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Alebrijes: Traditionally, alebrijes are made from paper mâché or carved from wood, especially in the region of Oaxaca. They have bright colors and detailed patterns. An alebrije symbolizes a spirit animal, a guidance from the world of living and the afterlife.

Talavera Pottery: This is a hand-painted ceramic especifically from Puebla, which is prominently known for its bright designs, which are often made of floral patterns, animal designs, and geometric patterns. Talavera is recognized for its craftsmanship and is a source of pride for the artisans in Puebla.

Huichol Art: This is an incredibly sacred type of art that often depicts visions of sacred rituals. Their designs include colorful glass beads, but can also be found in yarn paintings, and clothing. The art has symbols which mainly include a deer (god of fire), peyote, an eagle (connection between gods and humans), and corn (life).

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Mariachi: A traditional Mexican music genre that includes instruments like violins, trumpets, and guitars. Mariachi bands often perform at festivals, weddings, and other celebrations.

Son Jarocho: A regional folk music style from Veracruz, known for its lively rhythms, foot-tapping, and the use of instruments like the jarana and the requinto. The song "La Bamba" is a famous example.

Ballet Folklórico: A traditional Mexican dance that showcases the rich diversity of Mexican culture through elaborate costumes and regional dance styles. The Ballet Folklórico de México is a world-renowned dance troupe. Dances wear clothes that reflect on the culture of Mexico and have live music, mainly from Mariachi.

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Huipil: A loose-fitting tunic worn by women, often heavily embroidered.

Sarape: A colorful woolen blanket-like shawl worn by men.

Charro Suit: A formal outfit for horse riders, consisting of a short, tight jacket and tight-fitting pants.

China Poblana Dress: A colorful dress with sequins and lace, often worn for special occasions.

Rebozo: A shawl-like garment that can be worn in multiple ways, such as a head covering or a baby carrier.

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The most famous geographical features are:

Sierra Madre Occidental: Runs along the western edge of Mexico.

Sierra Madre Oriental: Parallels the eastern coast.

Sierra Madre del Sur: Located in the southern part of the country.

Rio Grande: Forms part of the border between the United States and Mexico.

Rio Usumacinta: Forms part of the border with Guatemala

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Desert climate: This type of climate is mostly found in the north, mainly in places like El Desierto de Chihuahua and El Desierto de Sonora.

Tropical climate: Typically found in the coastal regions, especially on the Yucatán Peninsula.

Temperate climate: This climate is found in places like highlands, such as Mexico City

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The fertile valleys in central Mexico are really helpful for agriculture, especially the cultivation of maize, which is part of Mexican cuisine. Also, coastal regions are ideal for fishing and tourism, which contributes for the economy.

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Tacos: Soft-corn tortillas filled with a variety of ingredients.

Tamales: Dough made from masa (corn) filled with vegetables and meats. This dish is often enjoyed at Christmas and Día de Muertos.

Mole: This sauce is made of a blend of chili peppers, chocolate, spices, and nuts that are traditionally served in meat.

Pozole: This is typically served in community gatherings and enjoyed by many people. This is often prepared with processed corn and pork.

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Meals are central to families and community gatherings, where food preparation and sharing play key roles. Dishes like tamales and pozole are also associated with religious festivals and holidays, serving as symbols of cultural and spiritual identity. Finally, certain plates and cooking techniques are passed down through generations, which makes the cuisine more special and uniting.

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Mexicans speak 68 national languages and 350 dialects besides Spanish, as defined by the Mexican government.

Nahuatl- Central Mexico

Mixtec- Oaxaca and Puebla

Otomi- Central Mexican Plateau

Zapotec- Oaxaca

Purépecha- Michoacan

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The national emblem is an eagle holding a snake in its beak, standing on a nopal (cactus plant). It dates back to when the Aztecs came to the Valley of Mexico and are based on the legend of the founding of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.

White- Religion

Red-blood and union

Green- freedom

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Direct refusals are considered rude and stand quite close to each other while talking.

Maintaining too great a distance from another person can be seen as unfriendly or standoffish.

Some people may nod during conversation as a sign of respect; this gesture does not necessarily imply agreement.

A handshake is the most common form of greeting between strangers, though friends usually greet each other with a single kiss.

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78% Catholics

10% Protestants

1.5% Jews

2.5 percent of the population report practicing a religion not otherwise specified

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One of the most popular rituals today are ‘limpias’ or cleanings, usually performed by shamans, who, according to Mexican culture, are able to invoke spirits through natural products (incense, herbs, etc.) to purify the energy of the person, also providing spiritual advice.

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The Virgen de Guadalupe has her special day, December 12. On that day in 1531, believers say that she first appeared on Earth. She spoke to a peasant named Juan Diego on a hilltop near Mexico City, telling him that she was the mother of Jesus Christ. She asked Juan to build a church on the spot. Miraculously, believers say, the woman’s image appeared on Juan’s clothing when he went to tell other people what he had seen.

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The celebration of the Day of the Dead takes place on November 1 and 2, as it is divided into categories: According to the Catholic calendar, November 1 corresponds to Día de los Santos, a day dedicated to the "little dead" or children, and November 2 to the Faithful Departed, that is, to adults.

Every year many families place offerings and altars decorated with marigold flowers, confetti, sugar skulls, bread of the dead, mole, or some dish that their relatives liked to whom the offering is dedicated, and just like in pre-Hispanic times, incense is placed to aromatize the place.

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The celebration of a girl’s 15th birthday, marking her passage from girlhood to womanhood. The quinceañera is both a religious and a social event that emphasizes the importance of family and society in the life of a young woman.

Because the Aztecs and Maya also had such rite-of-passage customs, it is thought that the quinceañera may have originated in the admixture of Spanish culture (including Roman Catholicism) with that of the indigenous peoples the Spaniards colonized.

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People are expected to pay 10-15% as a tip after a service has been performed.

It is polite to say “Salud” when someone sneezes. This literally translates as “health” but means the equivalent of “bless you”.

Men commonly open doors and offer seats for women.

Men are typically expected to pay for all meals when out dining, even if a female was the one to initially extend the invitation.

Always take the time to say goodbye to someone properly before leaving. A hasty exit can imply that you did not enjoy their company.

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Mexican society is deeply divided by income and education. While the middle class has made efforts to grow in urban areas, the main divide remains between the wealthy, well-educated elite and the urban and rural poor, who comprise most of the population.

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Communities, especially in rural areas, maintain a strong sense of solidarity, where neighbors often function as an extended family. Celebrations, religious observances, and festivals unite families and communities, emphasizing collective traditions. Despite urbanization, these values remain deeply ingrained, bridging modernity with longstanding cultural norms

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In Mexico, family plays a central role in social and cultural life, often as the foundation of support and identity. Extended families, including grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, commonly live nearby or under one roof, fostering close-knit relationships and shared responsibilities. Respect for elders and strong intergenerational ties are cultural cornerstones.

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The system is divided into three main levels: basic education (pre-primary, primary, and lower secondary), upper secondary education (high school), and higher education (university and technical training). Basic education is compulsory, and the government provides free schooling at this level.

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Mexico's higher education system features esteemed institutions like the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), one of Latin America’s oldest and most prestigious universities, and the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM).

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In science, Mario Molina’s research on the ozone layer won him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1995, showing Mexico's role in solving global environmental problems. Juan Manuel Lozano, a mathematician and physicist, helped advance rocket propulsion and plasma technology, while astronomer Guillermo Haro made key discoveries about star formation, including Herbig-Haro objects.

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In literature, Mexican writers have had a major impact on the world. Octavio Paz, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1990, wrote about themes like identity, love, and culture. Carlos Fuentes is known for novels such as The Death of Artemio Cruz, which explores Mexican history and identity, and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, a 17th-century nun, is remembered as one of the first feminist voices in literature.

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Join a game of kahoot here. Kahoot! is a free game-based learning platform that makes it fun to learn - any subject, in any language, on any device, for all ages!

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Mexico operates under a mixed economy, blending capitalist practices with some government intervention. While private businesses dominate most sectors, the government controls key industries like oil and energy through state-owned companies.

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Mexico’s main economic activities revolve around manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and tourism.

Agriculture:

Mexico produces large quantities of maize (corn), coffee, sugar cane, beans tomatoes and avocados. Mexico also produces tropical products such as sugarcane, bananas, pineapples, papayas, mangoes, coffee and cacao. Rice, cotton, wheat, peanuts and strawberries are also grown, and Mexico is a leading world producer of vanilla, used for food

flavouring.

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Hombres necios que acusáis
a la mujer sin razón,
sin ver que sois la ocasión
de lo mismo que culpáis