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Media played a crucial role in providing information to people during the pandemic. The portrayal of the pandemic in the media with a specific focus on "otherness" (De Rosa & Mannarini, 2020). Social representation of Asian people in American and Chinese media during COVID-19 is crucial because it helps examine the media's role in perpetuating social prejudice and discrimination against Chinese people. Considering this, the research question is:

H ow the American and Chinese media news outlets influence the public's view of Asians during the pandemic?

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Critical Discourse Analysis Framework (Chouliaraki & Fairclough, 1999)

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The methodological approach used for this study is qualitative research, particularly employing Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). By highlighting the underlying forces that shape public narratives, CDA makes it possible to identify concealed beliefs and prejudices that may not be readily apparent (Sari et al., 2018).

Using purposive sampling, 3 articles from The New York Times and China Daily were selected. The study used keywords such as "Chinese virus," "Chinese flu," and "Wuhan virus" to find relevant newspapers from January to December 2020.

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Textual Analysis
The Chinese media outlet emphasizes using neutral terminology for coronavirus. Terms like "Chinese virus" or "Wuhan virus" are inappropriate and violate WHO guidelines (Zhu, 2022).

In contrast, the American media outlet showcases the divisive nature of such terminology while suggesting that labelling the virus with a specific location can lead to xenophobia and racial discrimination (Rogers, 2020).

It was found that both media outlets highlight the need for appropriate terminology that does not promote stigmatization.

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Discursive Analysis
Both American and Chinese newspapers provide historical background about the naming of diseases, highlighting that past practices don't justify the continuation of such terminology.

The findings highlight the political responsibility and the corresponding actions to counter racial stigmatization. The American newspapers provide a critical analysis of President Trump's use of the ‘Wuhan virus’, positing that it has the potential to incite xenophobic sentiments (Rogers et al., 2020).

The Chinese newspaper assertively justifies the acts taken by China, placing significant emphasis on their adherence to international norms and recommendations by WHO (Goodrum, 2020).

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Social Practice Analysis
Both American and Chinese media outlets highlight the potential social consequences of using terms associated with a specific location or ethnicity during a pandemic. The use of such terminology led to discrimination and stigmatization against Chinese people.

News outlets show the influential role of political leaders and media in shaping public discourse and perceptions through their choice of terminology. It was found that it has a direct impact on the perception of people related to context community.

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Media outlets played a significant role in shaping public perceptions through their choice of terminology.

Chinese newspapers emphasize the importance of using neutral terms to prevent stigma and discrimination, ultimately advocating for international cooperation. In contrast, the American newspaper highlights the opinion divide regarding the use of specific labels, reflecting a broader societal debate about responsibility and accountability.

Overall, the study found that media discourse has a direct influence on public perceptions during a global health crisis.

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Chouliaraki, L., & Fairclough, N. (1999). Discourse in Late Modernity: Rethinking Critical Discourse Analysis. In Discourse in Late Modernity. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748610839

Goodrum, I. (2020, March 21). Petty virus name game puts lives at risk. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202003/21/WS5e756003a310128217280e2d.html

Rogers, K. (2020, March 10). Politicians’ Use of ‘Wuhan Virus’ Starts a Debate Health Experts Wanted to Avoid. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/politics/wuhan-virus.html

Rogers, K., Jakes, L., & Swanson, A. (2020, March 18). Trump Defends Using ‘Chinese Virus’ Label, Ignoring Growing Criticism. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/18/us/politics/china-virus.html

Sari, R., Putri, S. E., Herdi, H., & Hamuddin, B. (2018). Bridging critical discourse analysis in media discourse studies. Indonesian EFL Journal, 4(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.25134/ieflj.v4i2.1379

Zhu, W. (2022, April 22). Accusations against China over virus are totally baseless. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/22/WS5e9f801aa3105d50a3d17d56.html