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Dates: December 1937 to January 1938

Deaths: 200,000 to 300,000 civilians and disarmed soldiers were killed.

Sexual Violence: 20,000 to 80,000 women and girls were raped.

Damages: looting, arson, and destruction of property

Source : https://www.britannica.com/event/Second-Sino-Japanese-War https://www.history.com/articles/nanjing-massacre https://sfi.usc.edu/collection s/nanjing-massacre

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Dates: Written on January 18, 1919, took effect on January 10, 1920.

Signed between the Allied Powers and Germany.

Reparations: Germany was required to pay 33 billion dollars in payments.

Military Restrictions: Germany was limited to 100,000 troops.

- tanks, submarines, and/or air forces were prohibited.

-The Rhineland was demilitarized.

Germany's people found this treaty humiliating, which sparked a lot of their already stimulating aggression.

Source : https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919

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Dates: September 1 to October 5, 1939

Germany's Strategy: Germany used "lightning war," a fast and synchronized attack with tanks, aircraft, and troops.

Soviet invasion: The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east .

Warsaw Falls: Warsaw surrendered.

Casualties & Losses:

- Poland : 66,000 killed , 130,000 wounded, and 400,000 captured.

- German : 14,000 killed and 30,000 wounded

Source : https://www.britannica.com/event/Invasion-of-Poland

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Dates: April 20 to May 2, 1945

German Defenses: Germany was outnumbered and relied on inexperienced soldiers, including Hitler Youth.

Encirclement of Berlin: Soviet forces had surrounded Berlin, cutting it off from the rest of Germany.

Hitler's Suicide: Adolf Hitler committed suicide in his bunker on April 30th,1945.

German surrender in Berlin -

General Weidling surrendered to the Soviets shortly after Adolf Hitler's death.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Battle-of-Berlin

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dates: August 1942 to 1945

training carriers: Two transferred paddlewheel steamers, the USS Wolverine and USS Sable, were refurbished to be freshwater aircraft carriers.

pilot training: 120,000 successful landings and about 15,000 qualified

Aircraft Accidents and Recovery: 200 aircraft were lost during their training and are still being discovered to this day.

Significance to WWII: This training helped soldiers in America to fight with aircraft during WWII

sources: https://www.history.navy.mil/research/underwater-archaeology/sites-and-projects/aircraft-wrecksites/aircraft-wrecks-in-lake-michigan.html# https://avi-8.com/blogs/the-aviation-journal/dogfights-in-the-pacific-legendary-aerial-battles-of-world-war-ii?srsltid=AfmBOopYpZy_hW8SZeFRY1M

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Secret WWII pilot training on Lake Michigan chronicled in new film

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Heroes on Deck, a one-hour documentary film by Emmy Award-winning and Kalamazoo College alumnus John Davies, will have its world premiere here Tuesday.

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Dates: October 3, 1935 to May 5, 1936

Italian expansionism: Their leader wanted to expand their empire to avenge their first defeat in 1896.

Haile Selassie's Appeal: The Ethiopian emperor gave a famous speech to the League of Nations to warn them that unresolved aggression can cause a larger war.

Brave Soldiers: African American men from the United States flew to Ethiopia to help protect and serve their people.

Source: https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/ethiopia-invaded/

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Date: September 2, 1945

Instrument of Surrender: This document is a surrender signed by Japan agreeing to the required terms.

Terms of surrender: Japan was placed under U.S. occupation and had to accept unconditional surrender.

officializing the document: Col.Bernard Thielen brought the original and a copy of The Instrument of Surrender to The White House to have it finalized.

Their surrender ended WWII.

source:https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan

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Dates: September 30, 1928- July 2, 2016

A Holocaust survivor, Jewish author, and Nobel Prize winner.

He was deported to Romania and taken to the Auschwitz concentration camp.

Night was a memoir by Elie Wiesel of his time in the concentration camp.

Source: TCI textbook, pages 426-427

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Dates: May 1939 to February 1945

Nazi Germany: invaded the Netherlands shortly after the invasion of Poland, Five days later Dutch army surrenders.

Annex: Anne Frank got a call-up report for "labour camp", her parents felt suspicious due to recent action by The Nazis so they went into hiding to avoid persecution.

Anne Frank's death: Anne Frank and her family were caught and deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, and one day, Anne and her sister Margot were transported to Bergen-Belsen, and due to the harsh conditions later died.

Source:https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/who-was-anne-frank/

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Date: December 7, 1941

Japan: a wave of attacks on Pearl Harbor aligned it with the Axis, taking out America's Pacific fleet.

Casualties and Injured: 2,400 were killed and 1,000 were wounded.

War : president franklin D. Roosevelt said it was " a date which will live in infamy" and the very next day the U.S. declared war.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/world-war-ii-battles-timeline#Battle-of-Pearl-Harbor-December-7-1941

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Date: June 1942

Carriers: the U.S. carriers USS Enterprise,USS Hornet,and USS Yorktown clashed with japan's carriers Akagi,Kaga,Soryu,and Hiryu.

U.S.:The U.S. lost the Yorktown carrier during the battle while harshly defeating Japan in the war .

Japan: Japan lost all 4 carriers and retreated while admitting U.S.'s defeat,This weakened Japan's ability to wage more offensive naval operations.

Source: https://avi-8.com/blogs/the-aviation-journal/dogfights-in-the-pacific-legendary-aerial-battles-of-world-war-ii?srsltid=AfmBOopYpZy_hW8SZeFRY1MBjc-6zyFoyNk6-RQEzG5V4EXVn9mYwVpi

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/battle-of-midway

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Dates: 1942-1946

Project: Top Secret U.S. research program that developed the first atomic bomb in WWII.

Bombs: the atomic bombs that were created and used were named "Little Boy" and " Fat Man".

Ended the war with Japan : The harsh impact of the bombing forced Japan to surrender.

Source : https://www.britannica.com/event/Manhattan-Project

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Dates: August 1942 to February 1943

Airfield: Japan began constructing Henderson Field, intentionally threatening the U.S. supply routes, and the U.S. soon seized the airfield.

Japan: They evacuated their remaining troops and giving the U.S. a quick victory.

Henderson field controlled: allowed the U.S. to dominate the air, cripple japan's supply and reinforcement.

Source: https://avi-8.com/blogs/the-aviation-journal/dogfights-in-the-pacific-legendary-aerial-battles-of-world-war-ii?srsltid=AfmBOopYpZy_hW8SZeFRY1MBjc-6zyFoyNk6-RQEzG5V4EXVn9mYwVpi https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Guadalcanal

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Date: May 10, 1940

Engagement: British and French forces were trapped by the German army in northern France.

Operation Dynamo: The mass evacuation of the Allied troops from the Dunkirk beaches .

Motivation: Churchill inspired British resistance against Nazi Germany.

Sources: https://www.history.com/articles/dunkirk#Battle-of-Dunkirk https://www.worldatlas.com/world-wars/major-battles-of-world-war-ii.html

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Dates: April 20, 1889 to April 30, 1945

Who: Nazi Germany's leader and responsible for initiating WWII and the Holocaust.

Rise to power: wrote Mein Kampf, outlining his extremely racist, nationalist ideas, e.tc.

Contribution: Hitler was the cause of many invasions across the U.S. and many other Countries.

Source:https://www.britannica.com/biography/Adolf-Hitler/Rise-to-power

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Date: 1942

Lytle S. Adams: A dentist in Pennsylvania wrote a letter to the white proposing to use Mexican free-tailed bats to carry bombs.

Testing: Some tests were successful, but many caused unintended damage while also being very expensive and slowly progressing.

shifted focus to atomic bombs

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii https://www.elpasotimes.com/story/news/history/2021/10/05/bat-bombs-secret-wwii-weapon-tested-new-mexico-desert/5992598001/#:~:text=Before%20the%20first%20atomic%20bomb,to%20produce%20%22bat%20bombs.%22

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Date: 1941

Dead Rats: a sabotage weapon developed by S.O.E to sabotage German conflict.

Plan: When disposed of in a furnace or exposed to extreme heat, it blows up.

Warfare: The fear of exploding rats forced Germany to waste resources.

Sources:https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/soe_gallery_05.shtml https://www.history.com/articles/weird-weapons-world-war-ii

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dates: July 27, 1942 to May 24, 1943

Toshio and Hirota: Two elderly disabled men were shot in killed for being accused of escaping, later finding out they were struggling.

Riot: JACL leader gets attacked by 6 men .

Army: Deployed tanks and soldiers to the Tule Lake Segregation Center to prevent protests and it led to an accidental death.

Source: https://www.history.com/articles/japanese-american-relocation#Violence-in-Prison-Camps

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Dates: 1933 to 1945

What was it: Mass genocide of 6 million Jews by Nazi Germany.

prisoner treatment: The prisoners were shot, gassed, worked to death, or medical reasons.

led to trials were Nazi Germany was tried for crimes against humanity.

Sources:https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaust https://www.britannica.com/event/H olocaust

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Dates: 1940 to 1945

What was it: the largest concentration and extermination camp in Poland.

liberated: The camp was closed uncovering the horrific evidence of Nazi war crimes .

Weakened Germany's war efforts: switched resources, transportation, and personnel for the camp instead of focusing on the war at hand.

Source:https://www.britannica.com/place/Auschwitz