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Mexico gained independence from Spain after a prolonged struggle that began in 1810. The movement was sparked by Miguel Hidalgo's "Grito de Dolores," which called for an end to Spanish rule. Over the next decade, various leaders, including José María Morelos and Vicente Guerrero, rallied support for the cause. The conflict involved a series of battles and shifting alliances, ultimately weakening Spanish control. By 1821, with the signing of the Plan of Iguala and the establishment of a new government, Mexico achieved independence, marking the end of a long fight for sovereignty.

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Colombia gained independence from Spanish rule through a series of revolutionary movements that began in the early 19th century. Key figures like Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Miranda led efforts to unite various regions against Spanish authority. The decisive Battle of Boyacá in August 1819 marked a turning point, resulting in a significant victory for the independence forces. This victory paved the way for the establishment of the Gran Colombia, a republic that included present-day Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama. By December 1819, Colombia officially declared its independence, culminating years of struggle for freedom.

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Gran Colombia-Peru War | 3 Minute History

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Italy gained independence through a series of wars and political maneuvers in the 19th century, known as the Risorgimento. Key figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi, Count Camillo di Cavour, and Giuseppe Mazzini played crucial roles in unifying the various Italian states. The movement gained momentum after the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859, which resulted in the annexation of Lombardy. Garibaldi's expedition in 1860 led to the unification of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies with the northern states. By 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was officially proclaimed, marking the culmination of a long struggle for national unity.

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A Work of Art From  Mexico 1821 Impressionism

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A Work of Art From  Mexico 1821 Impressionism

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A Work of Art From  Mexico 1821 Impressionism

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Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, born in 1753, is celebrated as the "Father of Mexican Independence." An educated priest, he initially served as rector at the Colegio de San Nicolás but faced exile due to his controversial views. In 1803, he became a priest in Dolores, where he engaged in various agricultural and entrepreneurial activities. Hidalgo's quest for independence began on September 16, 1810, when he issued a call to arms against Spanish rule, igniting the Mexican War of Independence. Despite his eventual execution in 1811, his legacy and ideals continued to inspire the movement for Mexico's freedom.

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla is generally regarded as the "Father of Mexican Independence." He was born in a rural area of Guanajuato where his father managed a hacienda. He was an excellent student in both theology and philosophy at the then Colegio de San Nicolás Obispo in present-day Morelia. In 1778 he took clerical orders and in 1791 was named rector of his alma mater. However, shortly thereafter, he was removed from that position and sent into semi-exile to be a curate in the town of Colima. No one knows for sure why he endured this fate, but perhaps his willingness to espouse positions not sanctioned by the Church, might have been a factor.

Finally he made his way back and in 1803 he became the priest for Dolores, a well-to-do town in the silver-rich Bajío area to the north of Mexico City. Dolores was close to the much larger and wealthier town of Guanajuato, which Hidalgo knew well. In Dolores, he started a pottery complex and a brick making plant, grew trees for silkworms, set up a tannery, and cultivated bees, olives, and grapes. He spent whatever additional time he had learning Indian languages, and reading.

Historians cannot pinpoint exactly when Hidalgo accepted the idea that Mexico must become independent from Spain, but they do know he was part of what has become known as the "Querétaro conspiracy" along with his brother Mariano, Ignacio Allende, Juan Aldama and several others. According to legend, at midnight on September 16, Hidalgo waved a banner bearing the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe and proclaimed, "Viva la Independencia; Mueran los Gachupines." ("Long live Independence. Death to the Spaniards."). After taking silver-rich Guanajuato, his army, reckoned to be some 60,000 strong, marched to Valladolid, Morelia. Next Hidalgo's forces went to Toluca in preparation for an assault on the capital itself. On the way, they met the royalists headed by Torcuato Trujillo at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces. The rebels seemingly won that battle, but they took severe casualties, and many deserted. By November 2, Hidalgo gave up on conquering Mexico City and suffered several defeats at Aculco (7 November), Guanajuato (25 November), and Puente de Calderón (17 January). Hidalgo, Ignacio Allende, and others were captured on March 21, 1811 in Coahuila. Hidalgo was sent to Chihuahua where he was stripped of his clerical profession, and executed.

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Independence from Spain to President Porfirio Díaz - The Mexican Revolution and the United States | Exhibitions - Library of Congress

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Various portraits of important people in Mexico during the time period of 1753-1857. Also scans of Important documents in Mexico's fight for independence and formative years.

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A Work of Art From Colombia 1819 Romanticism

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A Work of Art From Colombia 1819 Romanticism

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The Battle of Boyacá, fought on August 7, 1819, marked a crucial victory for South American insurgents led by Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander against Spanish forces, effectively liberating New Granada (modern-day Colombia) from Spanish rule. The rebel army, having previously secured victories in preliminary engagements, executed a strategic assault near the Boyacá River, capturing 1,800 Spanish troops and their commander. Following this decisive encounter, Bolívar entered Bogotá on August 10 and was celebrated as the liberator of the region. He established a provisional government, appointing Santander as vice president, and later proposed the formation of the Republic of Gran Colombia. This victory was a pivotal moment in the broader Latin American independence movement.

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Battle of Boyacá | Independence, Colombia, Simón Bolívar | Britannica

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Battle of Boyacá, (Aug. 7, 1819), in the wars for Latin American independence, encounter near Bogotá that resulted in a victory by South American insurgents over Spanish forces. It freed New Granada (Colombia) from Spanish control. A rebel army of about 3,000 men under generals Simón Bolívar and

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In 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was established, but Giuseppe Garibaldi found himself at odds with the government, particularly with Cavour, and criticized its treatment of soldiers and provincial administration. Despite his political struggles, Garibaldi remained a celebrated figure, receiving offers for military leadership from abroad, including from President Lincoln, which he declined. He undertook several military campaigns, notably against Austria and the Papal States, showcasing his military prowess even after sustaining injuries that left him lame. In his later years, Garibaldi identified as a socialist and championed causes such as labor rights, women's emancipation, and racial equality, while also becoming a pacifist. His legacy as a master of guerrilla warfare and a man of the people significantly contributed to the unification of Italy and ignited a sense of national identity among its citizens.

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John Swift John Swift is a Senior Lecturer in History at the University of Cumbria.

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Giuseppe Garibaldi - Italian Unification, Risorgimento, Hero

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Giuseppe Garibaldi - Italian Unification, Risorgimento, Hero: In 1861 a new kingdom of Italy came into existence, but from the start it found Garibaldi virtually in opposition. Many people regarded him as an embarrassment. He opposed Cavour in parliament and accused the government of shabby treatment of the volunteer soldiers who had conquered half the country and given it to the king.