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Rivas, C. (2025, April 8). Hábitos de sueño en estudiantes: ¿Cómo duermen los jóvenes hoy en día? Autarsis. https://autarsis.com/habitos-de-sueno-en-estudiantes-como-duermen-los-jovenes-hoy-en-dia/

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Hábitos de sueño en estudiantes: ¿cómo duermen los jóvenes hoy en día?

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¿Alguna vez te has preguntado cómo duermen los estudiantes hoy en día? Con la creciente presión académica, social y tecnológica, los jóvenes enfrentan más

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Kairos. (2023, October 17). Cómo despertar TEMPRANO sin sentirte cansado - ¡5 Hábitos para dormir bien! [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RF17EQ8Ufj0

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Cómo despertar TEMPRANO sin sentirte cansado - ¡5 Hábitos para dormir bien!

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Aguirre, C. (n.d.). ¿Cuáles podrían ser las consecuencias de no dormir? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=czCphrEerwg

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¿Cuáles podrían ser las consecuencias de no dormir? - Claudia Aguirre

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addiction problems with technology before sleeping

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addiction problems with technology before sleeping

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Vanderbilt University. (2020, March 25). How to learn effectively: Insights from cognitive psychology [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1V0rDSTC9I&t=1s

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This Sleep Questionnaire assesses your sleep quality, identifying potential issues like insomnia, daytime sleepiness, or sleep disorders. Your answers help detect habits that can be improved to optimize your rest and well-being. 🌙😴

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KidsHealth. (n.d.). Sleep: The teen guide to getting enough sleep. Nemours. https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/sleep.html

You can find some videos to help you to fall asleep

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Many teens don't get enough sleep, usually because they're busy and tend to skimp on sleep. But sleep problems can keep some teens awake at night even when they want to sleep.

Over time, those nights of missed sleep (whether they're caused by a sleep disorder or simply not scheduling enough time for the necessary ZZZs) can build into a sleep deficit. People with a sleep deficit are unable to concentrate, study, and work effectively. They can also have emotional problems, like depression.

What Happens During Sleep?

You don't notice it, of course, but while you're asleep, your brain is still active. As people sleep, their brains pass through five stages of sleep. Together, stages 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM (rapid eye movement) sleep make up a sleep cycle. One complete sleep cycle lasts about 90 to 100 minutes. So during an average night's sleep, a person will experience about four or five cycles of sleep.

Stages 1 and 2 are periods of light sleep from which a person can wake up easily. During these stages, eye movements slow down and eventually stop, heart and breathing rates slow down, and body temperature decreases. Stages 3 and 4 are deep sleep stages. It's more difficult to awaken someone during these stages, and when awakened, a person will often feel groggy and confused for a few minutes. Stages 3 and 4 are the most refreshing of the sleep stages - it is this type of sleep that we crave when we are very tired.

The final stage of the sleep cycle is known as REM sleep because of the rapid eye movements that occur during this stage. During REM sleep, other physical changes take place - breathing becomes rapid, the heart beats faster, and the limb muscles don't move. This is the stage of sleep when a person has the most vivid dreams.

Why Do Teens Have Trouble Sleeping?

Research shows that teens need at least 8½ hours of sleep a night. You don't need to be a math whiz to figure out that if you wake up for school at 6:00 a.m., you'd have to go to bed at 9:00 p.m. to reach the 9-hour mark. Studies have found that many teens have trouble falling asleep that early, though. It's not because they don't want to sleep. It's because their brains naturally work on later schedules and aren't ready for bed.

During adolescence, the body's

circadian rhythm (sort of like an internal biological clock) is reset, telling a teen to fall asleep later at night and wake up later in the morning. This change in the circadian rhythm seems to happen because a teen's brain makes the hormone melatonin later at night than the brains of kids and adults do. (Melatonin and another hormone, serotonin, help regulate a person's sleep-wake cycles.)

So, teens have a harder time falling asleep. Sometimes this delay in the sleep-wake cycle is so severe that it affects a person's daily activities. In those cases it's called delayed sleep phase syndrome or "night owl" syndrome.

This isn't the only reason teens lose sleep, though. Lots of people have insomnia - trouble falling or staying asleep. The most common cause of insomnia is stress. But all sorts of things can lead to insomnia, including physical discomfort (the stuffy nose of a cold or the pain of a headache, for example), emotional troubles (like family problems or relationship difficulties), and even an uncomfortable sleeping environment (a room that's too hot, cold, bright, or noisy). Exposing your eyes to excessive light at night - through mobile devices, for instance - also makes it harder to sleep.

It's common for everyone to have insomnia from time to time. But if insomnia lasts for a month or longer with no relief, then doctors call it chronic. Chronic insomnia can be caused by a number of different problems, including medical conditions, mental-health problems, medication side effects, or substance abuse. People with chronic insomnia usually can get help for it from a doctor, therapist, or other counselor.

Worrying about the insomnia can make it even worse for some people. A brief period of insomnia can build into something longer lasting when a person becomes anxious about not sleeping or worried about feeling tired the next day. Doctors call this psychophysiologic insomnia.

Common sleep problems include:

PLMD and RLS

People with periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD) or restless legs syndrome (RLS) find their sleep is disrupted by leg (or, less commonly, arm) movements, leaving them tired or irritable from lack of sleep.

In the case of PLMD, these movements are involuntary twitches or jerks: They're called involuntary because the person isn't consciously controlling them and is often unaware of the movement.

People with RLS actually feel physical sensations in their limbs, such as tingling, itching, cramping, or burning. The only way they can relieve these feelings is by moving their legs or arms to get rid of the discomfort.

Doctors can treat PLMD and RLS. For some people, treating an iron deficiency can make them go away; others might need to take other types of medication.

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A person with obstructive sleep apnea temporarily stops breathing during sleep because the airway becomes narrowed or blocked. One common cause of obstructive sleep apnea is enlarged tonsils or adenoids (tissues located in the passage that connects the nose and throat). Being overweight or obese also can put someone at risk for it.

People with this sleep disorder may snore, have difficulty breathing, and even sweat heavily during sleep. Because it disrupts sleep, a person may feel extremely sleepy or irritable during the day. People who show signs of obstructive sleep apnea, such as loud snoring or excessive daytime sleepiness, should talk to their doctor.

Reflux

In gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), stomach acid moves backward up into the esophagus, producing the uncomfortable, burning sensation known as heartburn. GERD symptoms can be worse when someone is lying down. Even if a person doesn't notice the feelings of heartburn during sleep, the discomfort it causes can still interfere with the sleep cycle.

Nightmares

Most teens have nightmares once in a while. But frequent nightmares can disrupt sleep patterns by waking someone during the night. The most common triggers for more frequent nightmares are emotional, such as stress or anxiety. Other things that can trigger them include certain medicines, and consuming drugs or alcohol. Sleep deprivation (getting too little sleep) also can lead to nightmares.

If nightmares are hurting your sleep, it's a good idea to talk to a parent, doctor, or counselor.

Narcolepsy

People with narcolepsy are often very sleepy during the day and have sleep "attacks" that may make them suddenly fall asleep, lose muscle control, or see vivid dreamlike images while dozing off or waking up. Someone's nighttime sleep may be disrupted, with frequent awakenings throughout the night.

Narcolepsy can be disturbing because people fall asleep without warning, making it hazardous to do things like drive. A person's school, work, or social life can be affected by the unusual sleep patterns.

Narcolepsy isn't common diagnosed in teens, but many cases go unrecognized. People usually first begin to have symptoms between the ages of 10 and 25, but may not be properly diagnosed until 10-15 years later. Doctors usually treat narcolepsy with medicines and lifestyle changes.

Sleepwalking

It's rare for teens to walk in their sleep; most sleepwalkers are kids. Sleepwalking, which may run in families, tends to happen most often when a person is sick, has a fever, is not getting enough sleep, or is feeling stress.

Because most sleepwalkers don't sleepwalk often, it's not usually a serious problem. Sleepwalkers tend to go back to bed on their own and don't usually remember sleepwalking. (Sleepwalking often happens during the deeper sleep that takes place during stages 3 and 4 of the sleep cycle.)

Sometimes, though, a sleepwalker will need help moving around obstacles and getting back to bed. It's also true that waking sleepwalkers can startle them (but it isn't harmful), so try to guide a sleepwalker back to bed gently.

What Should I Do?

If you think you're getting enough rest at night and you're still feeling tired during the day, it's a good idea to visit your doctor. Excessive tiredness can be caused by all sorts of health problems, not just problems with sleep.

If a sleep problem is suspected, your doctor will look at your overall health and sleep habits. In addition to doing a physical examination, the doctor will take your medical history by asking you about any concerns and symptoms you have, your past health, your family's health, any medications you're taking, any allergies you may have, and other issues.

The doctor also might do tests to find out whether any conditions - such as obstructive sleep apnea - might be interfering with your sleep.

Treatment for sleep problems can vary. Some can be treated with medicines, while others can be helped with special techniques like light therapy (where someone sits in front of a lightbox for a certain amount of time each day) or other practices that can help reset a person's body clock.

Doctors also encourage teens to make lifestyle changes that promote good sleeping habits. You probably know that caffeine can keep you awake, but many teens don't realize that texting and using mobile devices, playing video games, or watching TV before sleeping can, too.

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Many teens don't get enough sleep, usually because they're busy and tend to skimp on sleep. But sleep problems can keep some teens awake at night even when they want to sleep. Over time, those nights of missed sleep (whether they're caused by a sleep disorder or simply not scheduling enough time for the necessary ZZZs) can build into a sleep deficit.

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1jour1question. (2015). À quoi ça sert dormir ? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4yggy1N3jQ8&t=2s

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À quoi ça sert de dormir ? - 1 jour, 1 question

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Kwartler, D. (n.d.). What causes insomnia? [Video]. TED-Ed. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5Sl8LyI7k8​

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National Sleep Foundation. (n.d.). Teens and sleep. Sleep Foundation. Retrieved April 7, 2025, from https://www.sleepfoundation.org/teens-and-sleep

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Every teenager is different, though, and some teens need more than the recommended amount of sleep per night while others may require less.

Sleep is vital for people of any age. But especially in teens, profound mental, physical, social, and emotional development requires quality sleep.

Thinking and Academic Achievement

Given the importance of sleep for brain function, it is easy to see why teens who do not get enough sleep tend to suffer from excessive drowsiness and that can harm their academic performance.

Emotional Health

Most people have experienced how lack of sleep can affect mood, causing irritability and exaggerated emotional reactions. Over time, the consequences can be even greater for teens who are adapting to more independence, responsibility, and new social relationships.

Prolonged sleep loss may negatively affect , increasing risks for interpersonal conflict as well as more serious mental health problems.

Sleep-deprived teens are anxiety, depression, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Improving sleep in adolescents may play a role in preventing and managing these mental health conditions.

Physical Health and Development

Sleep contributes to the effective function of virtually every system of the body. It empowers the immune system, helps regulate hormones, and enables muscle and tissue recovery.

Substantial physical development happens during adolescence, which can be negatively affected by a lack of sleep. For example, researchers have found that adolescents who fail to get enough sleep have a troubling , evaluated through blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and other factors. These findings may put them at higher risk of diabetes and long-term cardiovascular problems.

Decision-Making and Risky Behavior

Sleep deprivation can affect the development of the frontal lobe, a part of the brain that is critical to control impulsive behavior. Not surprisingly, numerous studies have found that teens who do not get enough sleep are more likely to engage in like drunk driving, texting while driving, riding a bicycle without a helmet, and failing to use a seatbelt. Drug and alcohol use, smoking, risky sexual behavior, fighting, and carrying a weapon are also in teens who get too little sleep.

Behavioral problems can have widespread effects on a teenager's life, putting their safety in jeopardy, harming their academic performance, and sometimes damaging their relationships with family and friends.

Accidents and Injuries

Insufficient sleep in teens can make them prone to accidental injury and even death. Of particular concern is an elevated risk of accidents as a result of drowsy driving. Studies have found that sleep deprivation can reduce reaction times with an effect similar to that of significant alcohol consumption. In teens, the impact of drowsy driving can be amplified by a lack of driving experience and a higher rate of distracted driving.

By almost all accounts, many teenagers in America are not getting the recommended 8 to 10 hours of sleep per night. Around 6 out of 10 middle schoolers and 7 out of 10 high schoolers on school nights.

Insufficient sleep has been found to be higher among girls and people assigned female at birth. Older teens report getting less sleep than younger adolescents. Surveys have also found that teens who identify as Black, Asian, or multiracial have the highest rates of sleeping less than eight hours per night.

There is not one specific reason for sleep insufficiency among teens. Instead, several factors contribute to this problem, and these factors may vary from teenager to teenager.

Delayed Sleep Schedule and School Start Times

Adolescents develop a strong tendency toward being a "night owl," staying up later at night and sleeping longer into the morning. Experts believe this is a two-fold biological impulse affecting the circadian rhythm and sleep-wake cycle of teens.

First, teens have a sleep drive that builds more slowly, which means they do not start to feel tired until later in the evening. Second, the body starts producing melatonin later in the day, which is the hormone that helps promote sleep.

If allowed to sleep on their own schedule, many teens would get eight hours or more per night, sleeping from 11 p.m. or midnight until 8 a.m. or 9 a.m., but school start times in most school districts force teens to wake up much earlier in the morning. Because of the biological delay in their sleep-wake cycle, many teens simply are not able to fall asleep early enough to get eight or more hours of sleep and still arrive at school on time.

With reduced sleep on weekdays, teens may try to catch up by sleeping in on the weekend, but this can exacerbate their delayed sleep schedule and inconsistent nightly rest.

Time Demands

Many teenagers have a jam-packed weekly schedule. School assignments, work obligations, household chores, social life, community activities, and sports are just some of the things that can require their time and attention.

With so much to try to fit into each day, many teens do not allocate sufficient time for sleep. They may stay up late during the week to finish homework or during the weekend when hanging out with friends, both of which can reinforce their night owl schedule.

Additionally, pressure to succeed while managing these extensive commitments can be stressful, and stress has been known to contribute to sleeping problems and insomnia.

Use of Electronic Devices

Screen time late into the evening can contribute to sleeping problems. Using these devices can be stimulating, and incoming notifications can disrupt sleep. Evidence also points to suppressed melatonin production from exposure to the light from smartphones.

Sleep Disorders

Some teens have poor sleep because of an underlying sleep disorder. Adolescents can be affected by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which causes repeated pauses in breathing during sleep. OSA frequently causes fragmented sleep and excessive daytime sleepiness.

Though less common, teens can have sleep disorders like restless legs syndrome, which involves a strong urge to move the limbs when lying down, or narcolepsy, which is a disorder affecting the sleep-wake cycle.

Mental Health Conditions

Mental health conditions like anxiety and depression can be a challenge to quality sleep in teens as well as adults. Insufficient sleep can contribute to these conditions as well, creating a bidirectional relationship that can worsen both sleep and emotional wellness.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Teens who are having sleep problems should start by talking with their doctor about how much sleep they are getting and how it impacts their daily life. Their pediatrician can work to identify any underlying causes and craft the most appropriate and tailored treatment.

Depending on the cause of sleep problems, medications may be considered; however, in most cases, treatment with medications isn't necessary for teens to get better sleep.

A beneficial step is for teens to review and improve their sleep hygiene, which includes their sleep environment and habits. Some healthy sleep tips that can help in this process include:

Budgeting eight hours of sleep into your daily schedule and keeping that same schedule on both weekdays and weekends.

Creating a consistent pre-bed routine to help with relaxation and falling asleep fast.

Avoiding caffeine and energy drinks, especially in the afternoon and evening.

Putting away electronic devices for at least a half-hour before bed and keeping them on silent mode to avoid checking them during the night.

Setting up your bed with a supportive mattress that's the best mattress for you. And don't forget to bring your best pillow.

Keeping your bedroom cool, dark, and quiet.

Sleep hygiene modifications may be included in cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), a form of talk therapy for sleeping problems that has demonstrated effectiveness in adults and may be helpful to teens. CBT-I works by reshaping negative ideas and thoughts about sleep and implementing practical steps for better sleep routines.

How Can Parents Help Teens Get Better Sleep?

For many parents and caregivers, a first step is asking their teenage children about their sleep. Encourage teens to see a doctor while also working with them to make gradual sleep hygiene improvements. Some research has found that teens whose parents set a firm bedtime get more sleep and have .

Parents and caregivers can also work with their teens to avoid overscheduling and balance commitments that can generate stress with maintaining adequate time for sleep.

Learn more about our Editorial Team

References

1. Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., D'Ambrosio, C., Hall, W. A., Kotagal, S., Lloyd, R. M., Malow, B. A., Maski, K., Nichols, C., Quan, S. F., Rosen, C. L., Troester, M. M., & Wise, M. S. (2016). Consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine on the recommended amount of sleep for healthy children: Methodology and discussion. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(11), 1549-1561.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27707447/

2. Sio, U. N., Monaghan, P., & Ormerod, T. (2013). Sleep on it, but only if it is difficult: effects of sleep on problem solving. Memory & cognition, 41(2), 159-166.
http://link.springer.com/10.3758/s13421-012-0256-7

3. Perez-Lloret, S., Videla, A. J., Richaudeau, A., Vigo, D., Rossi, M., Cardinali, D. P., & Perez-Chada, D. (2013). A multi-step pathway connecting short sleep duration to daytime somnolence, reduced attention, and poor academic performance: An exploratory cross-sectional study in teenagers. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 9(5), 469-473.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23674938/

4. McMakin, D. L., Dahl, R. E., Buysse, D. J., Cousins, J. C., Forbes, E. E., Silk, J. S., Siegle, G. J., & Franzen, P. L. (2016). The impact of experimental sleep restriction on affective functioning in social and nonsocial contexts among adolescents. Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 57(9), 1027-1037.
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpp.12568

5. Roberts, R. E., & Duong, H. T. (2014). The prospective association between sleep deprivation and depression among adolescents. Sleep, 37(2), 239-244.
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6. Cespedes Feliciano, E. M., Quante, M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Redline, S., Oken, E., & Taveras, E. M. (2018). Objective Sleep Characteristics and Cardiometabolic Health in Young Adolescents. Pediatrics, 142(1), e20174085.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29907703/

7. Wheaton, A. G., Olsen, E. O., Miller, G. F., & Croft, J. B. (2016). Sleep duration and injury-related risk behaviors among high school students-United States, 2007-2013. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65(13), 337-341.
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8. Meldrum, R. C., & Restivo, E. (2014). The behavioral and health consequences of sleep deprivation among U.S. high school students: relative deprivation matters. Preventive medicine, 63, 24-28.
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Too many teens get insufficient sleep. Learn about the importance of sleep for teens, challenges to getting the sleep they need, and steps to sleep better.

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Nemours KidsHealth. (n.d.). How much sleep do I need? KidsHealth. https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/how-much-sleep.html

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How Much Sleep Do I Need?

Most teens need about 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night. Getting the right amount of sleep is important for anyone who wants to do well on a test or play their best in sports. Unfortunately, many teens don't get enough sleep.

Why Don't Teens Get Enough Sleep?

Teens often got a bad rap for staying up late, oversleeping for school, and falling asleep in class. But teen sleep patterns are different from those of adults or younger kids.

During the teen years, the body's

circadianrhythm (an internal biological clock) is reset, telling a person to fall asleep later and wake up later. This change is likely due to the brain hormone melatonin, which is released later at night for teens than it is for kids and adults. This can make it harder for teens to fall asleep early.

Changes in the body's circadian rhythm coincide with a busy time in life. For most teens, the pressure to do well in school is more intense and it's harder to get by without studying hard. And teens have other time demands - everything from sports and other extracurricular activities to working a part-time job. Using electronics - including phones, tablets, and computers - also makes it hard to fall sleep. Many teens are up late texting friends, playing games, and watching videos.

Early school start times also play a role in lost sleep. Teens who fall asleep after midnight still have to get up early for school, meaning that they might squeeze in only 6 or 7 hours, or less, of sleep a night. A few hours of missed sleep a night may not seem like a big deal, but it can create a noticeable sleep deficit over time.

Why Is Sleep Important?

Sleep is important for you to be at your best. Teens need sleep to:

pay attention and learn in school

improve athletic performance

grow and develop normally

be healthy

Lost sleep can lead to poor grades, relationship problems, and drowsy driving. Falling asleep while driving can cause serious car accidents.

People with ongoing sleep deficits can have:

health problems, like heart disease and obesity

trouble fighting infections

emotional problems, like depression

Am I Getting Enough Sleep?

Even if you think you're getting enough sleep, you might not be. You may need more sleep if you:

have a hard time waking up in the morning

have trouble concentrating

are falling asleep during classes

feel irritable, moody, sad, or depressed

How Can I Get More Sleep?

Here are some things that may help you to sleep better:

Set regular bed and wake up times. Try to stick to your sleep schedule, within an hour or two, even on weekends.

Exercise regularly. Regular exercise can help you sleep better. Try not to exercise right before bed, though. Exercise can rev you up and make it harder to fall asleep.

Avoid caffeine. Don't drink beverages with caffeine, such as soda, tea, and coffee, after dinner. Nicotine ( smoking and vaping) and alcohol in the evening can make a person restless and interrupt sleep.

Unwind by keeping the lights low. Light signals the brain that it's time to wake up. Staying away from bright lights (including device screens), listening to soothing music, or meditating before bed can help your body relax.

Turn off electronics. Don't use your phone (including texting), tablets, computer, or TV at least 1 hour before you go to bed.

Don't nap too much. Naps of more than 30 minutes during the day and naps too close to bedtime may keep you from falling asleep later.

Create the right sleeping environment. People sleep best in a dark room that is slightly on the cool side. Use a nature sounds or white-noise machine (or app) if you need to block out a noisy environment.

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Most teens need about 8 to 10 hours of sleep each night. Getting the right amount of sleep is important for anyone who wants to do well on a test or play their best in sports. Unfortunately, many teens don't get enough sleep.

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Written by Sofía Moreno Muriel

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By Salvador Rodríguez