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(Duty of Government: Responsibility and Treaties)

Court rulings regarding the “duty to consult “.

Court rulings on the "duty to consult" mean that governments are legally required to have meaningful conversations with Indigenous peoples before making decisions that could affect them. For instance, in the case of Haida Nation v. British Columbia, the court established that the government must engage with Indigenous communities whenever there's a possibility that a decision might impact their rights or lands, whether the government is fully aware of these impacts or not. This decision emphasized the importance of proactive engagement and accommodation of Indigenous perspectives in decision-making processes. It represented a significant step forward in recognizing Indigenous rights and affirming their authority over their lands and resources.

In addition to these rulings, consultation frameworks have been developed to guide governments and industry on how to engage with Indigenous communities effectively. These frameworks outline principles for conducting consultations in good faith, ensuring that they are meaningful, respectful, and address Indigenous concerns adequately.

Overall, court rulings on the duty to consult reflect a growing recognition of Indigenous rights and sovereignty in decision-making processes. They contribute to the advancement of reconciliation efforts and foster respectful relationships between Indigenous peoples and governments in Canada by ensuring that Indigenous voices are heard and respected in matters that affect their lives and territories.

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(Well being and health of indigenous people)

There are many factors why indigenous people health concerns are different from non indigenous Canadians.

1. Historical Trauma: Indigenous communities have experienced intergenerational trauma as a result of colonialism's legacy, which includes forced assimilation measures like residential schools. Many problems, such as mental health disorders, substance misuse, and trouble getting access to medical care, can be caused by this trauma.

2. Language and Cultural Barriers: Indigenous peoples may face difficulties getting access to healthcare services due to language and cultural barriers. Inequalities in health outcomes can arise from healthcare providers' mistrust due to lack of proper cultural competence care and communication.

3. Geographic Isolation: A large number of Indigenous communities are found in isolated or rural locations with little access to medical care. Geographic isolation can make it more difficult to get emergency care, restrict access to specialists, and cause delays in medical treatment.

4. Cultural Disconnection: Indigenous health is significantly impacted by the loss of traditional cultural practices, languages, and knowledge brought about by colonization. Cultural disconnection can result in problems with identity, the demise of social support networks, and a decrease in one's ability to survive health failures.

These are some factors that differ indigenous people health concerns from non indigenous Canadians. In order to address these health disparities, a detailed and culturally aware strategy that typically focuses on Indigenous self-determination, community participation, and cooperation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous partners is required.

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(Indigenous languages)

The question is why indigenous languages are so important?

Here are some of the main factors that answer this question.

Indigenous languages represent the linguistic diversity and cultural richness around the world. Some of the key points are:

Cultural identity: By preserving the indigenous languages indigenous people can maintain their unique identity and traditions and can prevent the loss of their heritage.

Passing down knowledge: These languages can help to preserve traditions and can be carry out to future generation through language.

Human rights: It is indigenous peoples right to have their language known to maintain their cultural practices and identities.

Preservation of oral traditions: Many indigenous people are solely rely on oral traditions to pass through their traditions generation to generation. So language is important for this.

Community bonds: By preserving indigenous languages people can strengthen their social bonds and foster a sense of belonging within indigenous communities.

Overall, the prevention of indigenous languages is important for cultural diversity, transmitting traditional knowledge and upholding human rights. To preserve indigenous languages effectively, a combination of governmental support and community support is needed. Government support through policies and funding is needed. Along with these media and technology can be proven useful too. By following some of these factors, indigenous languages can be protected.

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(Intergenerational trauma)

Trauma:

Trauma is defined as an extremely upsetting or stressful event that is greater than a person’s capacity for coping. A number of things might trigger it, including accidents, abuse, violence and unexpected losses. On a person’s emotional, psychological and physical health, trauma can have a negative impact. It could result in symptoms including sadness, nervousness, flashbacks and trouble focusing.

Intergenerational trauma:

The term “Intergenerational trauma” describes how trauma is passed down from one generation to the next. It occurs when a generation’s trauma is carried down to the next generation’s through variety of ways such as social structure, behaviour patterns and beliefs. Stories and memories are examples of direct communication, but it can also happen indirectly through cultural customs and parental ideas. This Intergenerational trauma can have adverse effect on people’s mental, emotional and physical health.

Impact of trauma on indigenous communities:

Indigenous cultures have suffered greatly from trauma in a variety of ways. It has resulted in trauma that has been passed down through generations within families and communities. Substance use, mental health conditions like depression and social problems like poverty and crime are few ways that can show up. Trauma has also damaged family structures weakened cultural customs and languages and contributed to the loss of traditional knowledge. To address trauma government need to recognize the mistakes of the past, encourage healing and enable indigenous communities to regain their identity.

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(Residential schools/Indian hospitals/Sixties scoops)

Residential school system:

From the late 19th to the 20th centuries, churches and the Canadian government ran most of the residential or boarding schools for indigenous children in Canada. Its main goal was to forcefully remove indigenous children from speaking their original languages, prevent them from participating in their cultural practices and forcefully converting them into Euro Canadian culture by imposing Christianity upon them. This system caused neglect, abuse physical, psychological and sexual. Also, the loss of indigenous culture in these communities.

Sixties scoops:

The sixties scoops system’s major effect on indigenous people includes the loss of cultural community and lack of knowledge. Children who were taken from their families and communities lost the opportunity to learn from their elders about customs, languages and spiritual beliefs.

Moreover, the psychological trauma faced by the removed children and their families has left a lasting impact on their mental health. Many sixties scoops survivors are trying to deal with depression, substance use and cultural detachment.

So, the trauma caused by this historical injustice must be acknowledged in order to correct it and indigenous communities must be given the tools they need to restore their cultural heritage.

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(Understanding Indigenous Ways of Knowing)

Indigenous knowledge and Western science reflect two different perspective on the world.

1. (Indigenous ways of knowing)

Indigenous knowledge looks at the connection between each component to try and understand the world more holistically.

Traditional indigenous systems are based primarily on oral traditions that have been down through the generations establishing a strong connection to the land.

2. (Western ways of knowing)

Western science looks at individual components in an attempt to understand the natural world.

Western culture of knowing demonstrates written records, scientific theories, and theoretical models which requires a high level of education.

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(The Indian Act)

The Indian Act was established in 1876 by the parliament of Canada. This Act was introduced in Canada to control the people of First Nation and convert them into euro - Canadian society. This Act brought a lot of changes in the life of First Nation people. Which put negative impact on their culture and tradition. However, people of Inuit and Métis were not included in this Act. That is why this act does not put any impact on them.

The impact of Indian Act on First Nation people are written below:

The Indian Act was used to determine that who would have legal Indian status and if First Nation people try to graduate from college or give their vote in elections, they can lose their Indian status. Similarly, if they get married to non - status person, they can lose their identity as an Indian.

This Act also banned some ceremonies of First Nation people such as, sun dances and powwows.

This Act also introduced residential school system in Canada where children of First Nation, Inuit and Métis were forcibly put into it and they were forbidden from using their own language and culture. They also suffered from mental and physical abuse.

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( Module 1: Working with Indigenous Peoples )

( Knowing your History )

There are many factors need to be included to write the history of Indigenous peoples of Canada to make people aware about their contributions to the development of Canadian society.

1. Indigenous peoples of Canada include three groups which are First Nations, Inuit and Métis. So, these three groups must be included in the history as they were the main part of the Canadian development

2. Beginning: The beginning of these groups should be written that how they started their journey on which specific year.

3. Surviving: It means how they manage to make living in Canada what difficulties they had to face.

4. Language: Language is the main part. Which should be included too.

5. Techniques: This means what kind of techniques they developed which helped Canada to become advanced.

6. Ending: How these groups included in Indigenous peoples came to an end. What achievement they made throughout the years.

From my knowledge i opine that these are the things that can make the history of Indigenous peoples of Canada more efficient.

For me Canada is a beautiful and diverse country and after reading about the history of indigenous people of Canada, I think they had a vast contribution in making the Canada a beautiful country. They included a lot of things in Canadian society like languages, education, art, music and many more. We are enjoying these sources because of them. So, whenever there is a talk about Canadian development, we should never forgot the main contributors behind it.