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Utilizar la plataforma Tinkercad para diseñar circuitos eléctricos básicos. Los estudiantes crearán circuitos de serie y paralelo usando componentes virtuales.

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Introduction to Tinkercad Circuits (Lesson #4)

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Usando componentes electrónicos proporcionados en clase, cada estudiante construirá un circuito básico que enciende un LED. Se fomentará el uso de resistencias para controlar el flujo de corriente.

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Investigar cómo funcionan los microcontroladores como Arduino. Crear una presentación sobre aplicaciones prácticas y futuro de esta tecnología.

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Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator (CSTCE16M0V53-R0), a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to supp

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Los estudiantes investigarán sobre innovaciones en energía renovable enfocándose en dispositivos electrónicos. Prepararán un informe sobre cómo estas innovaciones pueden integrar componentes eléctricos.

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Realizar experimentos con multímetros para medir la resistencia de varios componentes electrónicos como resistencias y bombillas.

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How to Measure Resistance with a Multimeter

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Crear un electroscopio casero utilizando materiales simples para estudiar la carga estática y su interacción con los componentes electrónicos.

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Presentar a los estudiantes con circuitos electrónicos complejos y pedirles que resuelvan los valores de resistencia, voltaje y corriente usando leyes de Ohm y Kirchoff.

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Diseñar un circuito con errores comunes y pedir a los estudiantes que diagnostiquen y resuelvan los problemas para que funcione correctamente.

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Troubleshooting is the process of isolating and identifying a fault in something so that it can be repaired. There are lots of variables to consider when troubleshooting a faulty electronic circuit. In this article we will look at the techniques I have developed to troubleshoot electronic circuits from over 50 years in the electronics industry.

Adopt a Troubleshooting Mindset

A wise old technician I worked with taught me to use my senses before I take out any tools:

Look: Most problems can be found by just having a thorough look at the problem. This may include loose, missing, or misplaced components, burned components, solder splatter, loose bits of wire, and broken PCB traces.

Smell: Burned components have a nasty and characteristic smell and will often be discolored or outright carbonized. Also, the PCB under the component may be discolored.

Feel: Feel for any excessively hot components. Be careful not to burn your finger though. If anything is so hot it burns you, it is probably a problem.

Troubleshooting Tools

Continuity testers

A continuity tester (found on most multimeters) will allow you to check if there is a break or short in the circuit. Continuity testers apply a voltage across a pair of test probes and measure the current in the circuit. If no current is detected (indicating a short circuit), the continuity tester sounds an audible alarm.

Multimeters

A multimeter is used to measure voltage, resistance, and current. It's good to have both a digital multimeter and an analog multimeter on hand, as they each have different applications.

Oscilloscopes

An oscilloscope is almost indispensable. Oscilloscopes let you to get high resolution look at the electronic signals flowing through your circuit.

Soldering tools

A soldering station or soldering iron is needed to repair solder joints and replace damaged components. A solder sucker or a solder wick can be used to remove the solder joints of faulty components.

Other tools

An X-Acto knife with sharp blades is useful for cutting wires and PCB traces.

To get more ideas on building up your electronics workshop, check out our article on How to Build an Electronics Work Bench.

How to Troubleshoot a Circuit

These are the things I check before diving deep into troubleshooting a circuit:

Does the PCB or breadboard match the circuit diagram?

Does the circuit have power?

Is the circuit getting the correct voltage?

Is the power supply connected the right way around?

Are all ICs, transistors, and diodes the correct type?

Are all resistors and capacitors the correct value?

Are all polarized components (electrolytic capacitors, diodes, LEDs, etc.) connected the right way around?

Do all of the solder joints have a good electrical connection?

Are there any broken traces on the PCB?

Suspect any component that moves or has an interaction with a user. For example, components like potentiometers, switches, and push buttons can become fatigued at the solder joint to the PCB.

Motors have brushes and commutators that wear out.

Look for and test any fuses in the circuit. A fuse may look okay, but you can never be sure until you test it with a continuity tester.

Look for any cut, cracked, or burned PCB traces. Hold the PCB up to strong light to help identify these.

If the device is older than 30 years and has electrolytic capacitors, it is likely that they have dried out and become shorted. Replace them with equivalent values.

Older semiconductors (ICs, transistors, and diodes) are usually okay unless they have been stressed by lightning or overheating.

All of the above troubleshooting is purely visual, and you will often find the problem quickly. But if the circuit still does not work, it's time to engage your main tools-logic and reason.

Advanced Troubleshooting

A good place to start is by powering the circuit with a bench power supply with a current limit control. Set the voltage to the right amount and set the current limit to 100mA. Power up the circuit. If the current goes up to 100mA and the voltage goes to zero, you have a short circuit.

Next, check the transistors. Measure the voltage between the emitter and the base. The voltage should be close to 0.6V. The voltage between the collector and ground should be between half and full voltage if the transistor is off. The voltage should be close to zero if the transistor is on. If this is not the case, there could be a problem with the transistor.

Check the power supply. Measure the power supply output voltage with a multimeter to make sure it's providing the correct voltage. Connect an oscilloscope to see if there are any hums, spikes, or glitches. Make sure there are adequate power supply decoupling capacitors for both high and low frequencies (0.1 uF and 100 uF capacitors).

If the circuit is digital, check that the logic levels are correct for the logic family in use. If the circuit has a CMOS chip, make sure all of the unused inputs are grounded.

If the circuit is still not working, it's time to recheck if you understand how it was supposed to work, and if there could be some higher level design flaws.

If you have done all the above diligently and the circuit still won't work, pack it away and come back tomorrow. Remarkably, this often works-taking a step back for a while gives your brain a chance to mull over the problem and think outside the box for a solution.

Often getting a new project to work will need patience and perseverance. Repairing previously working devices is more difficult, especially if the device has complex electronics and you cannot find a circuit diagram. But remember these two rules: suspect the power source first, then look, smell, and feel.

Hope this article has given you some ideas on how to troubleshoot circuits. Leave a comment below if you have any questions!

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Troubleshooting is the process of isolating and identifying a fault in something so that it can be repaired. There are lots of variables to consider when troubleshooting a faulty electronic circuit. In this article we will look at the techniques I have developed to troubleshoot electronic circuits from over 50 years in the electronics industry.

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Organizar una feria de proyectos donde los estudiantes trabajan en equipos para crear un proyecto innovador usando componentes electrónicos y lo presentan a sus compañeros.

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Círculo de Discusión sobre Ética Electrónica

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Círculo de Discusión sobre Ética Electrónica

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Facilitar un círculo de discusión para hablar sobre el impacto ético del uso de la electrónica en la sociedad moderna, considerando tanto las oportunidades como los riesgos.

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Ethics certainly creates a buzz in the business world. Ethical issues such as how we treat others, use information, engage with employees, manage resources, approach sustainability, and impact the world around us all affect how we view companies. In fact, the inappropriate treatment of people and the communities we live in are often the subject of scrutiny and can signal the difference between business success or failure. That's why businesses (even tech giants such as Microsoft) often strive for ethical decision making and practices.

Most Important Ethical Issues in Technology

Businesses today are faced with several ethical challenges. Critical decisions have to be made to ensure we are protecting personal freedoms and using data appropriately. Which ethical issues are the most important in 2023? Here are the top five.

Misuse of Personal Information

One of the primary ethical dilemmas in our technologically empowered age revolves around how businesses use personal information. As we browse internet sites, make online purchases, enter our information on websites, engage with different businesses online and participate in social media, we are constantly providing personal details. Companies often gather information to hyper-personalize our online experiences, but to what extent is that information actually impeding our right to privacy?

Personal information is the new gold, as the saying goes. We have commoditized data because of the value it provides to businesses attempting to reach their consumer base. But when does it go too far? For businesses, it's extremely valuable to know what kind of products are being searched for and what type of content people are consuming the most. For political figures, it's important to know what kind of social or legal issues are getting the most attention. These valuable data points are often exploited so that businesses or entities can make money or advance their goals. Facebook in particular has come under fire several times over the years for selling personal data it gathers on its platform.

Misinformation and Deep Fakes

One thing that became evident during the 2016 and 2020 U.S. presidential elections was the potential of misinformation to gain a wider support base. The effect created polarization that has had wide-reaching effects on global economic and political environments.

In contrast to how information was accessed prior to the internet, we are constantly flooded with real-time events and news as it breaks. Celebrities and political figures can disseminate opinions on social media without fact checking, which is then aggregated and further spread despite its accuracy-or inaccuracy. Information no longer undergoes the strenuous validation process that we formerly used to publish newspapers and books.

Similarly, we used to believe that video told a story that was undeniably rooted in truth. But deepfake technology now allows such a sophisticated manipulation of digital imagery that people appear to be saying and doing things that never happened. The potential for privacy invasion and misuse of identity is very high with the use of this technology.

Lack of Oversight and Acceptance of Responsibility

Most companies operate with a hybrid stack, comprised of a blend of third-party and owned technology. As a result, there is often some confusion about where responsibility lies when it comes to governance, use of big data, cybersecurity concerns and managing personally identifiable information or PII. Whose responsibility is it really to ensure data is protected? If you engage a third party for software that processes payments, do you bear any responsibility if credit card details are breached? The fact is that it's everyone's job. Businesses need to adopt a perspective where all collective parties share responsibility.

Similarly, many experts lobby for a global approach to governance, arguing that local policing is resulting in fractured policy making and a widespread mismanagement of data. Similar to climate change, we need to band together if we truly want to see improvement.

Use of AI

Artificial intelligence certainly offers great business potential. But, at what point do AI systems cross an ethical line into dangerous territory?

Facial recognition: Use of software to find individuals can quickly become a less-than-ethical problem. According to the NY Times, there are various concerns about facial recognition, such as misuse, racial bias and restriction of personal freedoms. The ability to track movements and activity quickly morphs into a lack of privacy. Facial recognition also isn't foolproof and can create bias in certain situations.

Replacement of jobs: While this is anticipated to a certain degree, AI is meant to increase automation of low-level tasks in many situations so that human resources can be used on more strategic initiatives and complicated job duties. The large-scale elimination of jobs has many workers concerned about job security, but AI is more likely to lead to job creation.

Health tracking: The pandemic brought contact tracing into the mainstream. Is it ethical to track the health status of people and how will that impact the limitations we place on them?

Bias in AI technology: Technology is built by programmers and inherits the bias of its creators because humans inherently have bias. "Technology is inherently flawed. Does it even matter who developed the algorithms? AI systems learn to make decisions based on training and coding data, which can be tainted by human bias or reflect historical or social inequities," according to Forbes. Leading AI developer Google has even experienced an issue where AI software believes male nurses and female historians do not exist.

Autonomous Technology

Self-driving cars, robotic weapons and drones for service are no longer a thing of the future-they're a thing of the present and they come with ethical dilemmas. Robotic machines in place of human soldiers is a very real possibility, along with self-driving cars and package delivery via unmanned drone.

Autonomous technology packs a punch when it comes to business potential, but there is significant concern that comes with allowing programmed technology to operate seemingly without needed oversight. It's a frequently mentioned ethical concern that we trust our technology too much without fully understanding it.

Ethical Practices in Technology

Unlike business ethics, ethical technology is about ensuring there is a moral relationship that exists between technology and users.

Respect for Employees and Customers

Businesses that engage in ethical technology have a firm moral sense of employee rights and customer protections. Data is valuable, but the employees and customers who power your business are undoubtedly your greatest asset. Take care to always observe responsible protections for employees and customers to practice ethical technology.

Moral Use of Data and Resources

Data is undoubtedly something of value for businesses. It allows companies to target their marketing strategies and refine product offerings, but it can also be an invasive use of privacy bringing many ethical considerations to the forefront. Data protection measures and compliance procedures can help ensure that data isn't leaked or used inappropriately.

Responsible Adoption of Disruptive Tech

Digital growth is a business reality. Disruptive tech often isn't just a way to outpace the competition-it's the only way to break even. But embracing new technologies doesn't have to coincide with an ethical challenge. Do your due diligence to ensure that the technology you adopt has protections in place and you'll be well on your way to practicing ethical tech.

Create a Culture of Responsibility

Ultimately, we need to create a culture of responsibility within technology. If the information technology workforce and industry giants believe they are responsible for the safe and ethical usage of technology, then we will see more governance and fair use of data.

Emerging ethical dilemmas in science and technology

New ethical problems regarding the use of science and technology are always arising. When is it right to use science and technology to apply to real-life scenarios and when does it impede human rights?

Health tracking and the digital twin dilemma: Should organizations be able to create your twin in code and experiment on it to advance healthcare initiatives? And when does that become a practice of exploitation?

Neurotechnology and privacy: Neurotechnology is nothing new, but new advances allowing the use of technology to gradually change behavior or thought patterns poses severe questions about privacy.

Genetic engineering: While possessing great potential for human health and the recovery from damaging genetic mutations, there are considerable ethical considerations that surround the editing of the human genome.

Weaponization of technology: While there is a lessened chance for loss of life, there are sincere ethical problems with weaponizing technology. At what point do we trust our technology to fight a war for us?

Ethical decisions in technology should not be taken lightly. If we believe that technology can help to solve the world's problems, addressing the ethics involved is the only way to us get there.

Connect with industry peers and participate in conversations about the technology topics that matter most. Learn more about CompTIA Communities.

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5 Ethical Issues in Technology to Watch for in 2023

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Businesses are faced with many ethical challenges, particularly when it comes to the use of technology. Critical decisions must be made to ensure we are protecting privacy and using data appropriately. Which ethical issues are most important in 2023? Here are the top five.