge

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Explicación de las diferencias entre los distintos usos de los intensificadores en inglés: so, such, too, enough and very.

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Most English learners know the main definition of is to LABOR. Some even know that when something works well, it FUNCTIONS. But there are SO MANY MORE ways that native speakers commonly use the word WORK that most learners have no idea about.

For example, here are 9 phrasal verbs that completely change the meaning of work: Work OUT, Work UP, Work ON, Work AROUND, Work THROUGH, Work TOWARDS, Work OFF, Work IN, work OVER. Do you know what those mean?

Today we're going to explore these 9 phrasal verbs with the word work (and their 12 meanings), as well as 13 popular idioms. PLUS, as a special bonus, we'll share with you a fantastic RealLife audio lesson AND transcript on this very topic (with RealLife Radio Power Lesson Sample).

Awww yeah! Let's get to work.

FREE: 101 Words You Won't Learn in School E-BOOK | Make English a Part of Your Life MINI-COURSE

9 Phrasal Verbs With Work

1. Work Out (4 Different Uses)

Exercise (vb, n): To (vb), or do a workout(n), is to do any form of exercise with a focus being on the physical activity. Different ways to work out include: go for a bike ride, run, swim, lift weights, do yoga. Hiking (walking in nature), for example, would not generally be used with the verb "work out," but if it works your body, you might use it as a noun by saying, "that hike was a good workout."

-I try to work out 3 times a week after work. (vb)
-How often do you work out at the gym? (vb)
-The run was only 15 minutes long, but it was an amazing workout. (n):

To result in success (vb): When something works out, an arrangement or relationship results in success. Common examples of this include:

-When he first started his new job, he was scared things wouldn't work out, but after a few months, his boss told him that things were really working out really well.
-Everything always works out in the end. (common collocation)
-If things aren't working out in your job or relationships, it's best to try to fix it or change.

To Fix/Solve Something (vb): To work (something) out is to fix or resolve a problem or issue you're having with something.

-When you're having relationship problems, it's best to try to work it out.
-The famous Beatles song, "We Can Work it Out " is a great example of this use of the phrasal verb, "work it out."

To Calculate the Answer to a mechanical or math problem. Examples below:

-The 13 year old was a complete genius. He had already worked out the most difficult physics equations that even Einstein couldn't ever solve.
-Most math teachers will allow you to work out algebra problems on a calculator or even on a piece of scratch paper (blank paper used to work out equations by hand for a test).

the feeling: To evoke an emotional state (ex: Work up the courage, the excitement, an appetite).

to something: To arrive at something through preparation (ex: Even though he could only run 5 km, he was determined work up to the full 42 km distance of a marathon little by little over the next 6 months.)

To be/ Get Worked Up: To get stressed or upset about something. (ex: he doesn't like to drive during rush our [when there's a lot of traffic] because he gets worked up and honks his horn all the time.)

To spend time and effort improving something (ex: I have a lot of problems with my pronunciation, but I'm working on it.)

To try to influence a person (ex: the manager didn't want to hire me, but my friend Sarah works there, and she is working on him, so I hope he changes his mind.)

4. Work Around

To successfully circumvent (find your way around) an obstacle or a problem without having to directly deal with it or solve it. (ex: I didn't have all the ingredients to make the dish from the recipe, but I worked around it by substituting a few items)

To work through a problem is to gradually deal with or solve (a generally more complicated problem). In a relationship, to work through something can be to "talk through it." (ex: the couple was having serious problems, so they decided to go to a relationships counselor to help them work through their issues.)

Note: There's also a literal use of work through as you can " work your way through college" (pay your university expenses by simultaneously working a job).

To work towards is to make an effort with the intention of achieving a future objective. (ex: The marathon runner woke up at 5 am every day as he worked toward his goal of running under 3:00 for the 42 km marathon.)

To work off means to pay somebody with work to compensate for money owed (or any other type of debt.) You can also work something off with physical activity (stress, excess weight). (ex: The kid didn't have money to pay for his meal, so the restaurant owner let him work it off by washing dishes for an hour).

To work something in means to consciously include integrate something. (ex: He said he was too busy to exercise, but I convinced him to work in a few sessions at the gym.)

(Slang) To beat or inflict injury on something or someone. (i.e. Brazil didn't expect to get worked over by Germany in the world cup final.)

(Literal) To subject to intense examination.

(Literal) To redo something (do again)

13 Expressions & Idioms With Work

1. Work the System: To take advantage of the system, often in an unethical way, to get what you want. (ex: Once elected, the corrupt politician began to use his power to work the system and increase his personal fortune).

2. In the Works: When an item or project is currently being produced or developed. (ex: While the band was touring for their newest album, they revealed that their next album was in the works and would soon be available.)

3. Work(s) like a charm: When something functions perfectly. (ex: After his friend fixed his computer, it worked like a charm for the rest of the year.)

4. Work Wonders: To have a very positive effect to solve a problem. (ex: He soon discovered that listening to RealLife Radio every day worked wonders for his listening comprehension)

5. Put to Work: To assign a job or to make somebody work [who was previously inactive] (ex: His school vacation didn't last long, as his parents soon put him to work in the family business.)

6. Out of Work: To be unemployed, or to not have a job [when one previously had a job] (ex:After losing his job last year, he was out of work for 6 months)

7. All in a Day's Work: Used to express that something is very routine (even though it's often difficult), and it wasn't anything out of the ordinary. (ex: You may say this after finishing a day filled with difficult tasks that are expected in your job.)

8. All Work and No Play (Makes Jack a Dull Boy): When one is working so hard that they don't have the time to enjoy life or cultivate joy for living.

9. Piece of Work: An expression meaning that somebody is difficult to get along with in a complex way. Usually said with some degree of disgust. (ex/common collocation: After getting upset with a person for mistreating you in a clever way, you might say "she/he's a real piece of work.")

10. Dirty Work: The work nobody else want's to do. "To do somebody's dirty work" is to do the unethical, dishonest work that the person doesn't want to do.(i.e. A mob boss might have somebody do their dirty work- i.e. kill people, get money, conduct deals, etc)

11. Work Up a Sweat: To put a lot of effort into something, to work hard enough to start to sweat. Often used figuratively.

12. Have your work cut out for you: To have a lot of work to do in order to achieve a goal/objective. (ex:before starting a job that's going to be difficult and last all day, "We better get started. We've got our work cut out for us." )

13. Working Hard or Hardly Working? A friendly play on words you can ask somebody to discover how much they are working. Working hard, obviously, means to exert a lot of effort, while hardly working means to not be working very much at all. The humor is that they sound the same but are complete opposites.

I hope you had fun learning about all the many phrasal verbs and idioms using the word WORK. If you've enjoyed this, I encourage you to listen to RealLife Radio, our weekly podcast that makes listening to and learning English fun, natural, and convenient.

RealLife Radio: Expressions & Phrasal Verbs with WORK

Listen to Part 1 Below

http://traffic.libsyn.com/reallifeeng/RLR_Work_1a.mp3

LEFT COLUMN: Transcription | RIGHT COLUMN: Reference Glossary

Listen to Part 2 Below

http://traffic.libsyn.com/reallifeeng/RLR_Work_1b.mp3

Listen to Part 3 Below

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Listen to Part 4 Below

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Listen to Part 5 Below

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Listen to Part 6 Below

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Listen to Part 7 Below

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Listen to Part 8 Below

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Listen to Part 9 Below

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Listen to Part 10 Below

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Listen to Part 11 Below

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With the RealLife Radio Power Lessons, you will:

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25 Uses of the Word WORK: Phrasal Verbs, Idioms (+ Bonus Audio Lesson)

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Most English learners know the main definition of is to LABOR. Some even know that when something works well, it FUNCTIONS. But there are SO MANY MORE ways that native speakers commonly use the word WORK that most learners have no idea about.

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Look at these examples to see how reporting verbs are used.

direct speech: 'You should come, it's going to be a lot of fun,' she said.
indirect speech: She persuaded me to come.

direct speech: 'Wait here,' he said.
indirect speech: He told us to wait there.

direct speech: 'It wasn't me who finished the coffee,' he said.
indirect speech: He denied finishing the coffee.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar explanation

When we tell someone what another person said, we often use the verbs say, tell or ask. These are called 'reporting verbs'. However, we can also use other reporting verbs. Many reporting verbs can be followed by another verb in either an infinitive or an -ing form.

Reporting verb + infinitive

'Let's see. I'll have the risotto, please.''I'll do the report by Friday, for sure.''It's not a good idea to write your passwords down.'

We can also use an infinitive to report imperatives, with a reporting verb like tell, order, instruct, direct or warn.

Reporting verb + -ing form

Verbs like admit, apologise for, complain about, deny, insist on, mention and suggest can follow an -ing form pattern.

'I broke the window.''I'm really sorry I didn't get back to you sooner.''Let's take a break.'

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Language level

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Do you know how to tell someone what another person said using reporting verbs? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

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Connectives and Linking Phrases - Online Exercises - English Grammar

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Connectives and Linking Phrases - English Grammar Exercises

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Look at these examples to see how we can tell someone what another person asked.

direct speech: 'Do you work from home?' he said.
indirect speech:He asked me if I worked from home.

direct speech:'Who did you see?' she asked.
indirect speech:She asked me who I'd seen.

direct speech:'Could you write that down for me?' she asked.
indirect speech:She asked me to write it down.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

A reported question is when we tell someone what another person asked. To do this, we can use direct speech or indirect speech.

direct speech: 'Do you like working in sales?' he asked.
indirect speech: He asked me if I liked working in sales.

In indirect speech, we change the question structure (e.g. Do you like) to a statement structure (e.g. I like).

We also often make changes to the tenses and other words in the same way as for reported statements (e.g. have done → had done, today → that day). You can learn about these changes on the Reported speech 1 - statements page.

In yes/ no questions, we use if or whether to report the question. If is more common.

'Are you going to the Helsinki conference?'
He asked me if I was going to the Helsinki conference.
'Have you finished the project yet?'
She asked us whether we'd finished the project yet.

Questions with a question word

In what, where, why, who, when or how questions, we use the question word to report the question.

'What time does the train leave?'
He asked me what time the train left.
'Where did he go?'

Reporting verbs

The most common reporting verb for questions is ask, but we can also use verbs like enquire, want to know or wonder.

'Did you bring your passports?'
She wanted to know if they'd brought their passports.
'When could you get this done by?'
He wondered when we could get it done by.

Offers, requests and suggestions

If the question is making an offer, request or suggestion, we can use a specific verb pattern instead, for example offer + infinitive, ask + infinitive or suggest + ing.

'Would you like me to help you?' 'Can you hold this for me, please?' 'Why don't we check with Joel?'
She suggested checking with Joel.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Language level

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Do you know how to report a question that somebody asked? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

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Concrete and abstract nouns (practice) | Khan Academy

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Conditional exercises about the zero, first, second and third conditionals

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https://www.espressoenglish.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Collocations-Lesson39.mp3

Successful Samantha has a long list of impressive accomplishments. It seems like everything she does ends up being a phenomenal success. In her very first job, she created a highly effective way to motivate the company's employees, resulting in a dramatic improvement in workplace morale.

Now she's developing a system for real-time translation among 100 different languages. If she can pull it off, it'll be an unprecedented success (success in something for the first time in history) and the crowning achievement (best or most significant achievement) of her career.

So far, the program has enjoyed modest success (some limited success)but there is still room for improvement (potential for improvement).However, Samantha says that the team is making good progress, and that in the next month or two she hopes to make a breakthrough (make a sudden advance in success, especially when you overcome an obstacle).

Although Samantha is very ambitious, she's also a very likeable person. She brings out the best in other people, and quickly wins the respect of colleagues.

Samantha's brother, Disastrous Dan, is the opposite - everything he attempts seems to fail miserably. He wanted to be a doctor, but his teachers told him he wasn't smart enough, dashing his hopes (making him abandon hope) of a career in medicine. He had the opportunity to do a prestigious internship in another country, but he lost his nerve (lost his courage) and turned down the offer.

He then applied for various jobs, but completely failed to show up to the interviews on time. He was eventually hired, but later lost his job during an economic downturn due to his mediocre performance (average work, not very special) and total lack of remarkable achievements.

Dan then tried to start his own software company to compete with Samantha's; that was a spectacular failure. He invested his life savings in the business, despite all his friends telling him that it would be a recipe for disaster (very likely to result in disaster). His sales predictions were way off the mark (completely inaccurate), and the company went under (lost all its money and shut down) just eight months after it was founded.

Poor Dan - it seems like he's doomed to failure (destined to be unsuccessful). But if all else fails (if everything is unsuccessful), he can always move into Samantha's mansion as a last resort (a final possibility)!

English Collocations for Success and Failure

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Choose the best word to complete each sentence:

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English Collocations for Success and Failure

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https://www.espressoenglish.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Collocations-Lesson39.mp3 Successful Samantha has a long list of impressive accomplishments. It seems like everything she does ends up being a phenomenal success. In her very first job, she created a highly effective way to motivate the company's employees, resulting in a dramatic improvement in workplace morale.

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Wordwall - Cree mejores lecciones de forma más rápida

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Une las correspondencias - Arrastra y suelta cada palabra junto a su definición.

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Mixed conditionals

Mixed conditionals are a combination of two types of conditional patterns, usually second and third conditionals. We can have a third conditional in the if clause and a second conditional in the main clause or a second conditional in the if clause and a third conditional in the main clause.

Grammar chart

Second and third conditionals

In a second conditional we use past in the if clause and would/might/could + infinitive in the main clause. It is used to talk about hypothetical situations happening in the present or future.

In a third conditional we use past perfect in the if clause and would/might/could + have + past participle in the main clause. It is used to talk about hypothetical situations happening in the past.

A mixed conditional is a combination of second and third conditionals.

Mixed third/second conditional

We use this combination to talk about a hypothetical condition happening in the past (third conditional) with a present result (second conditional). We use past perfect in the if clause and would/could/might + infinitive in the main clause.

Mixed second/third conditional

We use this combination to talk about a hypothetical condition happening in the present (second conditional) with a past result (third conditional). We use past in the if clause and would/could/might + have + past participle in the main clause.

Note that in this type of combination, the present condition also existed in the past, when the result in the main clause took place. Let's take a look, for example, at the first sentence:

If I were a man now would mean that I would also have been a man in the past, when I was not given the job. As I'm not a man now (which implies that I wasn't a man when I applied for the job either), I didn't get the job.

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Mixed conditionals - If I were you, I wouldn't have done it - Test-English

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Mixed conditionals are a combination of two types of conditional patterns, usually second and third conditionals. We can have a second conditional in the 'if' clause and a third conditional in the main clause or vice versa. Here's a complete grammar explanation and three online exercises. B1-B2 English grammar online.

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Look at these examples to see how adjectives are used with prepositions.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Some adjectives go with certain prepositions. There are no grammatical rules for which preposition is used with which adjective, so it's a good idea to try to learn them together. To help you do this, write new vocabulary in your notebook in a sentence or phrase.

However, there are some patterns that can help you. Let's look at them first. Remember that a preposition is followed by a noun or a gerund (-ing form).

We use at with adjectives like good/ bad/ amazing/ brilliant/ terrible, etc. to talk about skills and abilities.

We often use about with adjectives of feelings like angry/ excited/ happy/ nervous/ sad/ stressed/ worried, etc. to explain what is causing that feeling.

However, sometimes we use of with feelings.

We can use to to show the connection between people or things.

We can also use to to talk about someone's behaviour towards someone else.

Here are some other useful adjectives with prepositions.

She's interested in the project.
They want someone who'sexperienced in design.
I didn't want to getinvolved in the argument.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Language level

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Do you know how to use adjectives with prepositions like interested in or similar to? Test what you know with interactive exercises and read the explanation to help you.

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Home / Vocabulary / Phrasal Verbs / Phrasal Verbs Organized by Particle / Phrasal Verbs with OFF Quiz

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I wish/If only

I wish I did

We can use wish + past simple to talk about things that we would like to be different in the present or future (but which are very unlikely or impossible).

I wish I had done

We can use wish + past perfect to talk about things that happened in the past and that we regret (we would have wanted them to be different).

I wish you would do

We can use wish + person/thing + would + infinitive when we talk about situations that annoy us and we would like them to change, or to stop.

I wish you would stop biting your nails. I hate it when you do it.

I wish it would stop raining. It's been three days!

We CANNOT use this structure to wish about ourselves (do NOT use I wish I would).

If only

We can use if only instead of I wish to mean the same. The only difference is that if only is more emphatic.

Note that we can use were instead of was with I/he/she after I wish/if only.

Would rather/would sooner

Would rather (than)/would sooner (than)

We use would rather or would sooner + infinitive to talk about preference. We can use them with than in affirmative sentences or with or in questions.

Would rather/would sooner + subject + past simple

When we use a different subject after would rather or would sooner, we use past simple to refer to the present or future.

Note that we can use were instead of was with I/ he/she after would rather or would sooner.

Would rather/would sooner + subject + past perfect

When we use a different subject after would rather or would sooner, we use past perfect to refer to the past.

It's time

It's (high) time + subject + past simple

We can use it's time or it's high time followed by a subject and a past simple verb to say that something should be done now or in the future.

I really think it's high time you took a decision. We can't go on like this any longer.

We can also use the alternatives it's time + to infinitiveor it's time for someone + to-infinitive.

Other expressions

Suppose/supposing/imagine/what if

Suppose, supposing, imagine, and what if can be used like we use if in conditionals. So after these words, we use the present tense for real situations (first conditional), and the past simple or past perfect for unreal situations (second and third conditionals).

(=First conditional: If you meet him in the street, what are you going to tell him?)

(=Second conditional: If you found a suitcase full of money, what would you do?)

(=Third conditional: If she hadn't told you anything, you would have acted differently.)

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Wish, rather, if only, it's time - unreal uses of past tenses - Test-English

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Wish, rather, if only, it's time. Unreal past tenses. Advanced English grammar exercises. I wish, if only, I'd rather, It's time, what if, supposing, etc.

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Unless, even if, provided, as long as, etc. - other expressions in conditionals

Exercise 1

Choose unless, even if, provided, as long as, etc. to complete these sentences.

Other expressions in conditionals - Grammar chart

Unless (= if not)

We can use unless in conditional sentences to mean 'if ... (not)'.

I won't go on holiday unless I save some money.

= I won't go on holiday if I don't save some money.

In case

We use in case to talk about things that we do to be prepared for something that might happen or might be needed in the future.

I'll take my umbrella in case it rains. (=because it might rain)

As long as / provided (that) / providing (that) / on condition (that) / only if

We can use the expressions as long as, provided/providing (that), on condition (that), or only if instead of if when we want to emphasise the condition that needs to be present so that something can happen or be done.

Whether or not

We use whether or not when there are two alternatives and we want to say that something will happen or will be true in any of those two alternatives. Compare:

Even if

We also use even if with a similar meaning to 'whether or not'. It is used to emphasize that something will still be true or will happen if another thing happens.

Suppose/supposing

We normally use suppose or supposing at the beginning of a sentence to make someone imagine a situation. It means 'what would happen if', or simply 'if' (imagining a situation).

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Unless, even if, provided, as long as, etc. - other expressions in conditionals - Test-English

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Unless, even if, provided, as long as, only if, on condition, whether or not, etc. In this page you will learn how to use these alternatives to 'if' in conditional sentences. Check our complete grammar explanation and do our three online exercises. B1-B2 English grammar online.

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¿Te estresas cuando tienes que usar los Phrasal verbs? ¡Te comprendemos! Estas expresiones sin traducción literal pueden llegar a ser algo pickies. Por ello, te hemos preparado este post centrado en "Phrasal verbs: come. Teoría y ejercicios" para ponértelo mucho más fácil.

Phrasal verbs: come

Teoría y ejemplos

El verbo to come, como bien sabes, significa literalmente "venir". Pero los phrasal verbs que lo utilizan pueden no tener nada que ver con este significado.

A continuación puedes ver varios ejemplos de phrasal verbs con el verbo come y sus peculiares significados:

Phrasal verbs come: la tabla definitiva

Para que lo veas más claro, aquí tienes una buena chuleta sobre estos phrasal verbs come. Esta tabla será tu mejor aliada cuando tengás que hablar o escribir en inglés.

Phrasal verbs: come (ejercicios)

Ahora que ya has aprendido un montón de nuevos phrasal verbs, ¿te atreves a completar las siguientes frases?

Las respuestas las tienes un poco más abajo, pero... ¡no hagas trampas!

1. Alice came ____________ the new receptionist.
2. Alice se encontró con el nuevo recepcionista.
3. How did the fire come ________ ? ¿Cómo ocurrió el incendio?

4. Would you come _________ to the hospital with me? Me acompañarías al hospital?

5. Good neighbours are hard to come ____. Los buenos vecinos son difícil de conseguir.

6. Come ______, I would like to show you my new room. Ven a visitarme, me gustaría enseñarte mi nueva habitación.

7. Honey, please, come ________ and say hello to the family. Cariño, por favor, acércate y saluda a la familia.

Respuestas

A continuación puedes comprobar las respuestas correctas ¿Qué tal ha ido whatsupper?

1. across

2. about

3. along

4. by

5. over

6. up

¿Quieres seguir practicando?

Después de ver todo lo que el verbo come da sí, seguro que te has quedado con ganas de más. ¿Qué tal un artículo sobre los 20 phrasal verbs más usados en inglés?

Como siempre decimos en What's Up!, la clave para dominar de verdad el idioma es: practice, practice, practice!
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Phrasal verbs: come. Teoría y ejercicios | What's Up!

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En este post sobre "Phrasal verbs: come. Teoría y ejercicios" encontrarás todo lo necesario para mejorar tu inglés usando phrasal verbs

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Exercises Explanation Downloads

Participles as adjectives (-ed/-ing adjectives)

Exercise 1

Choose the correct option for each sentence.

-ed/-ing adjectives

Participial adjectives can be distinguished by their endings, either -ed or -ing. They come from verbs and they are called participial adjectives because they have the same endings as verb participles.

Original verbs

Many verbs that we can use to express feelings or emotions can be turned into adjectives.

Walking up the stairs tires me too much. I'll take the elevator. (from tire ⇒ tired / tiring)

You are boring me. Please stop talking. (from bore ⇒ bored / boring)

The announcement surprised everyone. (from surprise ⇒ surprised / surprising)

-ed adjectives

-ed adjectives are used to describe how people feel. They cannot be used with things, because things have no emotions.

We're tired. Can we stop running?

I'm bored. Let's play cards.

I was surprised to see her.

-ing adjectives

-ing adjectives are used to talk about the things or people that produce those feelings in people.

Running is very tiring. We don't want to run.

This film is very boring. Let's play cards.

Her visit was very surprising. We weren't expecting her.

Note that a few of these adjectives don't have an -ing ending; they have an irregular form: offended ⇒ offensive (NOT offending); stressed ⇒ stressful (NOT stressing); delighted ⇒ delightful; impressed ⇒ impressive; scared ⇒ scary.

The following are some of the most common verbs expressing feelings and emotions and their present and past participial forms.

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Participles as adjectives (-ed/-ing adjectives) - Test-English

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Participles as adjectives. Participial adjectives. -ed -ing adjectives. Upper-intermediate English grammar. Amazed - amazing, bored - boring, etc.

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Grammar: obligation, prohibition and necessity

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Grammar: obligation, prohibition and necessity

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Must/mustn't, have to/don't have to - Form

Have to

Have to is NOT a modal verb. We need do/does/did to make negatives and questions in present and past.

We can use have to in all the verb forms (present, past and perfect tenses, gerund, to infinitive, etc.)

It is used to describe an obligation, a rule, something that is necessary.

Have got to

In spoken informal English, you can often use 've got to instead of have to.

Must

Must is a modal verb and it has a present form, which can be used to talk about the present or the future. The negative form is must not or mustn't and the question is must I, must you, etc.

It is used to describe something that the speaker thinks is necessary to do.

We can also use must to express strong advice.

Must/mustn't, have to/don't have to - Use

Must only has a present form, so for all other verb forms (past, future, perfect forms, infinitive, etc.) we need to use have to.

We normally use have to for questions. Questions with must are not common.

Regarding the meaning, sometimes there is little difference between have to and must.

But we normally use have to when there's an external obligation, and must when the obligation comes from the opinion of the speaker.

Mustn't or Don't have to?

Don't have to and mustn't have opposite meanings. We use don't have to when we don't need to do something, when there's no obligation; and we use mustn't to talk about prohibition, when there is obligation not to do something.

If you don't have to do something, it means that you can do it if you want, but you don't need to do it.

Can't/be not allowed to = mustn't

We can use can't or be not allowed to instead of mustn't.

You mustn't smoke in this area. = You are not allowed to/can't smoke in this area.

Children mustn't eat chewing gum. = Children can't/are not allowed to eat chewing gum.

Should, shouldn't

Should is used to give advice or an opinion about what we think is right or wrong.

I think schools shouldn't offer soft drinks to their students.

Should is not as strong as must or have to.

Ought to/ought not to = should/shouldn't

Ought to has the same meaning as should, although it is more formal and not as common.

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Have to, must, should – obligation, prohibition, necessity, advice - Test-English

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Have to, must, should – obligation, prohibition, necessity, advice. English intermediate grammar exercises. Modal verbs. Be supposed to, be allowed to, etc.

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