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Before the Spanish era, the social hierarchy in pre-colonial Philippines was structured as follows, from highest to lowest:

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The warrior-noble class, often related to the datu, exempt from taxes and expected to fight in wars.

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The highest ruler of a barangay, serving as the political, economic, and military leader with absolute authority.

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Free commoners, including farmers, artisans, and traders, who paid tribute but could own land and move up socially.

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Servants who lived independently, worked for their master, and could eventually buy their freedom.

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The lowest class, living in their master’s home with little to no personal freedom, often due to debt or captivity.