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Led by Maximillian Robispherre Jacobins capture thousands of 1st and 3rd estate members. The guillotine is a tool used for executions and was invented in France. The Jacobins kill 40,000 people with the Gillutine during this time. The Jacobins end up executing Max because of fears of him becoming too powerful. This leads to the upper middle class becoming leaders.

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In France, the society was divided into estates or social classes. The first two estates were made of mostly rich nobles but only made up 3% of the population. The 3rd estate wasn't only poor peasants it was also middle-class people. The 3rd estate gained hope after seeing what the American Revolution accomplished in North America and thought it could work in France too. The 3rd estate voiced for equal government representation and for the 1st and 2nd estates to pay taxes. The Gov refused so the Citizens stormed the Bastille.

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Napoleon was a french leader and millitary stratagest. He led counter attacks against french agressers early on. He became a hero in the eyes of the french people. By 1812 he controlled almost all of europe but couldn't take great britain because of the royale navy. Eventualy European forces overtook napoleon but he wasn't killed but exiled to Elba Island.

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The Original 13 colonies were owned and controlled by Great Britain. Only land-owning citizens were allowed to vote. Each state was governed by a representative, but they usually had to follow the will of the assembly. Each colony was founded at different times for different reasons. In 1776, the colonies united to declare independence from Britain 1776, which led to the American Revolutionary War.

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The English Civil War lasted from 1642-1651 and was a series of different conflicts. One side was the "Roundheads", the parliamentarians. The other side was the Royalists or "Cavaliers". There were armed conflicts and political machinations between the two sides. But eventually ended with the assassination of Charles I and a Roundheads victory.

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Great Britain wanted to control as much as possible throughout the 1600s. Certain products only went through and out Great Britain. This led to the French and Indian War, which the British won. The British take control of all Canada and all land west of the Mississippi. They then taxed every stamped good and tea. This led to the Boston Tea Party.

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The Renaissance was a period of renewed interest in the classical works of art and learning. Notable figures from this time were Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. It began in Rome during the 14th century and spread throughout Europe. It marked a transition from the middle ages to the early modern period in Europe. Overall, it changed the way of people and led to a more peaceful and artistic life.

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The Catholic Reformation was the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation. In 1545 the Council of Trent played a key role in clarifying doctrines and reforming practices. Their job was also to stop the corruption of the popes. During this time period, people began to challenge the government and authority. Conflicts arose between many governments and religions, and Jews were still prosecuted.

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Vinci, Metropolitan City of Florence, Italy

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Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance. He was a painter, draughtsman, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect. His most famous works are the Mona Lisa, The Last Supper, and the Vitruvian Man. Da Vinci is considered the Renaissance man for his great work during that time period. He transformed the way of human life and inspired future generations to come.

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Vinci, Metropolitan City of Florence, Italy

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The Spice Trade was a period of European exploration primarily from Spain and Portugal. Spices were a valuable good so Arab traders increased prices. Europeans searched for a direct route to Asia to buy cheaper spices. Europeans were inspired by Marco Polo's trips to Asia. Portugal just set up trading posts, while Spain conquered and gained territory.

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Johannes Gutenberg was a German goldsmith, printer, and publisher who introduced printing to Europe. His famous invention, the Gutenberg printing press, allowed a movable printing press to spread worldwide. His invention started a printing revolution and was an important milestone of the second millennium. His impact influenced the spread of knowledge and literacy throughout Europe. It is also a key part of the Renaissance.

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Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer trying to find a western route to India. After 9 weeks of sailing on the Atlantic Ocean Columbus reached the Bahamas. He assumed he had reached India and had returned multiple times. He also explored other islands and Honduras.

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Martin Luther was a catholic monk from Germany who wanted a change in the church. He suggested and taught the idea of justification by faith. This idea meant that salvation could be gained by faith alone. This enraged the church and forced Martin Luther to hide in a castle after writing the Diet of Worms. Luther spent the rest of his days there, but left a huge impact on the transformation of the Catholic church.

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Calvinism was brought up by John Calvin, and it preached predestination. This was the belief that God had determined your faith at birth. People would either be saved, or be damned at birth. Calvin created a theocracy in Switzerland to spread his teachings throughout Europe. These people became activists and wanted to promote change and spread Calvins teachings.

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Ferdinand was funded by the Spanish government to find an alternative route to Asia. He led an expedition with 270 men and 5 ships. By the time he returned, he only had 18 men and 1 ship left. He was the first person to circumnavigate the globe. He also proved the earth was round, not flat. His Expedition proved Columbus didn't get to India.

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The Slave Trade included 10-24 million African slaves that were removed from their homes and taken to Central and North America. During the age of exploration, Europe made goods for Africa so Africa gave slaves to North America. Then North America could give crops to Europe. This was called the Triangular Trade. Many slaves died or committed suicide on the journey to North America on a route called the Middle Passage. Survivors of the ship were taken to towns and auctioned off.

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The age of Enlightenment was more of a continuation of the Renaissance. Reason and Philosophy were expressed greatly throughout this period. People sought evidence and proof instead of just believing. John Locke, Voltaire, and Rousseau were important characters during this time. It led to major social and political changes like the French and American Revolution.

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The First Continental Congress was a secret meeting to try and overthrow the British and free the colonies. Leaders such as Washington, Adams, Henry, and other delegates attended. The goals were to unite the colonies, begin regulating their own laws, end trade with Great Britain, and organize/prepare armies. The famous saying was "Unite or die". This meant if you don't join in on the fight, we wont be able to defeat the British.

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World War I occurred from 1914-1918. It was mainly a European war, but the U.S did join in 1917. Many countries joined the war and formed alliances that greatly affected the future. The War had a major effect on World War II, especially on the technology side. Around 40 million people died and another 20 million were injured.

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World War I began after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. This led to a chain reaction involving alliances, which led to widespread conflict between the allied powers and the central powers. In a matter of weeks, there was a huge war throughout all of Europe. European countries wanted to show their superiority and power. The sides of the war were Germany and Austria-Hungary vs. France, Russia, and England.

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Life in the trenches was often spent doing nothing. There were very brief times when there were battles, but when there were, it was chaos. Many trenches were not dug out very well, causing water to be stranded in there for up to weeks. Trench foot, disease, and terrible food conditions were some things that happened in the trenches. After trech life many soldiers experience shell shock and serious trauma.

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In 1917, the U.S decided to join World War I. The Germans sank a naval vessel belonging to the U.S. Navy. The Germans then sent the Zimmerman note, a note to Mexico asking them to ally with Germany and attack the U.S. Then the Germans sank the Lusitania, a passenger ship that held 1,200 people, 128 Americans died, and this enraged the U.S. This gave the U.S no choice but to join in the war and to ally with Russia, Frace and Great Britain.

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Before the Industrial Revolution, 75% of people farmed, 1/3 of babies died, and hardly anyone lived past 40. Before the Industrial Revolution families had to plant and grow all their own food and sew all their clothes for the most part. By the late 1800s, the factory system brought workers and machines together. There were many vital inventions such as the Steam Engine, and cotton gin which improved creation processes.

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The jobs in factories were dangerous and filthy. Workers, even kids, worked long hours for little pay. Workers demanded better pay formed labor unions and went on strike. New inventions were created like Morse code that allowed messages to be sent long distances. The Industrial Revolution created a surge in population and more people living in cities. Instead of the biggest class being lower it was now the middle class that was the biggest.

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Throughout the First World War, technology became more advanced. The main reason for this was because of the Industrial Revolution. Machine Guns, Tanks, Airplanes, Submarines, and Poison Gas were the most common weapons. Airplanes and Submarines were the most effective at the time because there was no radar to detect them. The Technology back then would have been nothing compared to today, which is probably a good thing.

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Western Front Association Memorial Plaque, Rue de Landrecies, Ors, France

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The Germans faced the British and the French. There were large casualties due to battle tactics not being up to date with the technology used. The total death toll on the Western Front was 4 million. During the battle of the Somme, the British crossed no man's land with thousands of troops almost 90% of the troops were killed before reaching the barbed wire. After making it to the barbed wire the soldiers were stuck and gunned down.

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Western Front Association Memorial Plaque, Rue de Landrecies, Ors, France

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In the beginning, Hitler took back most of the land the Germans lost from the Treaty of Versailles. The Allies at this point didn't react because Hitler hadn't fired a single bullet. Then months later Hitler invaded Poland. After this invasion, the Allies hit the panic button and knew they can't ignore the Nazis anymore. After Poland, Hitler takes over Belgium.

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Strategic bombing was used to target industry and defensive emplacements. Aircraft carriers were used to improve the range of planes. Sonar was used and improved submarines while Radar was also introduced it wasn't trusted. By the end of the war the U.S. had created the first Atomic Bomb.

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The Nazis created a new attacking strategy called Blitzkrieg. It is the process where they bomb the defenses then use tanks to push in and follow it all up with infantry. The nazis push around France's defenses through Belgium and defeated them in 6 weeks. On Jun 6 1944 the Allies attack the beaches of Normandy losing thousands and barely securing a beachhead. This small foothold eventually let them defeat the Nazis less than a year later.

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The U.S. forces are pushed out of the Philippines and the Japanese hold all islands in the Pacific. Douglas McAurthor retakes the Philippines and counterattacks the Japanese. U.S. knew that an attack on the mainland of Japan would end in a horrible loss of life so they thought of a different strategy. The U.S drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and it Kills 140,000 citizens. 3 days later after the Japanese still haven't surrendered the U.S drops another bomb on Nagasaki killing 80,000 this forces Japan to surrender ending the war.