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We researched about racism and its effects it can have on work environments, individuals, and institutions. We also looked into how racism is being dealt with to this day especially about the recent BLM movements happening across the united states.

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1. What is racial bias

2. What are the different types of racism

3. How does racism impact people

4. What Causes racism

5. How do we help stop racism

6. Difference between racial bias racism

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1s9RMU2o9g-aQBEEFGdd657SGXVjsWrpQ-38-DGe6O58/edit

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https://www.fastcompany.com/90796690/this-is-the-difference-between-racism-and-racial-bias

Racial bias is a distortion that comes from prejudice which treats people in a way that is unfair because of their groups, social structure of race, or ethnicity.

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A distortion arising from systemic, institutional, interpersonal or individual forms of explicit (conscious) or implicit (unconscious) prejudice against individuals or groups based on social constructs of race or ethnicity that influences the planning, methods, results, interpretation, dissemination and application of health research.

Background

Racial bias in research can manifest in various ways, including systematic under-representation of ethnic minorities and inappropriate interpretation of disparities between socially-defined racial and ethnic groups. Misunderstandings can arise when the social construct of race is incorrectly equated to biological differences.

Racial bias may be especially prevalent in observational and qualitative research, where interpretation is subjective, and in experimental studies, where researchers might unintentionally favour one group over another.

Bias can stem from systemic, institutional, interpersonal or individual forms of prejudice against a socially-defined race or ethnicity, affecting all stages of a health research project. Prejudice can arise from a variety of sources, including lack of diversity in research teams, language barriers, and historical misconceptions of race as a biological construct.

Underrepresentation of racial and ethnic minorities in research is a significant issue. It can be challenging to identify when socially-constructed racial and/or ethnic data are not reported. Misinterpretations can occur when research links biological outcomes to race without considering that race is a social construct with health determinants. Genetic ancestry can affect health outcomes, but should not be conflated with race, nor used to support conclusions of biological race-based differences.

Health system algorithms can perpetuate racial bias and health inequities when race is uncritically accepted as biological. Clinicians influenced by such conclusions risk incorporating race into decision-making tools as if it were a biological fact, rather than a societal construct. Recognising race as a social construct is key to combating racial bias and improving health outcomes.

Example

In a systematic review of trials leading to FDA approvals for cancer drugs, race wasn't reported in over a third of trials. Black and Hispanic populations were significantly underrepresented in those that did. These trials, crucial for new drug approvals, show a concerning underrepresentation of Black and Hispanic people (22% and 44% respectively) considering their higher cancer risk. This raises questions about generalisability and equal distribution of scientific advancements, especially as risk factors like smoking and obesity vary by race.

The implications of race-based medicine, where race is misinterpreted as biological or a genetic ancestry proxy, are evident in treatment algorithms rooted in outdated research or biased data. For instance, a breast cancer risk calculator discourages rigorous screening for non-white women by overestimating white women's risk. A cardiac surgery risk calculator, despite unknown underlying mechanisms, places ethnic minorities at higher risk, dissuading them from surgery. The US Kidney Donor Risk Index tool predicts graft failure based on African American race, reducing transplant opportunities for this population.

A study by Obermeyer et al. (2019) highlighted racial bias in a widely used health system algorithm predicting patients' healthcare costs, not illness severity. This flawed process is exacerbated by Black patients often receiving lower quality of care than white patients with similar health issues, leading to inaccurate predictions and compromised care.

Impact

Goyal et al (2023) reviewed perinatal mental health research during the COVID-19 pandemic, finding recruitment rates for Black, Indigenous, and other women of colour at just 23.5%. In 13 studies (52%), white participants made up over 80% of the sample. Moreover, 68% of studies lacked detailed descriptions of non-white participants, using broad categories like 'ethnic minorities'. While anonymity concerns may restrict racial data reporting, this under-representation is concerning given the disproportionate COVID-19 impact on ethnic minorities, notably Black women's elevated postpartum depression risk and maternal death rates.

Historical misconduct like the Tuskegee trial may contribute to low ethnic minority participation in health research. The pandemic's classification of these women as essential workers could have posed research participation challenges and implicit bias in study design and data reporting may also lead to under-representation. The prevalence of cross-sectional designs and social media recruitment could limit participation from lower-income individuals.

A well-known example of race-based medicine in recent years is the Bidil study, a clinical trial that aimed to test the efficacy of a heart failure drug exclusively in self-identified African Americans, without genetic testing, and although self-identified race is an inadequate proxy for genetic ancestry or variation. The study reinforced harmful racial stereotypes regarding race-based genetic differences while failing to adequately consider ancestral genetics and the complex social and environmental factors that could have contributed to disparities in health outcomes.

Preventive steps

The causes of racial bias in research are numerous and complex, and preventing it demands a multifaceted approach on all levels. For individual researchers and groups, a key aspect of such an approach is to ensure diversity in their research teams, as this can enhance the integrity of data.

A well-designed protocol can help ensure that the research is conducted in a rigorous, objective, and culturally sensitive manner, which minimises the possibility that racial bias will influence the results. Protocols should include a clear, unbiased research question, non-discriminatory inclusion/exclusion criteria, inclusive recruitment strategies, community engagement, randomisation and blinding where appropriate, guidelines for data analysis that take an intersectional approach and include measures validated for diverse populations and ethical considerations. If genetic testing is considered as part of the research protocol, it should be approached with caution, ensuring that it is linked to individual ancestry rather than relying on broad racial classifications, in order to avoid perpetuating harmful racial stereotypes while still providing personalised insights into potential benefits or harms of the intervention.

Developing trusting relationships within diverse communities and using culturally sensitive recruitment strategies are crucial to increasing the participation of women from ethnic minorities in research.

The NIHR INCLUDE guideline was created to support researchers in improving the inclusion of under-served groups in research. The STRIDE Project has produced eight recommendations specifically focused on enhancing the inclusion of ethnic groups in clinical trials. Finally, the Critically Appraising for Antiracism Tool has been developed to aid researchers by identifying and addressing concerns related to racial bias in research.

Cite as

Catalogue of Bias Collaboration, Naicker R. and Nunan D. Racial Bias. In Catalogue of Bias. 2023. https://catalogofbias.org/biases/racial-bias/

Related biases

Cite as

Catalogue of Bias Collaboration, Naicker R. and Nunan D. Racial Bias. In Catalogue of Bias. 2023. https://catalogofbias.org/biases/racial-bias/
The James Lind Library
Related biases
Selection bias Ascertainment bias Confirmation bias Detection bias Observer bias Information bias Performance bias Reporting biases Outcome reporting bias Spin bias Spectrum bias Publication bias Referral filter bias Volunteer bias

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A distortion arising from systemic, institutional, interpersonal or individual forms of explicit (conscious) or implicit (unconscious) prejudice against individuals or groups based on social constructs of race or ethnicity that influences the planning, methods, results, interpretation, dissemination and application of health research.

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Racism although decreasing is still impacting African Americans across America even til this day. For example...

1.) The Poverty Rates

Blacks who has historically been discriminated against, face the highest poverty rates in America. According to the federal safety net blacks are among the highest percentage in poverty, in fact they are nearly tied with hispanics which is another heavily discriminated race in America.

2.) Education and employment

systemic racism has impacted black communities by limiting

their literacy rates in kids. According the national center for education statistics blacks and hispanics are among the lowest when it comes to literacy rates.

3.) Opportunities

because of most African American being born into low income families, they are often desensitize to violence at a young age which could lead them to going down a path of crime. According to the CDC black and hispanics have the highest homicide rates.

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1. The method that I use for my reasearch is try not to use wikipedia because wikipedia is a unreliable website.

2. Yes, I started to know the deeper reason how each sub topics and topics that I'm doing.

3. A little I were suprised because, I don't know befor that there types of racial bias and racism and racial bias are not the same.

4. I make notes a then I summarize my notes into my thinking.

5. My new skills is I know more words from researching from the websites.

6. This research opens my perspective of viewing what's happening with people who got effected by racial bias and racism.

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Source-Human rights careers "10 Root Causes of Racism" 

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Out of all of the reasons racism has been prominent throughout human history, their has been some notable ones such as...

1.) Greed and self-interest

Greed and self interest has lead companies to take advantage of vulnerable people in even more vulnerable times. For example, a town in Chesapeake which grew tobacco lived multiple land owners who took advantage of servants and contracts. Most of whom were African American and signed a 4-7 year contract.

2.) Scapegoating

Scapegoating is a common practice societies do. When times get tough, societies historically look for a scapegoat to blame it on. For example, if someone gets passed up for a job opportunity, they may say something like "its because I'm white." Immigrants in America are also blamed for a lot of problem.

3.) Discriminatory policies

Their were multiple racist polices that has been around for some time including in America. For example, Jim Crow Laws in the United States, These laws mandated racial segregation in public facilities such as schools, transportation, and restaurants, and denied African Americans their civil rights.

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One way to stop racism is to stop making assumptions before getting to know them. Learning new cultures, and helping them to understand, respect, and appreciate the differences between people.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwiUjav37IuEAxUO1jgGHUxDAFcQFnoECA4QAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrightscareers.com%2Fissues%2Fhow-can-we-stop-racism%2F&usg=AOvVaw3xpkmpAJaRRo9pDYvMPG2-&opi=89978449

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There is a different type of racism

1. Individual racism

When they are expressed consciously, there are aware of their prejudice and bias

2. Institutional (systemic) racism

Systemic racism perpetuates avoidable and unfair inequalities through policies, conditions, and protocols that set up an unfair playing ground.

3. Everyday racism

refers to the commonplace interactions with people, services, or systems that leave Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders feeling racially judged in a covert or deniable way.

Natalie

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The word 'racism' is often interchanged with 'prejudice', however unlike prejudice, racism is organised and persistent.

Watch this short, but powerful video produced as part of Beyondblue's Invisible Discriminator campaign. It highlights the impact of racism on the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Peoples.

This is an additional video, hosted on YouTube.

Racism is not only an individual ideology but an entire system of behaviours, ideas, practices, conditions, structures, policies and processes that maintain racial advantage.

Let's take a look at racism from three interrelated levels: individual, institutional/systemic and everyday racism.

As you work through these definitions, reflect on practical examples you've witnessed in your own life - at work or in social settings.

1. Individual racism

Individual racism stems from personal prejudice. When it's expressed consciously, the individual is aware of their prejudice and bias. In most instances though, individual racism is insidious and unconsciously shapes beliefs, attitudes and decisions

This is the most common, yet incomplete understanding of racism, because the focus is on whether individual people are either 'racist' or 'not racist'. As much as individuals can be the agents of racism, it is not just an individual trait; it's systemic and works to protect privileged relationships in our society.

Let's explore the complexities of racism further.

2. Institutional (systemic) racism

Although we've come a long way, racist policies and processes are deeply ingrained at the institutional level of our society. In Australian hospitals, prisons, schools and throughout all levels of government, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are disadvantaged because of systemic racism.

For example, did you know:

Systemic racism perpetuates avoidable and unfair inequalities through policies, conditions and protocols that set up an unfair playing ground.

'In the Australian context, the high rates of unemployment, lower average income, high rates of arrest and imprisonment, of poor health, low education and low life expectancy are, in part, indicators of the consequences of entrenched institutionalised racism (Dudgeon, Garvey & Pickett, 2000).'

3. Everyday racism

'I'm not a racist! You're just being too sensitive'...

Philomena Essed (1991) first coined the term 'everyday racism', challenging the idea of racism as an individual problem. In other words, the focus of everyday racism is not so much on racist 'people', but the taken-for-granted racist practices ingrained in our society.

It refers to the commonplace interactions with people, services or systems that leaves Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders feeling racially judged in a covert or deniable way. It can be intentional or unintentional. It recognises racism is systematic and is continually reinforced through familiar, everyday practices - such as racial microagressions.

What are racial microaggressions?

If you haven't heard of the term before, 'racial microagrressions' refer to the damaging attitudes, behaviours, humiliations and jokes that people from minority groups face on a daily basis. Racial microaggressions have been described as 'the new face of racism' (Sue, et al, 2007).

Most non-Indigenous Australians are completely unaware of the persistent racism experienced by Australia's First Peoples every day.

What is internalised racism?

Internalised racism is a disturbing concept. It occurs when the racial or ethnic group being discriminated against begins to accept society's racist attitudes and beliefs. In other words, the so called 'inferiority' of one's own ethnic or racial group is believed. For example, internalised racism occurs when an Indigenous person believes that Indigenous people are naturally less intelligent than non-Indigenous people (Paradies et al. 2008, p. 4).

Internalised racism is a consequence of colonisation. As you can imagine, it has damaging effects on the health and wellbeing of Australia's First Peoples.

Racism is one manifestation of the wider phenomenon of oppression which includes sexism, ageism and classism and is linked to the concept of privilege (Paradies, 2006). It's oppressive because it involves the systematic use of power or authority to treat others unjustly (Australian Psychological Society definition of racism, as cited in Ranzijn et al., 2009).

Your task

Read Cherisse Buzzacott's article and reflect on everyday racism and its damage to First Peoples. What examples of it have you witnessed in your your life? Share your thoughts and experiences in the comments link below.

References

Dudgeon, P., Garvey, D. &, Pickett, H. (2000). Violence turned inwards. In: Dudgeon, P., Garvey D., & Pickett, H., (eds). Working with Indigenous Australians: A handbook for psychologists. Perth: Gunada Press.

Essed, P. (1991). Understanding everyday racism: An interdisciplinary theory. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Paradies, Y., Harris, R., & Anderson, I. (2008) The impact of racism on Indigenous health in Australia and Aotearoa: towards a research agenda. Discussion paper No. 4, CRCAH Discussion Paper Series, Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Aboriginal Health, Darwin.

Ranzijn, R., McConnochie, K., & Nolan, W. (2009). Psychology and Indigenous Australians: foundations of cultural competence. ( ed.). South Yarra, Vic: Palgrave Macmillan.

Soutphommasane, T. (2017). Institutional Racism. Australian Human Rights Commission

Sue, D. W., Nadal, K.L., Capodilupo, C.M., Lin, A.I., Torino, G.C., & Rivera, D.P. (2007). Racial Microaggressions Against Black Americans: Implications for Counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development.

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The word 'racism' is often interchanged with 'prejudice', however unlike prejudice, racism is organised and persistent. Watch this short, but powerful video produced as part of Beyondblue's Invisible Discriminator campaign. It highlights the impact of racism on the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Peoples.

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1. My method is to try to avoid websites that seem biased.

2. My understanding of racism evolved as I researched deeper into the topic because it made me understand that racism affects so much more than just feelings, it could affect someone's mental health and well-being.

3. I was surprised that there are different types of racism.

4. I take notes by putting the difficult words in simple words that I would understand better.

5. I was more motivated to take notes because of Ms. Rachel's colorful pens.

6. This research experience influenced my perspective by showing me that there is unfair racism everywhere around the world.

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1. My method is to try to understand the words that are hard for

2. I understand the topic that we chose

3. I was surprised to see the different types of racism

4. I take notes by using the hard words that I don't understand and make them simple words

5. I use ms. Rachel ways to take note

6. This research is giving me experience and to understand

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Difference between racial bias and racism.

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Difference between racial bias and racism.

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What is racism?: Racism is a form of prejudice that causes society disadvantages and inequalities ingrained in a historically racist society over time, which assumes members of different categories in negative stereotypes.

What is racial bias?: Racial bias refers to differential treatment or experiences that cause people to think and act in discriminatory ways toward members of different categories.

What's the difference?: Racism is a complex idea that assumes members of different categories, generally with negative stereotypes and discrimination against the individuals. Racial bias is a type of discrimination and a part of racism that refers to the differential treatment of members from different categories.

https://www.fastcompany.com/90796690/this-is-the-difference-between-racism-and-racial-bias

https://www.apa.org/topics/racism-bias-discrimination

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the different types of racism

Racism can take many forms

The use of racial slurs or similar hate speech against an individual or group of people.

not every racism can be recovered

(natalie)

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When we talk about racism, the examples that come to mind for most people are often overt forms of racism - slurs, hate crimes, anti-immigrant propaganda, and more. However, racism can manifest in many different ways, and some forms are harder to recognize than others. By learning to identify where and how different types of racism can manifest, we can better understand how to unlearn our own biases and work to undo the racist ideology built into the foundations of our country.

Internalized Racism

Internalized racism is when a person believes negative messages about their own, and other's, cultures and races. All racism is harmful, but this one is especially toxic; internalizing this oppression results in self-devaluation, resignation, and feelings of hopelessness. Examples include:

Interpersonal Racism

Interpersonal racism (also called Personally Mediated racism) occurs when a person's conscious or subconscious racial bias influences their interactions and perceptions of other people. This is the form of racism that most people are familiar with, as it is one of the most overt forms, and can range from microaggressions to the use of slurs or even physical violence. This bias is often informed by stereotypes and misinformation, and results in a lack of respect, suspicion, avoidance, and dehumanization of people because of their race. Some examples of interpersonal racism include:

Institutionalized Racism

Institutionalized racism (also called Systemic racism) refers to the implicit or explicit rules and regulations within an organization that discriminate against marginalized communities. Often, this manifests as bias for or against certain groups of people because of stereotypes based on their perceived race or ethnicity. Here are some examples found within specific institutions:

Healthcare:

The Workforce

People with common "white" names are more likely to be hired than people with "ethnic" or non-"Americanized" names.

Applicants with dreadlocks are often seen as "unprofessional" and are less likely to be hired because of their hairstyle (a practice which was unfortunately ruled as legal by the U.S. Court of Appeals in 2016).

The Criminal Justice System

Structural Racism

Structural Racism refers to biased laws, policies, or practices that restrict people's access to services, opportunities, and resources because of their race. This structural bias has compounding effects on people's families, employment, mental and physical health, interactions with the criminal justice system, and beyond. Specific examples include:

Though it's easier to view racism as an external force we must continually fight against, it's important that we recognize there are some forms that manifest within. Racism must be solved as a community, but we must also confront and consider our own internal biases as well in order to create lasting change.
Take collective action for equity and learn more about structural and systematic racism at YWCA's upcoming Stand Against Racism Event.

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Types of Racism: Internal, Interpersonal, Institutional, and Structural

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Racism can take many forms, but not all forms are immediately recognizable. By understanding the different ways racism can manifest, we can understand the best ways to combat it as individuals and as a community.

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1.) An effective research strategy I used throughout the process was simply finding website and listing to essays about my specific topic

2.) My understanding on the topic of racism has definitely evolved throughout my research and i had even formed my own opinions on this topic.

3.) They were defiantly revelations that I had during the research specifically about BLM and hows their practices aren't as honest as they are portraying it to be.

4.) Some critical learning skills I used was researching both sides of the argument, often I would to go a alt-Right news website then after go to an alt-left news website to see the difference.

5.) some skills I developed and improved was my ability to understand both sides of the argument and my ability to make an conclusion from those arguments.

6.) I have always been a little bit into politics so this experience has not changed my perspective as much as my first time researching this topic.