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supercalifragilisticexpialidocious

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Lien Pham on Reels | NET25 · ASEAN in Focus (Theme Music)

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Lien Pham on Reels | Lien Pham · Original audio

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Cô giáo Phạm Thị Liên luôn năng động, sáng tạo với các phương pháp giảng dạy hay, thu hút học sinh hứng thú hơn với môn Tiếng Anh

Cô Liên không chỉ là một giáo viên có lòng yêu nghề, luôn nỗ lực tìm tòi những phương pháp dạy mới, mà còn là giáo viên tận tâm, hết lòng giúp đỡ, hỗ trợ học sinh. Sinh năm 1981, cô ra trường Đại học Thái Nguyên năm 2002, sau đó quyết định trở về địa phương nơi mình sinh sống để gắn bó và đóng góp cho sự phát triển của cộng đồng. Cô nhận công tác tại Trường THPT Vị Xuyên, nơi cô đã dành gần 20 năm công tác, mỗi thế hệ học sinh ra trường cũng là những chuyến đò tri thức mà cô đã dành bao tâm huyết giảng dạy. Cô Phạm Thị Liên, Giáo viên Tiếng Anh Trường THPT Vị Xuyên chia sẻ: Để học tập tư tưởng,đạo đức, phong cách Hồ Chí Minh, bản thân tôi là một giáo viên môn Tiếng Anh dạy ở miền núi tôi nhận thức được rõ những khó khăn, thách thức của mình, để thu hút học sinh thích học môn Tiếng Anh và đạt hiệu quả, bản thân tôi luôn không ngừng tự học và sáng tạo, vận dụng phương pháp dạy học phát triển năng lực học sinh, giúp học sinh tiếp cận nhiều phong cách học tập khác nhau, lồng ghép các hoạt động, giao lưu Tiếng Anh xuyên biên giới với chuyên gia, bạn bè quốc tế giúp các em tự tin, hứng thú hơn với môn Tiếng Anh. Không chỉ đổi mới trong phương pháp giảng dạy, Cô Liên còn thường xuyên nâng cao trình độ chuyên môn nghiên cứu và áp dụng thành công nhiều biện pháp, giải pháp trong việc đổi mới phương pháp dạy học theo định hướng phát triển năng lực học sinh. Mỗi năm, cô dành thời gian tham gia các khóa đào tạo, hội thảo về ngôn ngữ, văn hóa và giáo dục, giúp cập nhật kiến thức mới nhất và áp dụng CNTT vào quá trình dạy học. Sự chăm chỉ và không ngừng học hỏi của cô đã tạo nên một môi trường học tập tích cực và phát triển cho học sinh. Ngoài giờ lên lớp, có rất nhiều đêm khuya cô dành thời gian soạn lại từng bài giảng sao cho phù hợp các bạn vốn từ vựng yếu, cô dành nhiều tâm huyết xây dựng kho dữ liệu bài tập... để củng cố riêng cho các em cần bổ sung vốn kiến thức về ngữ âm, từ vựng, ngữ pháp và các kỹ năng đọc, viết. Cô cũng tìm tòi ứng dụng các phần mềm hỗ trợ học sinh luyện nói, luyện phát âm như Flip, Classpoint 2.0, ELSA Speak, Eduling Speak ... Phong cách giảng dạy của Cô Liên không chỉ giúp học sinh hiểu bài một cách sâu sắc mà còn kích thích sự tò mò và đam mê học tập. Cô thường xuyên tìm kiếm các phương tiện học tập mới, sáng tạo, như sử dụng công nghệ thông tin, trò chơi học thuật để làm phong phú bài giảng của mình. Đồng thời, cô cũng tạo điều kiện cho học sinh thể hiện bản thân thông qua các hoạt động ngoại khóa, thi học kỳ, giải thưởng ngoại khóa, từ đó khuyến khích học sinh phát triển toàn diện. Em Đỗ Việt Khoa, lớp 11B8, Trường THPT Vị Xuyên hào hứng nói: Trước đây em cảm thấy môn Tiếng Anh khá là khó và khô khan, nhưng từ khi được học Cô Liên giảng dạy, tiếp cận các bài giảng hay, phương pháp truyền đạt kiến thức sáng tạo, hấp dẫn từ cô em đã dần thấy yêu thích bộ môn này hơn. Và giờ em đã giao tiếp được Tiếng Anh cơ bản và rất cảm ơn Cô Liên đã giúp chúng em học tập tốt hơn ở bộ môn Tiếng Anh này.

Ngoài giờ học cô Liên luôn nhiệt tình trao đổi học Tiếng Anh cho học sinh

Ngoài giờ học trên lớp, cô lại tổ chức các hoạt động kết nối hoạt động nhóm, tìm cơ hội để học sinh được tham gia các hoạt động dự án quốc tế, các tiết học "xuyên biên giới" để học sinh có cơ hội giao lưu, học hỏi với bạn bè khắp thế giới, sinh viên các trường đại học, học sinh các trường THPT các tỉnh, thành phố khác. Không chỉ là một giáo viên giỏi, Cô Phạm Thị Liên là người đi đầu trong học tập theo tư tưởng, đạo đức, và phong cách Hồ Chí Minh. Cô chia sẻ những giá trị về lòng yêu nước, tình yêu thương con người và ý thức trách nhiệm với cộng đồng. Cô luôn đặt mình vào vị trí học sinh, tìm cách hiểu rõ những khó khăn mà họ đang gặp phải, từ đó có những giải pháp phù hợp nhất. Thầy Đỗ Quỳnh Anh, Phó hiệu Trưởng Trường THPT Vị Xuyên cho biết: Ngay từ đầu năm học nhà trường đã quán triệt, triển khai tới toàn thể cán bộ, giáo viên trong thực hiện Chỉ thị 05 về học tập làm theo tư tưởng, đạo đức, phong cách Hồ Chí Minh, các thầy cô rất tích cực hưởng ứng, đăng ký thi đua thực hiện. Trong đó cô giáo Phạm Thị Liên là một trong những giáo viên tiêu biểu, tấm gương sáng của nhà trường trong việc mạnh dạn đổi mới, năng động, sáng tạo, có nhiều phương pháp giảng dạy thu hút, giúp các em học sinh hứng thú hơn với môn học Tiếng Anh, cũng như góp phần đào tạo giúp các em học sinh đạt các giải cao trong các kỳ thi.

Cô Liên giúp các em học sinh nghiên cứu đề tài khoa học để dự thi và đạt được giải cao.

Với sự nỗ lực không mệt mỏi của bản thân, cô giáo Phạm Thị Liên đã được cấp trên ghi nhận, được chính quyền và ngành Giáo dục các cấp khen thưởng. Trải qua những năm tháng công tác tại Trường THPT Vị Xuyên, cô đã trở thành biểu tượng của sự nhiệt huyết, tận tâm và không ngừng học hỏi trong nghề giáo. Những đóng góp của cô không chỉ là nguồn động viên lớn cho học sinh mà còn là động lực mạnh mẽ cho đồng nghiệp trong hành trình xây dựng một môi trường học tập chất lượng, đầy ý nghĩa./.

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Cô giáo Phạm Thị Liên học tập và làm theo tư tưởng, đạo đức, phong cách Hồ Chí Minh - UBNDViXuyen - HaGiang

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Cô Liên không chỉ là một giáo viên có lòng yêu nghề, luôn nỗ lực tìm tòi những phương pháp dạy mới, mà còn là giáo viên tận tâm, hết lòng giúp đỡ, hỗ trợ học sinh.

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Bản tin cơ sở Hà Giang - Ngày 14/12/2023

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[EM MUỐN GỬI LỜI CẢM ƠN CHÂN THÀNH NHẤT TỚI CÔ LIÊN] 

Cô đã mang tới cho em sự thay đổi mới mẻ với đa dạng phương pháp học trong môn tiếng Anh. Những... | By Vi Xuyen English Club - VEC | Facebook

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[EM MUỐN GỬI LỜI CẢM ƠN CHÂN THÀNH NHẤT TỚI CÔ LIÊN] 

Cô đã mang tới cho em sự thay đổi mới mẻ với đa dạng phương pháp học trong môn tiếng Anh. Những...

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Malaysia (UK: mə-LAY-zee-ə; US: mə-LAY-zhə; Malay: ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia shares a land and maritime border with Thailand and maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, and Indonesia. East Malaysia shares land and maritime borders with Brunei and Indonesia, as well as a maritime border with the Philippines and Vietnam. Kuala Lumpur is the national capital, the country's largest city, and the seat of the legislative branch of the federal government. Putrajaya is the administrative centre, which represents the seat of both the executive branch (the Cabinet, federal ministries, and federal agencies) and the judicial branch of the federal government. With a population of over 33 million, the country is the world's 43rd-most populous country. Malaysia is tropical and is one of 17 megadiverse countries; it is home to numerous endemic species. Tanjung Piai in the Malaysian state of Johor is the southernmost point of continental Eurasia.

The country has its origins in the Malay kingdoms, which, from the 18th century on, became subject to the British Empire, along with the British Straits Settlements protectorate. During World War Two, British Malaya, along with other nearby British and American colonies, was occupied by the Empire of Japan. Following three years of occupation, Peninsular Malaysia was unified as the Malayan Union in 1946 and then restructured as the Federation of Malaya in 1948. The country achieved independence on 31 August 1957. On 16 September 1963, independent Malaya united with the then British crown colonies of North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore to become Malaysia. In August 1965, Singapore was expelled from the federation and became a separate, independent country.

The country is multiethnic and multicultural, which has a significant effect on its politics. About half the population is ethnically Malay, with minorities of Chinese, Indians, and indigenous peoples. The official language is Malaysian Malay, a standard form of the Malay language. English remains an active second language. While recognising Islam as the official religion, the constitution grants freedom of religion to non-Muslims. The government is modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system, and the legal system is based on common law. The head of state is an elected monarch, chosen from among the nine state sultans every five years. The head of government is the prime minister.

After independence, the gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average rate of 6.5% per year for almost 50 years. The country's economy has traditionally been driven by its natural resources, but it is expanding into commerce, tourism, and medical tourism. The country has a newly industrialised market economy, ranked fifth-largest in Southeast Asia and 36th-largest in the world. The country is a founding member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the East Asia Summit (EAS), and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and a member of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), the Commonwealth, and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC).

Malaysia used as a label for the Malay Archipelago on a 1914 map from a United States atlas

The name Malaysia is a combination of the word Malays and the Latin-Greek suffix -ia/-ία which can be translated as 'land of the Malays'. The origin of the word Melayu is subject to various theories. It may derive from the Sanskrit Himalaya, referring to areas high in the mountains, or Malaiyur-pura, meaning 'mountain town'. Another similar theory claims its origin lies in the Tamil words malai and ur meaning 'mountain' and 'city, land', respectively. Another suggestion is that it derives from the Pamalayu campaign. A final suggestion is that it comes from a Javanese word meaning 'to run', from which a river, the Sungai Melayu ('Melayu river'), was named due to its strong current. Similar-sounding variants have also appeared in accounts older than the 11th century, as toponyms for areas in Sumatra or referring to a larger region around the Strait of Malacca. The Sanskrit text Vayu Purana, thought to have been in existence since the first millennium CE, mentioned a land named 'Malayadvipa' which was identified by certain scholars as the modern Malay peninsula. Other notable accounts are by the 2nd-century Ptolemy's Geographia that used the name Malayu Kulon for the west coast of Golden Chersonese, and the 7th-century Yijing's account of Malayu.

At some point, the Melayu Kingdom took its name from the Sungai Melayu. Melayu then became associated with Srivijaya, and remained associated with various parts of Sumatra, especially Palembang, where the founder of the Malacca Sultanate is thought to have come from. It is only thought to have developed into an ethnonym as Malacca became a regional power in the 15th century. Islamisation established an ethnoreligious identity in Malacca, with the term Melayu beginning to appear as interchangeable with Melakans. It may have specifically referred to local Malays speakers thought loyal to the Malaccan Sultan. The initial Portuguese use of Malayos reflected this, referring only to the ruling people of Malacca. The prominence of traders from Malacca led Melayu to be associated with Muslim traders, and from there became associated with the wider cultural and linguistic group. Malacca and later Johor claimed they were the centre of Malay culture, a position supported by the British which led to the term Malay becoming more usually linked to the Malay peninsula rather than Sumatra.

Before the onset of European colonisation, the Malay Peninsula was known natively as Tanah Melayu ('Malay Land'). Under a racial classification created by a German scholar Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, the natives of maritime Southeast Asia were grouped into a single category, the Malay race. Following the expedition of French navigator Jules Dumont d'Urville to Oceania in 1826, he later proposed the terms of Malaysia, Micronesia and to the Société de Géographie in 1831, distinguishing these Pacific cultures and island groups from the existing term . Dumont d'Urville described Malaysia as "an area commonly known as the East Indies". In 1850, the English ethnologist George Samuel Windsor Earl, writing in the Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, proposed naming the islands of Southeast Asia as "Melayunesia" or "Indunesia", favouring the former. The name Malaysia gained some use to label what is now the Malay Archipelago. In modern terminology, Malay remains the name of an ethnoreligious group of Austronesian people predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and portions of the adjacent islands of Southeast Asia, including the east coast of Sumatra, the coast of Borneo, and smaller islands that lie between these areas.

The state that gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1957 took the name the Federation of Malaya, chosen in preference to other potential names such as Langkasuka, after the historic kingdom located at the upper section of the Malay Peninsula in the first millennium CE. The name Malaysia was adopted in 1963 when the existing states of the Federation of Malaya, plus Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak formed a new federation. One theory posits the name was chosen so that si represented the inclusion of Singapore, North Borneo, and Sarawak to Malaya in 1963. Politicians in the Philippines contemplated renaming their state Malaysia before the modern country took the name.

Evidence of modern human habitation in Malaysia dates back 40,000 years. In the Malay Peninsula, the first inhabitants are thought to be Negritos. Areas of Malaysia participated in the Maritime Jade Road between 2000 BC to 1000 AD. Traders and settlers from India and China arrived as early as the first century AD, establishing trading ports and coastal towns in the second and third centuries. Their presence resulted in strong Indian and Chinese influences on the local cultures, and the people of the Malay Peninsula adopted the religions of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sanskrit inscriptions appear as early as the fourth or fifth century. The Kingdom of Langkasuka arose around the second century in the northern area of the Malay Peninsula, lasting until about the 15th century. Between the 7th and 13th centuries, much of the southern Malay Peninsula was part of the maritime Srivijayan empire. By the 13th and the 14th century, the Majapahit empire had successfully wrested control over most of the peninsula and the Malay Archipelago from Srivijaya. In the early 15th century, Parameswara, a runaway king of the former Kingdom of Singapura linked to the old Srivijayan court, founded the Malacca Sultanate. The spread of Islam increased following Parameswara's conversion to that religion. Malacca was an important commercial centre during this time, attracting trade from around the region.

In 1511, Malacca was conquered by Portugal, after which it was taken by the Dutch in 1641. In 1786, the British Empire established a presence in Malaya, when the Sultan of Kedah leased Penang Island to the British East India Company. The British obtained the town of Singapore in 1819, and in 1824 took control of Malacca following the Anglo-Dutch Treaty. By 1826, the British directly controlled Penang, Malacca, Singapore, and the island of Labuan, which they established as the crown colony of the Straits Settlements. By the 20th century, the states of Pahang, Selangor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan, known together as the Federated Malay States, had British residents appointed to advise the Malay rulers, to whom the rulers were bound to defer by treaty. The remaining five states on the peninsula, known as the Unfederated Malay States, while not directly under British rule, also accepted British advisers around the turn of the 20th century. Development on the peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. Under British rule the immigration of Chinese and Indians to serve as labourers was encouraged. The area that is now Sabah came under British control as North Borneo when both the Sultan of Brunei and the Sultan of Sulu transferred their respective territorial rights of ownership, between 1877 and 1878. In 1842, Sarawak was ceded by the Sultan of Brunei to James Brooke, whose successors ruled as the White Rajahs over an independent kingdom until 1946, when it became a crown colony.

In the Second World War, the Japanese Army invaded and occupied Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak, and Singapore for over three years. During this time, ethnic tensions were raised and nationalism grew. Popular support for independence increased after Malaya was reconquered by Allied forces. Post-war British plans to unite the administration of Malaya under a single crown colony called the " Malayan Union" met with strong opposition from the Malays, who opposed the weakening of the Malay rulers and the granting of citizenship to the ethnic Chinese. The Malayan Union, established in 1946, and consisting of all the British possessions in the Malay Peninsula with the exception of Singapore, was quickly dissolved and replaced on 1 February 1948 by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the autonomy of the rulers of the Malay states under British protection.

During this time, the mostly ethnically Chinese rebels under the leadership of the Malayan Communist Party launched guerrilla operations designed to force the British out of Malaya. The Malayan Emergency (1948-1960) involved a long anti-insurgency campaign by Commonwealth troops in Malaya. On 31 August 1957, Malaya became an independent member of the Commonwealth of Nations. Subsequently, a comprehensive plan was devised to unite Malaya with the crown colonies of North Borneo (known as Sabah upon joining), Sarawak, and Singapore. The envisioned federation was originally intended to take place on 31 August 1963, to coincide with the commemoration of Malayan independence. However, due to the necessity of conducting a survey on the level of support for the federation in Sabah and Sarawak by the United Nations, as requested by opponents of the federation such as Indonesia's Sukarno and the Sarawak United Peoples' Party, the date of the federation was postponed until 16 September 1963. This delay allowed sufficient time for the completion of the aforementioned survey.

The federation brought heightened tensions including a conflict with Indonesia as well as continual conflicts against the Communists in Borneo and the Malayan Peninsula, which escalated to the Sarawak Communist Insurgency and Second Malayan Emergency together with several other issues such as the cross-border attacks into North Borneo by Moro pirates from the southern islands of the Philippines, Singapore being expelled from the Federation in 1965, and racial strife. This strife culminated in the 13 May race riots in 1969. After the riots, the controversial New Economic Policy was launched by Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak, trying to increase the share of the economy held by the bumiputera. Under Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad there was a period of rapid economic growth and urbanization beginning in the 1980s. The economy shifted from being agriculturally based to one based on manufacturing and industry. Numerous mega-projects were completed, such as the Petronas Towers, the North-South Expressway, the Multimedia Super Corridor, and the new federal administrative capital of Putrajaya.

In the late 1990s, the Asian financial crisis impacted the country, nearly causing their currency, stock, and property markets to crash; however, they later recovered. The 1MDB scandal was a major global corruption scandal that implicated then-Prime Minister Najib Razak in 2015. The scandal contributed to the first change in the ruling political party since independence in the 2018 general election. In the 2020s, the country was gripped by a political crisis that coincided with health and economic crises caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. This was then followed by an earlier general election in November 2022, which resulted in the first hung parliament in the nation's history. On 24 November 2022, Anwar Ibrahim was sworn in as the 10th Prime Minister of Malaysia, leading a grand coalition government.

Government and politics

Malaysia is a federal constitutional elective monarchy; the only federal country in Southeast Asia. The system of government is closely modelled on the Westminster parliamentary system, a legacy of British rule. The head of state is the King, whose official title is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The King is elected to a five-year term by and from among the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states. The other four states, which have titular Governors, do not participate in the selection. By informal agreement the position is rotated among the nine, and has been held by Abdullah of Pahang since 31 January 2019. The King's role has been largely ceremonial since changes to the constitution in 1994, picking ministers and members of the upper house.

Legislative power is divided between federal and state legislatures. The bicameral federal parliament consists of the lower house, the House of Representatives and the upper house, the Senate. The 222-member House of Representatives is elected for a maximum term of five years from single-member constituencies. All 70 senators sit for three-year terms; 26 are elected by the 13 state assemblies, and the remaining 44 are appointed by the King upon the Prime Minister's recommendation. The parliament follows a multi-party system and the government is elected through a first-past-the-post system. Parliamentary elections are held at least once every five years, the most recent of which took place in May 2018. Before 2018, registered voters aged 21 and above could vote for the members of the House of Representatives and, in most of the states, for the state legislative chamber. Voting is not mandatory. In July 2019, a bill to lower the voting age to 18 years old was officially passed.

Executive power is vested in the Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister. The prime minister must be a member of the House of Representatives, who in the opinion of His Majesty the King, commands the support of a majority of members. The Cabinet is chosen from members of both houses of Parliament. The Prime Minister is both the head of cabinet and the head of government. As a result of the 2018 general election Malaysia was governed by the Pakatan Harapan (PH) political alliance, although Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad resigned amid a political crisis in 2020. In March 2020, the Perikatan Nasional (PN) coalition formed under Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin, before Muhyiddin lost majority support and was replaced by deputy Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob, a veteran politician from the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), in August 2021. As a result of the 2022 Malaysian general election, a hung parliament was elected. Anwar Ibrahim of the PH coalition was appointed as the new Prime Minister to lead the coalition government of PH, Barisan Nasional, Gabungan Parti Sarawak, Gabungan Rakyat Sabah and several other political parties and independents. Meanwhile, PN, the only political coalition not in the coalition government became the Opposition.

Malaysia's legal system is based on common law. Although the judiciary is theoretically independent, its independence has been called into question and the appointment of judges lacks accountability and transparency. The highest court in the judicial system is the Federal Court, followed by the Court of Appeal and two high courts, one for Peninsular Malaysia and one for East Malaysia. Malaysia also has a special court to hear cases brought by or against royalty.

Race is a significant force in politics. Affirmative actions such as the New Economic Policy and the National Development Policy which superseded it, were implemented to advance the standing of the bumiputera, consisting of Malays and the indigenous tribes who are considered the original inhabitants of Malaysia, over non- bumiputera such as Malaysian Chinese and Malaysian Indians. These policies provide preferential treatment to bumiputera in employment, education, scholarships, business, and access to cheaper housing and assisted savings. However, it has generated greater interethnic resentment. There is ongoing debate over whether the laws and society of Malaysia should reflect Islamism or secularism. Islamic criminal laws passed by the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party with the support of UMNO state assemblymen in the state legislative assembly of Kelantan have been blocked by the federal government on the basis that criminal laws are the responsibility of the federal government.

After UMNO lost power at the 2018 Malaysian general election, Malaysia's ranking increased by 9 places in the 2019 Democracy Index to 43rd compared to the previous year and is classified as a 'flawed democracy'. Malaysia's ranking in the 2020 Press Freedom Index increased by 22 places to 101st compared to the previous year, making it one of two countries in Southeast Asia without a 'Difficult situation' or 'Very Serious situation' with regards to press freedom. However, it fell 18 places the following year due to the policies of the PN government.

Malaysia is marked at 48th and 62nd place according to the 2021 Corruption Perceptions Index, indicating above average levels of corruption. Freedom House noted Malaysia as "partly free" in its 2018 survey. A lawsuit filed by the Department of Justice alleged that at least $3.5 billion involving former prime minister Najib Razak had been stolen from Malaysia's 1MDB state-owned fund, known as the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal.

Administrative divisions

Malaysia is a federation of 13 states and three federal territories. These are divided between two regions, with 11 states and two federal territories on Peninsular Malaysia and the other two states and one federal territory in East Malaysia. Each state is divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim. In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into divisions.

Governance of the states is divided between the federal and the state governments, with different powers reserved for each, and the Federal government has direct administration of the federal territories. Each state has a unicameral State Legislative Assembly whose members are elected from single-member constituencies. State governments are led by Chief Ministers, who are state assembly members from the majority party in the assembly. In each of the states with a hereditary ruler, the Chief Minister is normally required to be a Malay, appointed by the ruler upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Except for state elections in Sarawak, by convention state elections are held concurrently with the federal election.

Lower-level administration is carried out by local authorities, which include city councils, district councils, and municipal councils, although autonomous statutory bodies can be created by the federal and state governments to deal with certain tasks. The federal constitution puts local authorities outside of the federal territories under the exclusive jurisdictions of the state government, although in practice the federal government has intervened in the affairs of state local governments. There are 154 local authorities, consisting of 14 city councils, 38 municipal councils and 97 district councils.

The 13 states are based on historical Malay kingdoms, and 9 of the 11 Peninsular states, known as the Malay states, retain their royal families. The King is elected by and from the nine rulers to serve a five-year term. This King appoints governors serving a four-year term for the states without monarchies, after consultations with the chief minister of that state. Each state has its own written constitution. Sabah and Sarawak have considerably more autonomy than the other states, most notably having separate immigration policies and controls, and a unique residency status. Federal intervention in state affairs, lack of development, and disputes over oil royalties have occasionally led to statements about secession from leaders in several states such as Penang, Johor, Kelantan, Sabah and Sarawak, although these have not been followed up and no serious independence movements exist.

A list of thirteen states and each state capital (in parentheses):

Federal territories

1. Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur

2. Federal Territory of Labuan

3. Federal Territory of Putrajaya

Foreign relations and military

A founding member of ASEAN and OIC, the country participates in many international organisations such as the United Nations (U.N.), APEC, the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation, and NAM. It has chaired ASEAN, OIC, and NAM in the past. A former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth. Kuala Lumpur was the site of the first EAS in 2005.

Malaysia's foreign policy is officially based on the principle of neutrality and maintaining peaceful relations with all countries, regardless of their political system. The government attaches a high priority to the security and stability of Southeast Asia, and seeks to further develop relations with other countries in the region. Historically the government has tried to portray Malaysia as a progressive Islamic nation while strengthening relations with other Islamic states. A strong tenet of Malaysia's policy is national sovereignty and the right of a country to control its domestic affairs. Malaysia signed the U.N. treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

The Spratly Islands are disputed by many states in the area, and a large portion of the South China Sea is claimed by China. Unlike its neighbours of Vietnam and the Philippines, Malaysia historically avoided conflicts with China. However, after the encroachment of Chinese ships in Malaysian territorial waters, and breach of airspace by their military aircraft, Malaysia has become active in condemning China. Brunei and Malaysia in 2009 announced an end to claims of each other's land, and committed to resolve issues related to their maritime borders. The Philippines has a dormant claim to the eastern part of Sabah. Singapore's land reclamation has caused tensions, and minor maritime and land border disputes exist with Indonesia.

The Malaysian Armed Forces have three branches: the Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy and the Royal Malaysian Air Force. There is no conscription, and the required age for voluntary military service is 18. The military uses 1.5% of the country's GDP, and employs 1.23% of Malaysia's manpower. Malaysian peacekeeping forces have contributed to many U.N. peacekeeping missions, such as in Congo, Iran-Iraq, Namibia, Cambodia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, Kosovo, East Timor and Lebanon.

The Five Power Defence Arrangements is a regional security initiative which has been in place for almost 40 years. It involves joint military exercises held among Malaysia, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Joint exercises and war games have also been held with Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, and the United States. Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam have agreed to host joint security force exercises to secure their maritime border and tackle issues such as illegal immigration, piracy, and smuggling. Previously there were fears that extremist militant activities in the Muslim areas of the southern Philippines[citation needed ] and southern Thailand would spill over into Malaysia. Because of this, Malaysia began to increase its border security.[citation needed ]

Human rights

Homosexuality is illegal in Malaysia, and authorities have imposed punishments such as caning and imprisonment. Human trafficking and sex trafficking in Malaysia are significant problems. There have also been cases of vigilante executions and beatings against LGBT individuals in Malaysia. The illegality of homosexuality in Malaysia has also been the forefront of Anwar Ibrahim's sodomy trials, which Anwar has called politically motivated, a characterization supported by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, along with Amnesty International and the Human Rights Watch.

The death penalty is in use for serious crimes such as murder, terrorism, drug trafficking, and kidnapping, but in June 2022, Malaysian law minister Wan Junaidi pledged to abolish capital punishment and replace it with other punishments at the discretion of the court.

In July 2023, The 1975 lead singer Matty Healy slammed the country's anti-LGBTQ laws by kissing a bandmate on stage at a music festival in Kuala Lumpur causing the Ministry of Communications and Digital to cancel the 3 day event.

Malaysia is the 66th largest country by total land area, with a total area of 330,803 km ² (127,724 sq mi). Prior to 2010, its total area was thought to be 329,847 km ² (127,355 sq mi). However, when the country's statistics were measured in 2010, a new calculation method was used. Unlike previous calculations, this one included the area from the coast to the low-water line, revealing the country to be 956 km ² (369 sq mi) larger in total area than originally thought. It has land borders with Thailand in West Malaysia, and Indonesia and Brunei in East Malaysia. It is linked to Singapore by a narrow causeway and a bridge. The country also has maritime boundaries with Vietnam and the Philippines. The land borders are defined in large part by geological features such as the Perlis River, the Golok River and the Pagalayan Canal, whilst some of the maritime boundaries are the subject of ongoing contention. Brunei forms what is almost an enclave in Malaysia, with the state of Sarawak dividing it into two parts. Malaysia is the only country with territory on both the Asian mainland and the Malay archipelago. The Strait of Malacca, lying between Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia, is one of the most important thoroughfares in global commerce, carrying 40 per cent of the world's trade.

The two parts of Malaysia, separated from each other by the South China Sea, share a largely similar landscape in that both Peninsular and East Malaysia feature coastal plains rising to hills and mountains. Peninsular Malaysia, containing 40 per cent of Malaysia's land area, extends 740 km (460 mi) from north to south, and its maximum width is 322 km (200 mi). It is divided between its east and west coasts by the Titiwangsa Mountains, rising to a peak elevation of 2,183 metres (7,162 ft) at Mount Korbu, part of a series of mountain ranges running down the centre of the peninsula. These mountains are heavily forested,[citation needed ] and mainly composed of granite and other igneous rocks. Much of it has been eroded, creating a karst landscape. The range is the origin of some of Peninsular Malaysia's river systems.[citation needed ] The coastal plains surrounding the peninsula reach a maximum width of 50 kilometres (31 mi), and the peninsula's coastline is nearly 1,931 km (1,200 mi) long, although harbours are only available on the western side.

East Malaysia, on the island of Borneo, has a coastline of 2,607 km (1,620 mi). It is divided between coastal regions, hills and valleys, and a mountainous interior. The Crocker Range extends northwards from Sarawak, dividing the state of Sabah. It is the location of the 4,095 m (13,435 ft) high Mount Kinabalu, the tallest mountain in Malaysia. Mount Kinabalu is located in the Kinabalu National Park, which is protected as one of the four UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Malaysia. The highest mountain ranges form the border between Malaysia and Indonesia. Sarawak contains the Mulu Caves, the largest cave system in the world, in the Gunung Mulu National Park which is also a World Heritage Site. The largest river in Malaysia is the Rajang.

Around these two halves of Malaysia are numerous islands, the largest of which is Banggi. The local climate is equatorial and characterised by the annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons. The temperature is moderated by the presence of the surrounding oceans. Humidity is usually high, and the average annual rainfall is 250 cm (98 in). The climates of the Peninsula and the East differ, as the climate on the peninsula is directly affected by wind from the mainland, as opposed to the more maritime weather of the East. Local climates can be divided into three regions, highland, lowland, and coastal. Climate change will cause sea level rise and increased rainfall, increasing flood risks and leading to droughts.

Biodiversity and conservation

Malaysia signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 12 June 1993, and became a party to the convention on 24 June 1994. It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, which was received by the convention on 16 April 1998. The country is megadiverse with a high number of species and high levels of endemism. It is estimated to contain 20 per cent of the world's animal species. High levels of endemism are found on the diverse forests of Borneo's mountains, as species are isolated from each other by lowland forest.

There are about 210 mammal species in the country. Over 620 species of birds have been recorded in Peninsular Malaysia, with many endemic to the mountains there. A high number of endemic bird species are also found in Malaysian Borneo. 250 reptile species have been recorded in the country, with about 150 species of snakes and 80 species of lizards. There are about 150 species of frogs, and thousands of insect species. The Exclusive economic zone of Malaysia is 334,671 km ² (129,217 sq mi) and 1.5 times larger than its land area. It is mainly in the South China Sea. Some of its waters are in the Coral Triangle, a biodiversity hotspot. The waters around Sipadan island are the most biodiverse in the world. Bordering East Malaysia, the Sulu Sea is a biodiversity hotspot, with around 600 coral species and 1200 fish species. The unique biodiversity of Malaysian Caves always attracts lovers of ecotourism from all over the world.

Nearly 4,000 species of fungi, including lichen-forming species have been recorded from Malaysia. Of the two fungal groups with the largest number of species in Malaysia, the Ascomycota and their asexual states have been surveyed in some habitats (decaying wood, marine and freshwater ecosystems, as parasites of some plants, and as agents of biodegradation), but have not been or have been only poorly surveyed in other habitats (as endobionts, in soils, on dung, as human and animal pathogens); the Basidiomycota are only partly surveyed: bracket fungi, and mushrooms and toadstools have been studied, but Malaysian rust and smut fungi remain very poorly known. Without doubt, many more fungal species in Malaysia are yet to be recorded, and it is likely that many of those, when found, will be new to science.

Some species of Rafflesia can grow up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, making them the largest flowers in the world.

About two thirds of Malaysia was covered in forest as of 2007, with some forests believed to be 130 million years old. The forests are dominated by dipterocarps. Lowland forest covers areas below 760 m (2,490 ft), and formerly East Malaysia was covered in such rainforest, which is supported by its hot wet climate. There are around 14,500 species of flowering plants and trees. Besides rainforests, there are over 1,425 km ² (550 sq mi) of mangroves in Malaysia, and a large amount of peat forest. At higher altitudes, oaks, chestnuts, and rhododendrons replace dipterocarps. There are an estimated 8,500 species of vascular plants in Peninsular Malaysia, with another 15,000 in the East. The forests of East Malaysia are estimated to be the habitat of around 2,000 tree species, and are one of the most biodiverse areas in the world, with 240 different species of trees every hectare. These forests host many members of the Rafflesia genus, the largest flowers in the world, with a maximum diameter of 1 m (3 ft 3 in).

Logging, along with cultivation practices has devastated tree cover, causing severe environmental degradation in the country. Over 80 per cent of Sarawak's rainforest has been logged. Floods in East Malaysia have been worsened by the loss of trees, and over 60 per cent of the Peninsula's forest have been cleared. With current rates of deforestation, mainly for the palm oil industry, the forests are predicted to be extinct by 2020. Deforestation is a major problem for animals, fungi and plants, having caused species such as Begonia eiromischa to go extinct. Most remaining forest is found inside reserves and national parks. Habitat destruction has proved a threat for marine life. Illegal fishing is another major threat, with fishing methods such as dynamite fishing and poisoning depleting marine ecosystems. Leatherback turtle numbers have dropped 98 per cent since the 1950s. Hunting has also been an issue for some animals, with overconsumption and the use of animal parts for profit endangering many animals, from marine life to tigers. Marine life is also detrimentally affected by uncontrolled tourism.

The Malaysian government aims to balance economic growth with environmental protection, but has been accused of favouring big business over the environment. Some state governments are now trying to counter the environmental impact and pollution created by deforestation; and the federal government is trying to cut logging by 10 per cent each year. A total of 28 national parks have been established, 23 in East Malaysia and five in the Peninsula. Tourism has been limited in biodiverse areas such as Sipadan island. Wildlife trafficking is a large issue, and the Malaysian government has held talks with the governments of Brunei and Indonesia to standardise anti-trafficking laws.

Development of real GDP per capita, 1820 to 2018

Malaysia is a relatively open state-oriented and newly industrialised market economy. It has the world's 36th-largest economy by nominal GDP and the 31st-largest by PPP. In 2017, the large service sector contributed to 53.6% of total GDP, the industrial sector 37.6%, and the small agricultural sector roughly 8.8%. Malaysia has a low official unemployment rate of 3.9%. Its foreign exchange reserves are the world's 24th-largest. It has a labour force of about 15 million, which is the world's 34th-largest. Malaysia's large automotive industry ranks as the world's 22nd-largest by production.

Malaysia is the world's 23rd-largest exporter and 25th-largest importer. However, economic inequalities exist between different ethnic groups. The Chinese make up about one-quarter of the population, but account for 70 per cent of the country's market capitalisation. Chinese businesses in Malaysia are part of the larger bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses in the Southeast Asian market sharing common family and cultural ties.

International trade, facilitated by the shipping route in adjacent Strait of Malacca, and manufacturing are the key sectors. Malaysia is an exporter of natural and agricultural resources, and petroleum is a major export. Malaysia has once been the largest producer of tin, rubber and palm oil in the world. Manufacturing has a large influence in the country's economy, although Malaysia's economic structure has been moving away from it. Malaysia remains one of the world's largest producers of palm oil.

Tourism is the third-largest contributor to Malaysia's GDP, after the manufacturing and commodities sectors. In 2019, the sector contributed about 15.9 per cent to the total GDP. According to the World Tourism Organization, Malaysia was the fourteenth-most visited country in the world, and the fourth-most visited country in Asia in 2019, with over 26.1 million visits. Malaysia was ranked 38th in the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019. Its international tourism receipts in 2019 amounted to $19.8 billion.

The country has developed into a centre of Islamic banking, and has the highest numbers of female workers in that industry. Knowledge-based services are also expanding. In 2020, Malaysian exported high-tech products worth $92.1 billion, the second-highest in the ASEAN, after Singapore. Malaysia was ranked 36th in the Global Innovation Index in 2023, and 32nd in the Global Competitiveness Report in 2022.

Infrastructure

Railway transport in Malaysia is state-run, and spans some 2,783 kilometres (1,729 mi). As of 2016, Malaysia has the world's 26th-largest road network, with some 238,823 kilometres (148,398 mi) of roads. Malaysia's inland waterways are the world's 22nd-longest, and total 7,200 km (4,474 mi). Among Malaysia's 114 airports, among which the busiest is Kuala Lumpur International Airport located south of Kuala Lumpur in Sepang District, which is also the twelfth-busiest airport in Asia. Among the 7 federal ports, the major one is Port Klang, which is the thirteenth-busiest container port. Malaysia's flag carrier is Malaysia Airlines, providing international and domestic air services.

Malaysia's telecommunications network is second only to Singapore's in Southeast Asia, with 4.7 million fixed-line subscribers and more than 30 million cellular subscribers. There are 200 industrial parks along with specialised parks such as Technology Park Malaysia and Kulim Hi-Tech Park. Fresh water is available to over 95% of the population, with ground water accounting for 90% of the freshwater resources. Although rural areas have been the focus of great development, they still lag behind areas such as the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The telecommunication network, although strong in urban areas, is less available to the rural population.

Malaysia's energy infrastructure sector is largely dominated by Tenaga Nasional, the largest electric utility company in Southeast Asia. Customers in peninsular Malaysia are connected to electricity through the National Grid. The other two electric utility companies in the country are Sarawak Energy and Sabah Electricity. In 2013, Malaysia's total power generation capacity was over 29,728 megawatts. Total electricity generation was 140,985.01 GWh and total electricity consumption was 116,087.51 GWh. Energy production in Malaysia is largely based on oil and natural gas, owing to Malaysia's oil reserves and natural gas reserves, which is the fourth largest in Asia-Pacific region.

Demographics

Population density (person per km²) in 2010

The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census

According to the Malaysian Department of Statistics, the country's population was 32,447,385 in 2020, making it the 42nd most populated country. According to a 2012 estimate, the population is increasing by 1.54 per cent per year. Malaysia has an average population density of 96 people per km ², ranking it 116th in the world for population density. People within the 15-64 age group constitute 69.5 per cent of the total population; the 0-14 age group corresponds to 24.5 per cent; while senior citizens aged 65 years or older make up 6.0 per cent. In 1960, when the first official census was recorded in Malaysia, the population was 8.11 million. 91.8 per cent of the population are Malaysian citizens.

Malaysian citizens are divided along local ethnic lines, with 69.7 per cent considered bumiputera. The largest group of bumiputera are Malays, who are defined in the constitution as Muslims who practise Malay customs and culture. They play a dominant role politically. Bumiputera status is also accorded to the non-Malay indigenous groups of Sabah and Sarawak: which includes Dayaks ( Iban, Bidayuh, Orang Ulu), Kadazan-Dusun, Melanau, Bajau and others. Non-Malay bumiputeras make up more than half of Sarawak's population and over two thirds of Sabah's population. There are also indigenous or aboriginal groups in much smaller numbers on the peninsular, where they are collectively known as the Orang Asli. Laws over who gets bumiputera status vary between states.

There are also two other non-Bumiputera local ethnic groups. 22.8 per cent of the population are Malaysian Chinese, while 6.8 per cent are Malaysian Indian. The local Chinese have historically been more dominant in the business community. Local Indians are mostly of Tamil descent. Malaysian citizenship is not automatically granted to those born in Malaysia, but is granted to a child born of two Malaysian parents outside Malaysia. Dual citizenship is not permitted. Citizenship in the states of Sabah and Sarawak in Malaysian Borneo are distinct from citizenship in Peninsular Malaysia for immigration purposes. Every citizen is issued a biometric smart chip identity card known as at the age of 12, and must carry the card at all times.

The population is concentrated on Peninsular Malaysia, where 20 million out of approximately 28 million Malaysians live. 70 per cent of the population is urban. Due to the rise in labour-intensive industries, the country is estimated to have over 3 million migrant workers; about 10 per cent of the population. Sabah-based NGOs estimate that out of the 3 million that make up the population of Sabah, 2 million are illegal immigrants. Malaysia hosts a population of refugees and asylum seekers numbering approximately 171,500. Of this population, approximately 79,000 are from Burma, 72,400 from the Philippines, and 17,700 from Indonesia. Malaysian officials are reported to have turned deportees directly over to human smugglers in 2007, and Malaysia employs RELA, a volunteer militia with a history of controversies, to enforce its immigration law.

Dominant religious confessions in Malaysia according to 2020 census.[254]
Dark green: Muslim majority > 50%
Light green: Muslim plurality < 50%
Blue: Christian majority > 50%

The constitution grants freedom of religion, while establishing Islam as the "religion of the Federation". According to the Population and Housing Census 2020 figures, ethnicity and religious beliefs correlate highly. Approximately 63.5% of the population practise Islam, 18.7% practise Buddhism, 9.1% Christianity, 6.1% Hinduism and 1.3% practise Confucianism, Taoism and other traditional Chinese religions. 2.7% declared no religion or practised other religions or did not provide any information. The states of Sarawak, Penang and the federal territory of Kuala Lumpur have non-Muslim majorities.

Sunni Islam of Shafi'i school of jurisprudence is the dominant branch of Islam in Malaysia, while 18% are nondenominational Muslims. The Malaysian constitution strictly defines what makes a "Malay", considering Malays those who are Muslim, speak Malay regularly, practise Malay customs, and lived in or have ancestors from Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 83.6% of the Chinese population identify as Buddhist, with significant numbers of adherents following Taoism (3.4%) and Christianity (11.1%), along with small Muslim populations in areas like Penang. The majority of the Indian population follow Hinduism (86.2%), with a significant minority identifying as Christians (6.0%) or Muslims (4.1%). Christianity is the predominant religion of the non-Malay bumiputera community (46.5%) with an additional 40.4% identifying as Muslims.

Muslims are obliged to follow the decisions of Syariah Courts (i.e. Shariah courts) in matters concerning their religion. The Islamic judges are expected to follow the Shafi'i legal school of Islam, which is the main of Malaysia. The jurisdiction of Syariah courts is limited to Muslims in matters such as marriage, inheritance, divorce, apostasy, religious conversion, and custody among others. No other criminal or civil offences are under the jurisdiction of the Syariah courts, which have a similar hierarchy to the Civil Courts. The Civil Courts do not hear matters related to Islamic practices.

The distribution of language families of Malaysia shown by colours:

Areas with multiple languages

The official and national language of Malaysia is Malaysian Malay, a standardised form of the Malay language. The previous official terminology was Bahasa Malaysia ( lit. 'Malaysian language') but now government policy uses "Bahasa Melayu" (Malay language) to refer to the official language and both terms remain in use. The National Language Act 1967 specifies the Latin (Rumi) script as the official script of the national language, but does not prohibit the use of the traditional Jawi script.

English remains an active second language, with its use allowed for some official purposes under the National Language Act of 1967. In Sarawak, English is an official state language alongside Malaysian. Historically, English was the de facto administrative language; Malay became predominant after the 1969 race riots ( 13 May incident). Malaysian English, also known as Malaysian Standard English, is a form of English derived from British English. Malaysian English is widely used in business, along with Manglish, which is a colloquial form of English with heavy Malay, Chinese, and Tamil influences. The government discourages the use of non-standard Malay but has no power to issue compounds or fines to those who use what is perceived as improper Malay on their advertisements.

Many other languages are used in Malaysia, which contains speakers of 137 living languages. Peninsular Malaysia contains speakers of 41 of these languages. The native tribes of East Malaysia have their own languages which are related to, but easily distinguishable from, Malay. Iban is the main tribal language in Sarawak while Dusunic and Kadazan languages are spoken by the natives in Sabah. Chinese Malaysians predominantly speak Chinese dialects from the southern part of China. The more common Chinese varieties in the country are Mandarin, Cantonese, Hokkien, and so on. The Tamil language is used predominantly by the majority of Malaysian Indians. A small number of Malaysians have European ancestry and speak creole languages, such as the Portuguese-based Malaccan Creoles, and the Spanish-based Chavacano language.

Malaysia operates an efficient and widespread two-tier healthcare system, consisting of a universal healthcare system and a co-existing private healthcare system; provided by highly subsidized healthcare through its extensive network of public hospitals and clinics. The Ministry of Health is the main provider of healthcare services to the country's population. Malaysia's healthcare system is considered to be among the most developed in Asia, which contributes to its thriving medical tourism industry.

Malaysia spent 3.83% of its GDP on healthcare in 2019. In 2020, the overall life expectancy in Malaysia at birth was 76 years (74 years for males and 78 years for females), and it had an infant mortality rate of 7 deaths per 1000 births. Malaysia had a total fertility rate of 2.0 in 2020, which is just below the replacement level of 2.1. In 2020, the country's crude birth rate was 16 per 1000 people, and the crude death rate was 5 per 1000 people.

In 2021, the principal cause of death among Malaysian adults was coronary artery disease, representing 17% of the medically certified deaths in 2020-being followed by pneumonia; which accounted for 11% of the deaths. Transport accidents are considered a major health hazard, as Malaysia, relative to its population, has one of the highest traffic fatality rates in the world. Smoking is also considered a major health issue across the country.

The education system of Malaysia features a non-compulsory kindergarten education followed by six years of compulsory primary education, and five years of optional secondary education. Schools in the primary education system are divided into two categories: national primary schools, which teach in Malay, and vernacular schools, which teach in Chinese or Tamil. Secondary education is conducted for five years. In the final year of secondary education, students sit for the Malaysian Certificate of Education examination. Since the introduction of the matriculation programme in 1999, students who completed the 12-month programme in matriculation colleges can enroll in local universities. However, in the matriculation system, only 10 per cent of places are open to non- bumiputera[jargon ] students.

Malaysia has a multi-ethnic, multicultural, and multilingual society. Substantial influence exists from Chinese and Indian culture, dating back to when foreign trade began. Other cultural influences include the Persian, Arabic, and British cultures. Due to the structure of the government, coupled with the social contract theory, there has been minimal cultural assimilation of ethnic minorities. Some cultural disputes exist between Malaysia and neighbouring countries, notably Indonesia.

In 1971, the government created a "National Cultural Policy", defining Malaysian culture. It stated that Malaysian culture must be based on the culture of the indigenous peoples of Malaysia, that it may incorporate suitable elements from other cultures, and that Islam must play a part in it. It also promoted the Malay language above others. This government intervention into culture has caused resentment among non-Malays who feel their cultural freedom was lessened. Both Chinese and Indian associations have submitted memorandums to the government, accusing it of formulating an undemocratic culture policy.

Traditional Malaysian art was mainly centred on the areas of carving, weaving, and silversmithing. Traditional art ranges from handwoven baskets from rural areas to the silverwork of the Malay courts. Common artworks included ornamental kris, beetle nut sets, and woven batik and songket fabrics. Indigenous East Malaysians are known for their wooden masks. Each ethnic group have distinct performing arts, with little overlap between them. However, Malay art does show some North Indian influence due to the historical influence of India.

Traditional Malay music and performing arts appear to have originated in the Kelantan- Pattani region with influences from India, China, Thailand, and Indonesia. The music is based around percussion instruments, the most important of which is the gendang (drum). There are at least 14 types of traditional drums. Drums and other traditional percussion instruments and are often made from natural materials. Music is traditionally used for storytelling, celebrating life-cycle events, and occasions such as a harvest. It was once used as a form of long-distance communication. In East Malaysia, gong-based musical ensembles such as agung and kulintang are commonly used in ceremonies such as funerals and weddings. These ensembles are also common in neighbouring regions such as in Mindanao in the Philippines, Kalimantan in Indonesia, and Brunei.

Malaysia has a strong oral tradition that has existed since before the arrival of writing, and continues today. Each of the Malay Sultanates created their own literary tradition, influenced by pre-existing oral stories and by the stories that came with Islam. The first Malay literature was in the Arabic script. The earliest known Malay writing is on the Terengganu stone, made in 1303. Chinese and Indian literature became common as the numbers of speakers increased in Malaysia, and locally produced works based in languages from those areas began to be produced in the 19th century. English has also become a common literary language. In 1971, the government took the step of defining the literature of different languages. Literature written in Malay was called "the national literature of Malaysia", literature in other bumiputera languages was called "regional literature", while literature in other languages was called "sectional literature". Malay poetry is highly developed, and uses many forms. The Hikayat form is popular, and the pantun has spread from Malay to other languages.

Malaysia's cuisine reflects the multi-ethnic makeup of its population. Many cultures from within the country and from surrounding regions have greatly influenced the cuisine. Much of the influence comes from the Malay, Chinese, Indian, Thai, Javanese, and Sumatran cultures, largely due to the country being part of the ancient spice route. The cuisine is very similar to that of Singapore and Brunei, and also bears resemblance to Filipino cuisine. The different states have varied dishes, and often the food in Malaysia is different from the original dishes.

Sometimes food not found in its original culture is assimilated into another; for example, Chinese restaurants in Malaysia often serve Malay dishes. Food from one culture is sometimes also cooked using styles taken from another culture, For example, sambal belacan ( shrimp paste) are commonly used as ingredients by Chinese restaurants to create the stir fried water spinach ( kangkung belacan). This means that although much of Malaysian food can be traced back to a certain culture, they have their own identity. Rice is a staple food, and an important constituent of the country's culture. Chili is commonly found in local cuisine, although this does not necessarily make them spicy.

Malaysia's main newspapers are owned by the government and political parties in the ruling coalition, although some major opposition parties also have their own, which are openly sold alongside regular newspapers. A divide exists between the media in the two halves of the country. Peninsular-based media gives low priority to news from the East, and often treats the eastern states as colonies of the Peninsula. As a result of this, East Malaysia region of Sarawak launched TV Sarawak as internet streaming beginning in 2014, and as TV station on 10 October 2020 to overcome the low priority and coverage of Peninsular-based media and to solidify the representation of East Malaysia. The media have been blamed for increasing tension between Indonesia and Malaysia, and giving Malaysians a bad image of Indonesians. The country has Malay, English, Chinese, and Tamil dailies. Kadazandusun and Bajau news are only available via TV broadcast Berita RTM. Written Kadazan news was once included in publications such as The Borneo Post, the Borneo Mail, the Daily Express, and the New Sabah Times, but publication has ceased with the newspaper or as a section.

Freedom of the press is limited, with numerous restrictions on publishing rights and information dissemination. The government has previously tried to crack down on opposition papers before elections. In 2007, a government agency issued a directive to all private television and radio stations to refrain from broadcasting speeches made by opposition leaders, a move condemned by politicians from the opposition Democratic Action Party. Sabah, where all tabloids but one are independent of government control, has the freest press in Malaysia. Laws such as the Printing Presses and Publications Act have also been cited as curtailing freedom of expression.

Holidays and festivals

Malaysia's largest Buddhist temple-Kek Lok Si in Penang-illuminated in preparation for the Chinese New Year

Malaysians observe a number of holidays and festivities throughout the year. Some are federally gazetted public holidays and some are observed by individual states. Other festivals are observed by particular ethnic or religion groups, and the main holiday of each major group has been declared a public holiday. The most observed national holiday is Hari Merdeka (Independence Day) on 31 August, commemorating the independence of the Federation of Malaya in 1957. Malaysia Day on 16 September commemorates federation in 1963. Other notable national holidays are Labour Day (1 May) and the King's birthday (first week of June).

Muslim holidays are prominent as Islam is the state religion; Hari Raya Puasa (also called Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Malay for Eid al-Fitr), Hari Raya Haji (also called Hari Raya Aidiladha, Malay for Eid al-Adha), Maulidur Rasul (birthday of the Prophet), and others being observed. Malaysian Chinese celebrate festivals such as Chinese New Year and others relating to traditional Chinese beliefs. Wesak Day is observed and celebrated by Buddhists. Hindus in Malaysia celebrate , the festival of lights, while is a religious rite which sees pilgrims from all over the country converge at the Batu Caves. Malaysia's Christian community celebrates most of the holidays observed by Christians elsewhere, most notably Christmas and Easter. In addition to this, the Dayak community in Sarawak celebrate a harvest festival known as , and the Kadazandusun community celebrate . Despite most festivals being identified with a particular ethnic or religious group, celebrations are universal. In a custom known as "open house" Malaysians participate in the celebrations of others, often visiting the houses of those who identify with the festival.

Popular sports in Malaysia include association football, badminton, field hockey, bowls, tennis, squash, martial arts, horse riding, sailing, and skate boarding. Football is the most popular sport in Malaysia. Badminton matches also attract thousands of spectators, and since 1948 Malaysia has been one of four countries to hold the Thomas Cup, the world team championship trophy of men's badminton. The Malaysian Lawn Bowls Federation was registered in 1997. Squash was brought to the country by members of the British army, with the first competition being held in 1939. The Squash Racquets Association of Malaysia was created on 25 June 1972. The men's national field hockey team ranked 10th in the world as of June 2022. The 3rd Hockey World Cup was hosted at Merdeka Stadium in Kuala Lumpur, as well as the 10th cup. The country also has its own Formula One track - the Sepang International Circuit, with the first Malaysian Grand Prix held in 1999. Traditional sports include Silat Melayu, the most common style of martial arts practised by ethnic Malays.

The Federation of Malaya Olympic Council was formed in 1953, and received recognition by the IOC in 1954. It first participated in the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games. The council was renamed the Olympic Council of Malaysia in 1964, and has participated in all but one Olympic games since its inception. The largest number of athletes ever sent to the Olympics was 57 to the 1972 Munich Olympic Games. Besides the Olympic Games, Malaysia also participates in the Paralympic Games. Malaysia has competed at the Commonwealth Games since 1950 as Malaya, and 1966 as Malaysia, and the games were hosted in Kuala Lumpur in 1998.

Petronas Twin Tower 2.

References

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Malaysia (UK: mə-LAY-zee-ə ; US: mə-LAY-zhə ; Malay: ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federal constitutional monarchy consists of 13 states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two regions: Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo's East Malaysia.

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33.767.722

24/12/2023

Thông tin nhanh

Dân số hiện tại của Malaysia là 33.767.722 người vào ngày 24/12/2023 theo số liệu mới nhất từ Liên Hợp Quốc.

Dân số Malaysia hiện chiếm 0,42% dân số thế giới.

Malaysia đang đứng thứ 45 trên thế giới trong bảng xếp hạng dân số các nước và vùng lãnh thổ.

Mật độ dân số của Malaysia là 103 người/km

78,16% dân số sống ở thành thị (25.935.659 người vào năm 2019).

Độ tuổi trung bình ở Malaysia là 31,4 tuổi.

Dân số Malaysia (năm 2023 ước tính và lịch sử)

Xem phần Ghi chú để hiểu đúng số liệu trên danso.org

Trong năm 2023, dân số của Malaysia dự kiến sẽ tăng 398.185 người và đạt 33.775.881 người vào đầu năm 2024. Gia tăng dân số tự nhiên được dự báo là dương vì số lượng sinh sẽ nhiều hơn số người chết đến 317.957 người. Nếu tình trạng di cư vẫn ở mức độ như năm trước, dân số sẽ tăng 80.228 người. Điều đó có nghĩa là số người chuyển đến Malaysia để định cư sẽ chiếm ưu thế so với số người rời khỏi đất nước này để định cư ở một nước khác.

Theo ước tính của chúng tôi, tỷ lệ thay đổi dân số hàng ngày của Malaysia vào năm 2023 sẽ như sau:

1.390 trẻ em được sinh ra trung bình mỗi ngày

519 người chết trung bình mỗi ngày

220 người di cư trung bình mỗi ngày

Dân số Malaysia sẽ tăng trung bình 1.091 người mỗi ngày trong năm 2023.

Nhân khẩu Malaysia 2022

Tính đến ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2022, dân số Malaysia ước tính là 33.381.808 người, tăng 404.884 người so với dân số 32.980.301 người năm trước. Năm 2022, tỷ lệ gia tăng dân số tự nhiên là dương vì số người sinh nhiều hơn số người chết đến 351.231 người. Do tình trạng di cư dân số tăng 53.653 người. Tỷ lệ giới tính trong tổng dân số là 1,055 (1.055 nam trên 1.000 nữ) cao hơntỷ lệ giới tính toàn cầu. Tỷ lệ giới tính toàn cầu trên thế giới năm 2022 khoảng 1.017 nam trên 1.000 nữ.

Dưới đây là những số liệu chính về dân số ở Malaysia trong năm 2022:

529.039 trẻ được sinh ra

177.808 người chết

Gia tăng dân số tự nhiên: 351.231 người

Di cư: 53.653 người

17.137.619 nam giới tính đến ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2022

16.244.189 nữ giới tính đến ngày 31 tháng 12 năm 2022

Biểu đồ dân số Malaysia 1950 - 2020

Lưu ý: Các số liệu trong biểu đồ và bảng bên dưới được lấy theo mốc thời gian ngày 1 tháng 7 hằng năm, có chút khác biệt với các số liệu ở trên.

Biểu đồ tốc độ gia tăng dân số Malaysia 1951 - 2020

Bảng dân số Malaysia 1955 - 2020

Nguồn: DanSo.org

Dữ liệu được hiệu chỉnh theo phép sinh trung bình, Phòng Kinh tế và Xã hội Liên Hợp Quốc.

Dự báo dân số Malaysia

Nguồn: DanSo.org

Dữ liệu được hiệu chỉnh theo phép sinh trung bình, Phòng Kinh tế và Xã hội Liên Hợp Quốc.

Mật độ dân số Malaysia

Mật độ dân số của Malaysia là 103 người trên mỗi kilômét vuông tính đến 24/12/2023. Mật độ dân số được tính bằng cách lấy dân số của Malaysia chia cho tổng diện tích đất của đất nước. Tổng diện tích là tổng diện tích đất và nước trong ranh giới quốc tế và bờ biển của Malaysia. Theo Tổng cục Thống kê Liên Hợp Quốc, tổng diện tích đất của Malaysia là 328.543 km ².

Cơ cấu tuổi của Malaysia
(Cập nhật...)
Tính đến đầu năm 2017 theo ước tính của chúng tôi, Malaysia có phân bố các độ tuổi như sau:

Số liệu dân số theo độ tuổi (ước lượng):

9.189.562 thanh thiếu niên dưới 15 tuổi (4.725.750 nam / 4.463.812 nữ)

20.302.694 người từ 15 đến 64 tuổi (10.305.903 nam / 9.996.481 nữ)

1.543.387 người trên 64 tuổi (726.537 nam / 816.540 nữ)

Chúng tôi đã chuẩn bị một mô hình đơn giản hóa của tháp dân số được chia thành 3 nhóm tuổi chính. Các nhóm giống như chúng ta đã sử dụng ở trên: dân số dưới 15 tuổi, từ 15 đến 64 tuổi và dân số từ 65 tuổi trở lên.

Tỷ lệ dân số phụ thuộc theo độ tuổi (2022)

Tỷ lệ dân số phụ thuộc là tỷ lệ của những người không có khả năng lao động (người phụ thuộc) trên lực lượng lao động của một quốc gia. Phần phụ thuộc bao gồm dân số dưới 15 tuổi và người từ 65 tuổi trở lên. Lực lượng lao động bao gồm dân số từ 15 đến 64 tuổi.

Tổng tỷ lệ dân số phụ thuộc ở Malaysia năm 2022 là 44,7%.

Tỷ lệ trẻ em phụ thuộc

Tỷ lệ trẻ em phụ thuộc là tỷ lệ người dưới độ tuổi lao động (dưới 15 tuổi) so với lực lượng lao động của một quốc gia.

Tỷ lệ trẻ em phụ thuộc ở Malaysia là 33,5%.

Tỷ lệ người cao tuổi phụ thuộc

Tỷ lệ người cao tuổi phụ thuộc là tỷ lệ người trên độ tuổi lao động (65+) so với lực lượng lao động của một quốc gia.

Tỷ lệ người cao tuổi phụ thuộc ở Malaysia là 11,2%.

Tuổi thọ (2022)

Tuổi thọ là một trong những chỉ số nhân khẩu học quan trọng nhất. Nó cho biết thời gian từ lúc một người được sinh ra cho đến khi chết đi.

Tổng tuổi thọ (cả hai giới tính) ở Malaysia là 76,5 tuổi.

Con số này cao hơn tuổi thọ trung bình của dân số thế giới (72 tuổi).

Tuổi thọ trung bình của nam giới là 74,6 tuổi.

Tuổi thọ trung bình của nữ giới là 78,6 tuổi.

Biết chữ (2017)

Theo ước tính của chúng tôi đến năm 2017 có 20.690.423 người hoặc 94,71% dân số trưởng thành (từ 15 tuổi trở lên) ở Malaysia có thể đọc và viết. Theo đó khoảng 1.155.658 người lớn không biết chữ.

⚠ Báo lỗi số liệu không khớp, sai, ...

Ghi chú

Số liệu Dân số trong bảng và biểu đồ dân số Malaysia (1955 - 2020) qua các năm được lấy vào thời điểm ngày 1 tháng 7 của mỗi năm. Thời điểm mới nhất, nếu chưa đến ngày 1 tháng 7 thì đó là số liệu ước tính.

Các số liệu như: Thay đổi, % thay đổi, di cư, tỷ lệ sinh,... trong hai bảng dân số là số liệu trung bình theo chu kỳ 5 năm.

Số liệu Tỷ lệ gia tăng dân số trong biểu đồ tỷ lệ gia tăng dân số hàng năm là tỷ lệ phần trăm dân số tăng hàng năm dựa trên số liệu dân số vào ngày 1 tháng 7 của mỗi năm, từ năm 1951 đến năm 2020. Giá trị này có thể khác với % Thay đổi hàng năm thể hiện trong bảng dân số qua các năm, thể hiện tỷ lệ thay đổi trung bình mỗi năm trong 5 năm trước đó.

Di cư: hay Di dân là sự thay đổi chỗ ở của các cá thể hay các nhóm người để tìm chỗ ở tốt hơn, phù hợp hơn nơi ở cũ để định cư (từ quốc gia này đến quốc gia khác). Di cư bao gồm: Nhập cư (những người đến để định cư) và Xuất cư (những người rời khỏi để định cư ở một 'quốc gia' khác).

Nguồn: Số liệu trên danso.org được xây dựng dựa theo các số liệu và ước tính của Liên hợp quốc.

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Dân số Malaysia mới nhất (2023) - cập nhật hằng ngày - DanSo.Org

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Dân số Malaysia mới nhất (năm 2023) là 34420430 người vào 24 Tháng Mười Hai, được cập nhật hằng ngày. Malaysia hiện chiếm 0.41 % số người trên thế giới với tổng diện tích 328543 km vuông,...

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*** Updated December 2019 ***

When I was researching things to do in Hanoi ahead of my recent trip to Vietnam, one of the first items to make my list was a Vietnamese water puppets performance. This traditional art has been practiced for centuries and something every visitor should experience. While there are many venues, The Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre in Hanoi is ahead of its class. I returned to Hanoi two years later and made a return visit with the ten other ladies in our group. For a glimpse into exactly what you can expect from a visit read on for all the details ...

What Are Vietnamese Water Puppets?

Rural folk in the Red Delta region have enjoyed lively performances of Vietnamese water puppets since the 11th century. The traditional art form was originally performed in flooded rice fields as a means for hard-working villagers to relax and escape the harshness of daily life. The shows depict elements of traditional rural life and are an important method of handing down stories to the next generation. The puppets, which are made of wood and are waterproofed with lacquer, are controlled by skilled puppeteers standing in waist deep water using hidden apparatus to create the illusion the figures are dancing on the water's surface. A minimum of three years of training is required to master the art and in days gone by father's would only teach their sons as it was feared that sharing with their daughters would mean that the secrets would be lost if they married outside of the village. I'm pleased to say this is no longer the case and during our visit a number of the puppeteers hiding behind the curtain were women. Despite the waterproofing, the puppets only have a life span of about 4 months when they are used daily and need to be frequently replaced. Each performance is accompanied by traditional Vietnamese folk music from a live band playing drums, cymbals, wooden bells, horns and bamboo flutes.

Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre Hanoi

In modern Vietnam, visitors no longer need to head to the communal ponds of the northern villages to enjoy this ancient art form. These days many cities have purpose-built theatres and the Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre in Hanoi is arguably the most famous of them all. Until the 1960's Vietnamese water puppets were largely unknown outside of northern Vietnam. The Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre was established in Hanoi in 1969 and locals and visitors alike streamed through the doors to experience this most curious of Vietnamese traditions. Not content to wait for the world to come to them, the master puppeteers from the Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre took their show on the road and have performed hundreds of cultural tours throughout the world including in Switzerland, Japan and the USA. It is by far one of the most popular attractions in Hanoi and tickets sell out well in advance. Thang Long is smack bang in the middle of ancient town and just a short walk from the Red Bean restaurant where we enjoyed a fabulous meal.

Buying Tickets To Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre

There are two ways to secure your self the hottest tickets in town; spend hours queuing up yourself for a bargain ticket or pay a bit extra and get someone else to do it for you. Should you chose to do it yourself, simply show up to the ticket booth at the front of the theatre and take your chances with the masses. If you chose this option, it is highly likely that you will not be able to secure tickets for the same day. Tickets from the booth will set you back just VND100,000 a piece (approx AUD$5.50, USD$4.40 or GBP£3.30). Or you can do what I did and book your tickets in advance through Viator. You will pay a little bit extra (approx AUD$14, USD$11 or GBP£8) but you will not spend a single minute in line and your tickets will be hand delivered to your hotel. I don't know about you, but my time is valuable and I was more than happy to shell out the extra few dollars. I didn't notice when I booked that there are two classes of tickets, standard and VIP. A VIP ticket will guarantee you a seat in the first four rows of the Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre. We were lucky that our standard tickets happened to be in row E, just behind the VIP's, but if I had my time again I would have splurged the extra AUD$6 for the upgrade. The show goes for roughly an hour and there are four shows daily; 4.10pm, 5.20pm, 6.30pm and 8.00pm.

The Show

The Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre was a short walk from the Hanoi Glance Hotel where we stayed and is directly across the road from Hoan Kiem Lake which is one of the best things to do in Hanoi, so it's well worth getting there a little early to explore the grounds. We left ourselves plenty of time and were seated in seats E12/13 quickly and efficiently. As we waited for the theatre to fill a rat ran through the stalls and under the feet of some of the guests which created havoc. It did unsettle me and I kept a cautious eye on the ground after that. As the theatre lights went down and the stage lights began to glow a hush descended over the crowd before the first haunting strains of the band pierced the silence. It wasn't long before the stars of the show made their grand entrance. While traditional shows often tell a story in sequence, the Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre features a series of short skits with varying themes including the dragon's dance, catching frogs, fishing and the eight fairies dance. While each story is narrated entirely in Vietnamese, it is possible to get the gist and there were many humorous moments that transcend language. The Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre puts a modern spin on the traditional art by incorporating dramatic lighting and special effects. Keep your eyes peeled for the fire effects.

Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre October 2019

I was back in Hanoi in October 2019 with ten other ladies as part of an epic whirlwind tour of Asia. We started with 4 days in Taipei before moving on to Bangkok, Hoi An, Halong Bay and finally Hanoi. Once again I booked our tickets through Viator and they were waiting at our hotel on check in, but this time we booked VIP tickets to the 6.30pm show at a cost of ~AUD26 each. Earlier in the day we disembarked our Orchid Cruise of Halong Bay and arrived back at our hotel the Hong Ngoc Dynastie at around 2pm. We headed straight out on a cyclo tour of the city before heading to the Vietnamese water puppets at the Thang Long Theatre. VIP tickets guarantee holders a seat in the first four rows, of course we ended up in the last of these, row D. The show was much the same as the first time around and the ladies thoroughly enjoyed the experience.

The Final Word

It has been said that you haven't really visited Vietnam if you haven't experienced a performance of the famous Vietnamese water puppets. I was hopeful when I booked that the performance would offer the authentic experience I craved and would not be watered down to appease the hordes of tourists. I enjoyed the short show much more than I was expecting and I was surprised to find that the vast majority of the audience was Vietnamese. If you only do one thing while you are in Hanoi, I suggest you do this! Getting to Hanoi is a whole lot easier for my fellow Sydney Siders after Vietnam Airlines started flying the route direct in March 2017. I booked my flight from Sydney to Saigon with Vietnam Airlines on a whim and hadn't completely decided on my itinerary. When it turned out I needed to be in Hanoi on night 1 to make things fit, I had little choice but to book a connecting flight to Hanoi with Vietjet for the same night. It was a long day and I really wish I had booked the direct flight. Make sue you read all my tips for booking a bargain flight before you make your next booking. It could save you thousands!

What are your favourite things to do in Vietnam? I'd love to hear your thoughts on my visit to the Vietnamese water puppets in the comments below.

Disclaimer: This post is not sponsored. I paid for my visit to Thang Long Water Puppet Theatre in full. As always, all opinions are my own. This post contains some affiliate links which will earn me a few cents to contribute to the running of this site if you make a qualifying purchase at no extra cost to you.

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Vietnamese Water Puppets: Thang Long Theatre Hanoi - Flights To Fancy

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The Thang Long Water Puppet theatre in Hanoi is THE place to see traditional Vietnamese water puppets dance across the impressive aquatic stage.

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Thailand

Inscribed in 2018 ( 13.COM) on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity

© Department of Cultural Promotion, Ministry of Culture, Thailand, 2017 :

Khon, the Khon Masked Dance Drama in Thailand, is a performing art that combines musical, vocal, literary, dance, ritual and handicraft elements. Khon performances - which involve graceful dance movements, instrumental and vocal renditions and glittering costumes - depict the glory of Rama, the hero and incarnation of the god Vishnu, who brings order and justice to the world. The many episodes depict Rama's life, including his journey in the forest, his army of monkeys, and his fights with the army of Thosakan, king of the giants. On one level, Khon represents high art cultivated by the Siamese/Thai courts over centuries, while at another level, as a dramatic performance, it can be interpreted and enjoyed by spectators from different social backgrounds. Khon has a strong didactic function, reinforcing respect for those of a higher age and status, mutual dependence between leaders and followers, the honour of rulers and the triumph of good over evil. Traditionally, Khon was transmitted in the royal or princely courts, and in dance masters' households. Today, however, transmission occurs mostly in educational institutions, while still adhering largely to traditional methods. Concerted efforts are made to ensure the continuity of the practice, including through the establishment of training and performance clubs that help reach out to young people.

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UNESCO - Khon, masked dance drama in Thailand

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Khon, the Khon Masked Dance Drama in Thailand, is a performing art that combines musical, vocal, literary, dance, ritual and handicraft elements. Khon performances - which involve graceful dance movements, instrumental and vocal renditions and glittering costumes - depict the glory of Rama, the hero and incarnation of the god Vishnu, who brings order and justice to the world.

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With its enchanting temples, natural landscapes, and quiet village life, Laos is a mystical land where time stands still. We propose you to celebrate its culture through the Lam Vong, the national dance of the country. A quintessence of Laotian history, this folk dance reflects the bountiful traditions that define this exceptional nation.

Laos has a vibrant heritage, with performing arts shaping the cornerstone of its customs. Its folkloric tradition, in particular, involves dances from various regions. Lam Vong, which means "Circle Dance," is one of the most popular folk dances in the country.
The Features of Lam Vong
The Lam Vongis a slow revolving circle dance with men on the outside and women on the inside cheering together with graceful hand movements and simple footsteps.

The beautiful arm and hand gestures are combined harmoniously with rhythmic musical instruments like a Khaen, a bamboo flute, and Saw, a traditional fiddle.

With the diverse ethnic groups of the country, the dance has different choreographic styles, reflecting the richness of the Laotian culture.
Dance Composition
The Lam Vong is an elegant dance where the performers are courteous with their partners. Before the dance starts, there is a formal greeting where the man and woman bow with their hands joined together to express respect for each other.

Throughout the performance, the partners maintain a mannered distance, where there is no physical contact. The choreography consists of cycles of eight movements, which are repeated based on the length of the music.
Cultural Significance
This folk dance is present in all the provinces of Laos. It has become a form of entertainment at social gatherings, telling its foundational stories and emphasizing the nationalistic pride of the country.

It is usually performed during the Lao New Year and on several special occasions such as weddings, festivals, ceremonies, or guest welcoming. In the countryside, people typically dance the Lam Vong after a finished harvest to express their delight.

The Lam Vongis a traditional dance, passed down from generations, allowing Laotians to preserve its vibrant heritage. Every visitor will surely be captivated by this beautiful and authentic Lao art.

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Officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (also known as Burma; Burmese: Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw), the country is situated in South East Asia, between China and India. It is inhabited notably by Burmese, Mon, Shan, and Karen; the majority is Buddhist, but belief in nats, animist spirits, remains strong.

Traditional Burmese puppet theatre ( yoke thay) dates from the 15th century. In the 19th century, it reached its peak, after which lighter entertainments became more popular.

The Puppets

A set of string puppets (marionettes) consists of at least twenty-eight puppets. There are pieces of stage scenery, such as a throne; painted backdrops represent the site of the action, forest, or palace. The characters can be humans, animals, or mythical beings. Each puppet has its own way of dancing, accompanied by instrumental music and songs. It is believed that human dancers have copied their movement from the marionettes.

A human figure is made up of eighteen pieces: the head, neck, two body pieces, three arm sections, and four for each leg. The strings, generally eleven, are divided in two groups: five attach to the "H"-shaped control, animating the head, the shoulders and the rump, while the other six (which drape loosely on the control) move the upper arms, thighs, and hands. An interesting detail is that the sexual organs are always carved even though they are hidden by the clothes. The bodies measure between 45 to 70 centimetres and are fashioned from wood that is insect-resistant but light and easy to carve, like yamanay ( Gmelina arbor).

The head, hands and feet of the puppet are carved and painted, after which the body parts are assembled. Then the strings are attached to the control, and finally, the character is dressed in the clothes and given his/her proper character attributes. Smaller figures are sold as souvenirs in temple shops.

The Performance

The name ah myint than, "high performance", refers to the fact that the puppets perform on a raised platform, and not on the ground as human dancers ( ah naint thabin). The manipulators stand on this platform behind a handrail; their lower bodies are hidden by a painted backdrop in front of which the puppets are danced and behind which any puppets not involved in the action are arranged. The performances usually last all night. A company consists of puppeteers, singers and musicians.

A show begins with the appearance of Thagyar Min, King of the Spirits ( nat), and the Spirit Medium (Natkadaw) who pays tribute to Buddha and the nat. Then come a number of characters representing the Creation of the World (Himavunta): the White Horse, the Monkey, and two Ogres (City Ogre and Forest Ogre), Zawgyi (alchemist), the Garuda (eagle), and the Naga (dragon), respectively representing the mythic sun and snake (earth/underworld/water), who combat each other. After the chaos of these mythic figures of the creation of the universe, order is represented by founders of the human kingdom, with characters such as the Prince and the Princess, the Ministers, the royal Astrologer, Page Boys and Jesters. In the second part of the performance, a jataka ("birth") is enacted, one of the 547 stories of lives of the Buddha prior to his enlightenment, and especially his final ten lives are used for puppet performance. These adventures mix kings, princes and princesses, hermits and sages. Each j ataka symbolizes a specific virtue such as honesty, wisdom, filial love, etc. A happy ending is mandatory: virtue is rewarded and evil is punished. The performance ends with the duet of the Prince and the Princess, much appreciated by the public. Those two figures, the Natkadaw, and Zawgyi are puppets especially noted for their dancing, and only the best puppeteers manipulate them.

Vocalists, who sing and declaim the text of the complex roles like the Prince and Princess, sit near to the manipulators. They have to be able to sing in varied styles, have a broad knowledge of literature, especially poetry, and deliver the dialogue smoothly.

The orchestra ( hsaing-waing) accentuates the dramatic moments of the performance and features a set of tuned drums and a circle of gong chimes, which are supported by shawms and other percussion instruments (drums, cymbals, clappers and a wood block). An overture is played before the performance. The repeated destruction and recreation of the world by fire, wind and water, is represented in this medley by the percussion suspended gong, clash of cymbals, and fast drumbeats.

The Future

After Burma was separated from the Commonwealth and gained independence (1948), traditional puppetry troupes diminished rapidly, even though the military regime (from 1962) expressed an interest in puppet theatre, mainly for political purposes. However, with the opening of the country and resultant tourism, interest on the part of the Burmese themselves caused a revival of interest in traditional puppetry in the late 20th century.

A number of older puppeteers are still active, and passing on their knowledge to the younger generation, including U Pan Aye (Mandalay), U Thun Gyi (Yangon, formerly Rangoon), and U Maung Hla (Bagan, also Pagan). U Pan Aye (called "Baba") is the "star" of the Mandalay Marionettes Theatre, which was built for tourist performances that last approximately one hour. U Maung Hla ("Zawgyi Pyan") performs on a small stage in the courtyard of his home in Bagan. Younger puppeteers perform so-called "dinner shows" in tourist hotels. Mandalay Marionettes Theatre has performed abroad a number of times, with much success. Their performances in Myanmar have also included religious festivals and government festivals.

Even though the competition from movies and television is great, puppet theatre is still holding its ground, by adapting itself to modern times. Its patrons have changed: they are no longer sovereigns, but often tourists.

Bibliography

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Myanmar | World Encyclopedia of Puppetry Arts

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Officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (also known as Burma; Burmese: Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw), the country is situated in South East Asia, between China and India. It is inhabited notably by Burmese, Mon, Shan, and Karen; the majority is Buddhist, but belief in nats, animist spirits, remains strong.

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Barong dance ( Balinese: ᬩᬅᬭᬑᬂ) is a style of traditional Balinese from Bali, Indonesia. The dance demonstrates about the mythological depiction of animals that have supernatural powers and could protect humans. Barong is the king of the spirits, leader of the hosts of good, and enemy of Rangda, the demon queen and mother of all spirit guarders in the mythological traditions of Bali. The Barong dance featured battle between Barong and Rangda to represent the eternal battle between good and evil.

The Barong is a type of mythical lion, which is a popular dance in Bali. The dance originated from the Gianyar region, specifically Ubud, a popular destination for tourists to watch Balinese dance ritual. Within the Calon Arang, the dance drama in which the Barong appears, the Barong responds to Rangda's use of magic to control and kill her to restore balance. In traditional Barong dance performances, he is portrayed in his struggles against Rangda, it is a popular part of Balinese culture. The mythical creature would dance along the street to the Calon Arang dance. A priest would throw holy water at it. The dance opens with two playful monkeys teasing Barong in a peaceful environment.

Keris dance

The Balinese keris dance is a segment of a Barong dance performance depicting a battle between Barong and Rangda, in which the dancers wield krises as weapons. The keris dance is considered sacred since it involves magical trance.

During the scene, Rangda appears and casts black magic upon the male dancers, who represent Airlangga's soldiers, and orders them to commit suicide. Meanwhile, Barong and the priest cast protective magic on them, making them invulnerable to sharp objects. In a trance, the soldiers stab themselves with their kris, but remain unhurt.

The keris dance carries the risk for potentially deadly accidents. In February 2021, a 16-year-old male dancer died after being stabbed by his own kris, during a Rangda dance performance in Banjar Blong Gede, Pemecutan Kaja, Denpasar, Bali.

Barong versus Rangda

The dance ends with the final battle between Barong and Rangda, concluding with Barong's victory. Rangda runs away, the evil is defeated, and the celestial order is restored.

Other version

The Reog dance of Ponorogo in Java involves a lion figure known as the . It is held on special occasions such as the ( Eid al-Fitr), City or Regency anniversary, or Independence day carnival. A single dancer, or , carries the heavy lion mask about 30 - 40 kg weight by his teeth. He is credited with exceptional strength. The may also carry an adolescent boy or girl on its head. When holding an adolescent boy or girl on his head, the Reog dancer holds the weight up to total 100 kilograms. The great mask that spans over 2.5 meters with genuine tiger or leopard skin and real peacock feathers. It has gained international recognition as the world's largest mask.

Barongsai is referred to Chinese lion dance, often performed by Chinese Indonesian during . The barongsai has different forms that are distinct to the Balinese barong and Javanese reog, and it is not known if these have any relation to the Chinese lion.

References

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Barong dance ( Balinese: ᬩᬅᬭᬑᬂ) is a style of traditional Balinese from Bali, Indonesia. The dance demonstrates about the mythological depiction of animals that have supernatural powers and could protect humans. Barong is the king of the spirits, leader of the hosts of good, and enemy of Rangda, the demon queen and mother of all spirit guarders in the mythological traditions of Bali.

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Various multi-national countries primarily influence the dances of Singapore. They are not restricted to a single type, but they are an amalgam of ethnicities of other Asian countries, mostly from China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and others. Their traditional forms are a blend of contemporary as well as classical techniques. The common ground of each dance form is their upholding of ethnic beliefs and traditions and creatively portraying social practices and concepts through this art. The visual impact of each form of dance in Singapore is dynamic and symbolic. However, each form varies in significance. One can be performed at festivities while the other is staged at any event. It is a dominant mode of expression, uniting drama and traditional music.

History of Dances in Singapore

Singapore has had a unique history of its own when it comes to dancing as an art form. A united anti-colonial movement for multi-cultural activities was initiated by the Singaporeans post the World War II period. Further on, in 1959, a Ministry of Culture was formed to motivate the conservation and promotion of Chinese, Malay and Indian dances. Western Modern Dance was not mainstream yet in Singapore during the time. Western influence was until then discouraged and tagged to be undesirable.

The most significant milestone happened when, in 1963, the Singapore government built its first National Theatre showcasing the local and regional ethnic dance and its development. The first Southeast Asia Cultural Festival was held in Singapore after this significant breakthrough encouraging fine arts, especially dance. Finally, in the 1970s Singapore witnesses the development of its full-time People's Association Dance Company. The National Dance Festival was organised in 1978 which gradually went on to be called the Festival of Asian Performing Arts and is presently called the Singapore Art Festival.

Dances of Singapore

In the 1980s, traditional dances followed suit. Singapore had a predominant culture of majorly Chinese as well as other Asian cultural influences from India, Malaysia, and other countries. It engulfs various traditions and techniques of different dance cultures in Singaporean form. Here's a list of Singapore's traditional dances.

With a lot of influx of the Chinese population, dance forms in Singapore were majorly influenced by Chinese traditions and cultures. The most common dance form is the Lion dance.

Chinese Influence

1. The Lion Dance for Luck and Fortune

Source

This form of dance in Singapore is mostly adapted and taken from Chinese culture. The performers impersonate a lion's movements in a lion costume. The dance is said to bring good luck and fortune at any embarking event or festival. The lion dance is usually performed during the New Year times and other Singaporean traditional, cultural and religious festivities. It may also be performed during special celebrations, the start of a new venture or even at weddings and the Chinese New Year celebrated by the Singaporean Chinese population.

Two prime dancers hold the lion, and it bears a tail. It is mainly different from the dragon dance. The two lion versions are the northern and the southern lion. Singapore usually has a southern lion. The southern lion is the one-horned monster. It is crafted with a lot of paper-mache on a bamboo cut out. The colour of the lion is said to signify the age and type of it. It differs according to various occasions since the ritual is attached to bringing luck.

Malaysian Influence

With a lot of neighbouring influence, Singaporean dances were inspired by Malaysian forms representing a lot of their clothing and music. The two primary Malay dance forms were Zapin Singapura and Peranakan dance.

2. Zapin Singapura- The Malay National dance

Source

This dance of Singapore is a spin to the Zapin dance of Malaysia. It is said to have been introduced by the people of the Middle East. It was popularised in Singapore in the year 1973 and introduced before the colonial days of the region. Zapin as a dance form has evolved over a couple of years. Originally it was a ceremonial performance particular for religious events. It was only performed by male dancers. But now the dance form has become an important representation of traditional entertainment. It can be seen staged on different occasions for different purposes now. It also involves the inclusion of female dancers.

The dance is performed in pairs. The outfit is a straight gown with an overwrap of another piece of clothing over it. Various kinds of musical instruments all also accompany it played together like an orchestra. The musical instruments used are guitar, Gambus, rebab, accordion, bass, synthesiser, Marwas (bongos), Rebana (drum) and the Dok.

There are various forms of Zapin, few of which are Zapin Pulau, Zapin Malayu Johar, Zapin Lenga, Zapin Pekajang, Zapin Arab, Zapin Sekaki (North Sumatera), Zapin Pesisir (Riau Islands Province), and Zapin Tembung.

3. Peranakan Dance - The Poetic Dance Form

Source

The Peranakan-Dondang Sayang is a traditional poetic dance of Singapore mainly associated with the Malay and Peranakan (Straits Chinese) communities in Singapore and Malaysia. It is a mix of both Chinese and Malay cultures. Peranakans are a native group which plunged from the Chinese settlers from the southern provinces who settled in the Malaysian island who further moved on to Singapore.

The dance is performed during different ceremonial affairs like wedding dinners, birthdays and anniversaries. The costumes are Malaysian batik sarongs which are a batik wrap-around dress and 3 Kerosangs that are brooches and Peranakan beaded slippers called Kasot Manek. The dresses are floral ensembles and the footwear consisted of colours influenced by Peranakan porcelain. It was the Dondang singing styles at the ceremonies with singers which are complemented by a small orchestra of musicians playing the violin, the traditional Malay hand drums (Rebana) and the gong. The main instruments were primarily accompanied by guitars, western drums, an accordion, tambourine, and a flute.

Indian Influence

A lot of Singapore's settlement comprises of South Indian, thus having Indian forms in the list of dances of Singapore. They were slowly transformed into a traditional Singaporean dance merging Tamil ethnicity with that of Singapore's. The dances included Bharatnatyam and Kathak. They were earlier performed in temples as ritual performances to the Goddesses. The two diverse and traditional Indian dance forms are now mainly staged across the state.

4. Bharatanatyam - An Expressive Classical Form

Source

Another expressive dance form originated in Tamil Nadu is Bharatanatyam. One of the oldest dance forms of India, it was a way of inaugurating any spiritual event. The dance has traditionally been a form of an interpretive and personal narration of mythical legends and spiritual ideas from the Hindu texts. The contemporary stage shows of Bharatanatyam in Singapore have incorporated technical performances, and the dance is based on non-religious ideas and fusion themes, more so for entertaining the audience.

Bharatanatyam involves a lot of hand movements, facial expressions, footwork on beats and the fixture of the upper torso. The mudras and nritta's are a crucial factor of the dance form. It involves a sequence of performance wherein the dancers first invoke blessings and apologise to mother Earth for stamping it, followed by the performance and finally by chanting a shloka for thanking the audience.

The attire is a saree that is tightly draped and fixed with a belt around the waist. Heavy ornaments also complement it, the most important being the foot leather belts or Ghungroos, flowers called Gajra in the hair and identical jewellery on the neck, ears, and head and some bangles for the wrists.

5. Kathak - Storytelling Through Dance

Source

Kathak involves the telling of stories through dances. This dance form is another classical Indian dance form which tells stories of the ancient classics in the form of dance through movements of hand and body, dynamic footwork and facial expressions. Singapore stages Kathak on many occasions. It is mostly performed in dance festivals and international shows.

The main emphasis of this dance in Singapore is on the footwork which is highlighted by the Ghungroos and the graceful body movements. Gestures of the arms turn and bends are other essential components of this dance form. It is not just dance but a lot of acting is involved in order to tell a story to the audience alongside the dance. Kathak involves both men and women. The attire for women is usually a sari which is hung on the left shoulder and not so tightly wrapped. Minimum jewellery, bindi, with earrings and bangles are worn. For men, it is minimal with just a dhoti, kurta and jewellery at times. Musical instruments include the Tabla, cymbal, harmonium that is in sync with the tai and beats.

6. Western Classical Styles - Ballet

Source

Other than the traditional forms, ballet is one of the contemporary types of dances of Singapore and has played a major role in shaping the dance culture of Singapore. It is an inspiration from the French and Russian concert dance.

In 1998, a ballet company called Singapore Dance Theatre held the baton of representing ballet and spreading the art of this form of dance of Singapore. It involves rigorous training and teaching as ballet is not an easy dance form. It includes mime and acting as well. It includes modern dance, footwork and turns in of the legs. One needs to be extremely flexible to perform ballet.

The costumes are made of subtle colours. They are more like ballerina skirts which evolved into knee-length tutus. Full-length stalkings are worn with ballerina shoes underneath. Jewellery worn is minimal to none. It is a graceful dance form and the music accompanied is classical music with French dialects.

The Singapore Arts Festival

The Singapore Festival of Dance evolved to be called the Singapore Arts Festival. This is an annual festival of Singapore aims at bringing together dancers, choreographers and learners from different ethnicities and cultures to represent their dance form to learn and impart knowledge of other dance forms to each other.

Dates for 2020: 15th - 31st May 2020

Without a doubt, Singapore is home to different cultures and ethnic groups. The forms of dances in Singapore are impressive and expressive. They hold the great identity of various natives making it a very homogenous culture. With different techniques, graceful movements, stunning attires, props and masks, one is sure to get attracted to these dance forms. So if you want to witness them live, head to the multi-cultural Singapore and enjoy performances in some nook or cranny of the island.

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Dances of Singapore - 6 Diverse Dance Styles

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Various multi-national countries primarily influence the dances of Singapore. They are not restricted to a single type, but they are an amalgam of ethnicities of other Asian countries, mostly from China, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, and others. Their traditional forms are a blend of contemporary as well as classical techniques.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Adai-adai dance is a traditional dance of Bruneian Malay ethnic group in Brunei Darussalam, Sabah and Labuan in Malaysia, this dance is based on the life of the fishermen. This dance tells the story of a group of fishermen who go fishing in the sea while the women wait for their return to the beach to help collect the catch that will be obtained.

Adai-adai dance is usually danced by a pair of four men and four women accompanied by tambourines and gambus and singing with a rhythm almost similar to the Zapin dance rhythm. The adai-adai dance is usually held during the crowd of Bruneian Malay or to welcome the arrival of dignitaries. The dancers also wear colorful special costumes.

Sometimes no musical instrument is used, instead the sound that accompanies the singing is the paddler's hit on the part of the boat or paddle boat that is paddled as well as the pitcher or keduit blows.

Adai-adai is often performed at gatherings. It is also a Berunai (Brunei Malay ethnic group in Sabah) tribal dance that inhabits the town of Weston, Sabah.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Adai-adai dance is a traditional dance of Bruneian Malay ethnic group in Brunei Darussalam, Sabah and Labuan in Malaysia, this dance is based on the life of the fishermen.

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Tinikling is one of the most popular folk dances in the Philippines which originated during the Spanish colonial era - particularly in Leyte, one of the Visayan Islands. The traditional dance is named after the birds locally known as tikling (often referring to rail species), and imitates the movement of these birds as they walk on grass or dodge bamboo traps set by rice farmers. The perfomance involves the rhythmic clapping, tapping, and sliding bamboo poles on the ground and against each other while one or more dancers step over and in between the poles on timing with the beat. Considered a national dance in the Philippines, tinikling is commonly performed on Filipino festivals, at school or theater performances. Today, tinikling has spread across the globe, especially to the United States, where students learn it as an aerobic exercise for physical education classes and dancers keep the dance up-to-date with pop music. You can enjoy this experience by booking a Philippines Tour with us right now!

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Traditional Dance of Tinikling: Tinikling is one of the most popular folk dances in the Philippines which originated during the Spanish colonial era - particularly in...

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While discovering the monuments of Angkor in Cambodia, you are likely to be impressed by some carvings of Apsara dancers on the walls of the temples. Apsara Dance is one of the most long-standing traditional artforms in Cambodia which is performed by beautiful and charming women. If you have chance to travel to Siem Reap, you definitely should not ignore these unique performances.

According to Hinduism, Apsara are incredibly beautiful fairies, very charming and outstanding with their elegant gestures as well as great dancing abilities. They are wives of the Gandharva heavenly musicians who usually dance and sing for their gods. Apsara are also maids of Indra - King of the gods as well as the personification of war, thunderstorms, rain and wind. Visit Cambodia with Indochina travel

Apsara is a classic dance which has long been well-known for its elegance, nobility with gently movements. Apsara dancers have to wear gaudy costumes, weight no less than 10kg and very tight while they are performing slow dance-movements together with the orchestra named "pinpeat". So far Apsara has been considered as a valuable property and the soul of Cambodia. Through this dance, the Cambodians want to express their wishes about peace, wealth as well as to praise the natural beauty of their country, their gods and the merits of the ancients. Tours in Cambodia

There are usually some free Apsara performances on some temples's balconies in the Pub Street, but the price is you will have to suffer from walking among the super crowd. Although it might be a little bit expensive, performaces in Raffles Grand Hotel D'Angkor or Paradise Angkor Village Hotel with delicious dinners will be a great experience you should try

Apsara - the art of Cambodian royal dance, the dance that has been recognized as a Intangible Cultural Heritage of the world by UNESCO is the performance that no one can ignore when visit Cambodia, just like people must enjoy the samba in Brazil

Culture lovers.

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Apsara - the art of Cambodian royal dance

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Apsara Dance is one of the most long-standing traditional artforms in Cambodia which is performed by beautiful and charming women.

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Cre:

https://cambodia.org/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Cambodia

https://datviettour.com.vn/tin-tuc/an-gi-o-campuchia-10-dac-san-ngon-nhat-dinh-phai-thu

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1. Thành lập:
Hiệp hội các Quốc gia Đông Nam Á (ASEAN) được thành lập ngày 08/8/1967 tại Băng-cốc, Thái Lan với sự tham gia của 5 quốc gia thành viên ban đầu là In-đô-nê-xi-a, Ma-lai-xi-a, Phi-líp-pin, Xin-ga-po và Thái Lan. Năm 1984, ASEAN kết nạp thêm Bru-nây Đa-rút-xa-lam. Ngày28/7/1995 Việt Nam trở thành thành viên thứ 7 của Hiệp hội. Ngày 23/7/1999 ASEAN kết nạp Lào và Mi-an-ma. Ngày 30/4/1999, Cam-pu-chia trở thành thành viên thứ 10 của ASEAN, hoàn thành giấc mơ về một ASEAN bao gồm tất cả các quốc gia Đông Nam Á.
2. Mục tiêu:
2.1. Tuyên bố ASEAN (hay còn gọi là Tuyên bố Băng-cốc) năm 1967 nêu rõ mục tiêu và mục đích của ASEAN như sau:

- Thúc đẩy tăng trưởng kinh tế, tiến bộ xã hội và phát triển văn hóa trong khu vực thông qua những sáng kiến chung trên tinh thần bình đẳng và hợp tác nhằm củng cố nền tảng cho một cộng đồng thịnh vượng và hòa bình của các quốc gia Đông Nam Á.

- Thúc đẩy hòa bình và ổn định khu vực thông qua tôn trọng công lývà pháp quyền trong mối quan hệ giữa các quốc gia trong khu vực và tuân thủ các nguyên tắc của Hiến chương Liên Hợp Quốc;

- Thúc đẩy hợp tác tích cực và hỗ trợ lẫn nhau về các vấn đề cùng quan tâm trong các lĩnh vực kinh tế, xã hội, văn hóa, kỹ thuật, khoa học và hành chính;

- Hỗ trợ lẫn nhau dưới các hình thức đào tạo và cơ sở vật chất phục vụ nghiên cứu trong các lĩnh vực giáo dục, chuyên môn, kỹ thuật và hành chính;

- Hợp tác hiệu quả hơn nhằm sử dụng tốt hơn ngành nông nghiệp và công nghiệp mở rộng thương mại, bao gồm việc nghiên cứu các vấn đề liên quan đến thương mại hàng hóa quốc tế, cải thiện các phương tiện giao thông, liên lạc, nâng cao chất lượng cuộc sống của người dân;

- Thúc đẩy nghiên cứu về Đông Nam Á; và

- Duy trì hợp tác chặt chẽ cùng có lợi với các tổ chức quốc tế và khu vực có tôn chỉ và mục đích tương tự, và tìm kiếm các phương thức để có thể hợp tác chặt chẽ hơn gữa các tổ chức này.

2.2. Hiến chương ASEAN, văn kiện pháp lý quan trọng của ASEAN năm 2008 đã khẳng định lại các mục tiêu cơ bản trên, đồng thời bổ sung thêm 15 mục tiêu

(http://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/archive/AC-Vietnam.pdf) mới nhằm phù hợp với tình hình.

3. Nguyên tắc cơ bản: Điều 2 Hiến chương ASEAN khẳng định lại các nguyên tắc cơ bản nêu trong Hiệp ước Thân thiện và Hợp tác tại Đông Nam Á (TAC) năm 1976, đồng thời bổ sung thêm một số nguyên tắc mới (http://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/archive/AC-Vietnam.pdf ).
4. Các mốc phát triển chính của ASEAN
8/8/1967 ASEAN chính thức được thành lập với 5 thành viên

2/1976 Hội nghị Cấp cao ASEAN đầu tiên được tổ chức

1/1984 Bru-nây gia nhập ASEAN

1994 Lập Diễn đàn khu vực ASEAN (ARF)

1/1992 Ký Hiệp định khung về tăng cường hợp tác kinh tế ASEAN và Thỏa thuận về Khu vực Mậu dịch Tự do ASEAN (AFTA)

7/1995 Việt Nam gia nhập ASEAN

7/1997 Lào và Mi-an-ma gia nhập ASEAN

12/1997 Hội nghị Cấp cao ASEAN+3 đầu tiên được tổ chức

4/1999 Cam-pu-chia chính thức gia nhập ASEAN, đưa ASEAN trở thành một tổ chức khu vực gồm 10 thành viên Ðông-Nam Á

12/2005 Hội nghị Cấp cao Ðông Á (EAS) đầu tiên được tổ chức với sự tham gia của lãnh đạo các nước ASEAN, Trung Quốc, Nhật Bản, Hàn Quốc, Ấn Ðộ, Ốt-xtrây-li-a và Niu Di-lân

11/2007 Hiến chương ASEAN ra đời

31/12/2015 Cộng đồng ASEAN chính thức thành lập

Văn kiện pháp lý quan trọng của ASEAN năm 2008đã khẳng định lại các mục tiêu cơ bản trên, đồng thời bổ sung thêm 15 mục tiêu (http://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/archive/AC-Vietnam.pdf) mới nhằm phù hợp với tình hình.

- Phương thức ra quyết định: tham vấn và đồng thuận. Mọi vấn đề của ASEAN đều phải tham vấn tất cả các nước thành viên ASEAN và quyết định chỉ được thông qua khi tất cả các nước thành viên nhất trí hoặc không phản đối.

- Tiệm tiến và thoải mái với tất cả các bên: hợp tác khu vực phải được tiến hành từng bước, bảo đảm phù hợp với lợi ích, khả năng của các nước và tất cả đều có thể tham gia, không thành viên nào bị "bỏ lại".

- Trong quan hệ với các đối tác, các quốc gia thành viên sẽ phối hợp và nỗ lực xây dựng lập trường chung cũng như tiến hành các hoạt động chung trên cơ sở thống nhất và đoàn kết, tuân thủ các mục tiêu và nguyên tắc đề ra trong Hiến chương ASEAN (điều 41)

Bộ máy hoạt động của ASEAN hiện nay được quy định chi tiết trong Hiến chương.

http://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/images/archive/AC-Vietnam.pdf

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Báo điện tử Quốc phòng - Cơ quan truyền thông đa phương tiện của Quân ủy Trung ương và Bộ Quốc phòng

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Books:

"ASEAN: A Very Short Introduction" by David Martin Jones and David L. A. Jones – Provides an overview of ASEAN’s history, culture, and significance.

"Culture Shock! Southeast Asia" by Marie France – Offers insights into cultural customs and practices in various Southeast Asian countries.

Websites:

ASEAN Official Website (asean.org) – Contains information on member countries, initiatives, and cultural events.

Cultural Profiles Project (culturalprofiles.org) – Provides detailed cultural profiles of ASEAN countries, including customs, traditions, and societal norms.

BBC Country Profiles (bbc.com/news/world/country_profiles) – Offers background information on each ASEAN country, including cultural highlights.

Documentaries and Videos:

YouTube Channels like "National Geographic" or "PBS" – Search for documentaries related to Southeast Asian culture, traditions, and history.

"The Story of ASEAN" documentary series – Focuses on the diverse cultural narratives within the ASEAN region.

Online Databases and Articles:

Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) – A great resource for finding academic articles and papers related to ASEAN cultures.

JSTOR (jstor.org) – Provides access to scholarly journals and books on cultural studies (check if your school has access).

Virtual Tours and Interactive Resources:

Google Arts & Culture (artsandculture.google.com) – Offers virtual tours of museums and cultural sites in ASEAN countries.

World Digital Library (wdl.org) – Features cultural artifacts and documents from around the world, including those from ASEAN nations.

Cultural Organizations:

ASEAN Cultural Heritage (asean.org/asean/about-asean/asean-cultural-heritage) – Information on cultural heritage preservation efforts within ASEAN.

Local Embassies or Cultural Centers – Many embassies have resources or can provide information on cultural events and heritage of their respective countries.

These resources can help students gather information about the unique cultural aspects of each ASEAN country, enhancing their understanding and supporting their project work.

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Can you suggest specific activities to engage students with these resources?

What strategies can I use to encourage critical thinking during their research?