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"And because people of color could not testify for or against a white person in a court of law, both African-Americans and local Indians were vulnerable to a white-only court system" (Document 3).

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"It's population stimulated by the Gold Rush, California was now home to...transplanted Southerners who supported the institution of slavery..." (Document 3)

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David S Terry vs David Colbreth Broderick Views

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David S Terry vs David Colbreth Broderick Views

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"Broderick was staunchly opposed to the expansion of slavery and worked closely with his political friends to support the anti-slavery movement...David S Terry was a Chief Justice of the California State Supreme Court and an advocate of extending slavery into California...Terry lost his re-election because of his pro-slavery views and blamed David Broderick for his loss" (Document 3)

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"The person whom such labor or service may be due, his agent or attorney, is hereby empowered to seize or arrest such fugitive from labor, or shall have the right to obtain a warrant of arrest for such fugitive..." (Document 1).

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"Terry challenged Broderick to a duel. At the time of Terry's challenge, duels were illegal in San Francisco...On September 13, they secretly moved the duel located to Lake Merced, just south of the city line...The wounded Broderick died three days later, reportedly saying 'They killed me because I am opposed to the extension of slavery and a corrupt administration.'" (Document 3)

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"Even free African Americans could easily fall victim to kidnapping and fraud because California's black codes prohibited them from testifying against whites." (Document 2)

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"Slaveholders had until the spring of 1855 to claim and remove their slaves, making enslaved people vulnerable to deportation five or six years after most had arrived on California soil." (Document 2)

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"...California entered as a free-state, part of the so-called Compromise of 1850. However, its vague antislavery constitution was open for extensive interpretation." (Document 3)

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"The San Francisco duel drew national attention. Senator Broderick's death turned him into a martyr for the anti-slavery movement. Terry and his souther sympathizers were accused of assassination." (Document 3)

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"At a local level, Native people in California during the Mexican period (1822-1846) were made to labor for nothing and were viewed as a subclass who masters exploited their labor and used them as a form of currency" (Document 4)

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"We desire only a white population in California; even the Indians among us, as afar as we have seen, are more of a nuisance than a benefit to the country; we would like to get rid of them" (Document 4)

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"Slavery is prohibited. Involuntary servitude is prohibited except to punish crime" (Document 4)

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"...California Legislature passed an indentured servitude and apprentice law that applied only to California Indians." (Document 4)

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California Legislature on Indian Enslavement

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California Legislature on Indian Enslavement

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"A white person could bring an Indian child before a court official. If the child's parents agreed, or if his 'friends' agreed, the court could make the white person responsible for the "care, ...control, and earnings" of the child until the child became an adult. That meant until 18 if the child was a boy, and until 15, if a girl" (Document 4)

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"The apprenticeship laws, in particular, made California Indian children 'valuable possessions.' This had the effect of encouraging the kidnapping of them" (Document 4)

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Act for the Government and Protections on Indians

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Act for the Government and Protections on Indians

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Document 7, Whites could enslaved Native Americans that were charged with loitering or public drinking. Many Indians were paid in alcohol and the whites encouraged drinking so they could use this act to their benefit.

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Document 7, Natives could not become citizens, vote, or testify in court

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Document 8, "The American newcomers, however, came by the thousands and treated natives as menaces best destroyed, the sooner the better."

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"Vigilante gangs also profited by seizing native women and children for sale as slaves, principally in San Francisco" (Document 8)

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"...killers travel and ammunition expenses were reimbursed by the state of California and the federal government" (Document 9)