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Tenzing Norgay - climber

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Selena Quintanilla- Perez - Singer

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Roberto Clemente - Baseball player

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Genghis Khan - Founder and First Khan of the Mongol Empire

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Confucius - philosopher

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Yuri Gagarin - astronaut

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Celia Cruz - singer

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The breakthrough moment of Cruz's music career in Cuba came in 1950. She replaced the lead singer of the popular orchestra La Sonora Matancera. Cruz was the first Black front person for the orchestra since its founding 25 years earlier. She toured widely with the group and sang with it on radio and television. She also appeared with the orchestra in five films that were produced in Mexico. The first full-length album Cruz recorded with the group was Canta Celia Cruz (1956; "Celia Cruz Sings"). Cruz also performed at the popular Tropicana nightclub in Havana in the 1950s.

In 1959 everything changed as communists took over the government during the Cuban Revolution. Havana nightlife disappeared, so Cruz (and other members of La Sonora Matancera) left Cuba. She eventually settled in New Jersey in the United States. In 1962 she married Pedro Knight, a trumpet player in the orchestra. Knight became her musical director and manager after Cruz left La Sonora Matancera in 1965. Cruz recorded several albums with the popular bandleader Tito Puente. However, she was slow to find a wide audience in the United States during the 1960s and early '70s.

In the 1970s Cruz began to sing salsa. Salsa is a hybrid (mixed) musical form that combines Afro-Cuban music with elements from other Latin American styles. Cruz emerged as a central figure within New York City's vibrant salsa scene. Cruz also became famous for her wardrobe. Her costumes included multicolored wigs, tight sequined dresses, and very high heels. Her outfits became so famous that the Smithsonian Institution collected some pieces of her wardrobe.

Cruz earned many honors, including three Grammy Awards and four Latin Grammys. She also published an autobiography, Celia: My Life (2004; originally published in Spanish), which was written with Ana Cristina Reymundo. Cruz was the subject of a BBC documentary, My Name Is Celia Cruz (1988), and she appeared in the films The Mambo Kings (1992) and The Perez Family (1995). Cruz died on July 16, 2003, in Fort Lee, New Jersey. In 2011 she was honored with a U.S. postage stamp bearing her image.

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The breakthrough moment of Cruz's music career in Cuba came in 1950. She replaced the lead singer of the popular orchestra La Sonora Matancera. Cruz was the first Black front person for the orchestra since its founding 25 years earlier. She toured widely with the group and sang with it on radio and television.

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Sacagawea - Native American guide and translator

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Sacagawea was not afraid. Although she was only 16 years old and the only female in an exploration group of more than 45 people, she was ready to courageously make her mark in American history.

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought more than 825,000 square miles of land from France in what was called the Louisiana Purchase. To explore this new part of the country, Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark on a two-year journey to report on what they found. They needed local guides to help them through this unknown territory. Sacagawea, a young Native American, joined them.

Born to a Shoshone chief around 1788, Sacagawea had been kidnapped by an enemy tribe when she was about 12, then sold to a French-Canadian trapper. When he was hired as a guide for Lewis and Clark's expedition in 1804, Sacagawea also joined as an interpreter to talk to Native-American people on their 8,000-mile journey.

Sacagawea soon became a respected member of the group. She was skilled at finding plants for food and medicine to help keep the explorers alive. When a boat capsized on the Missouri River as they were crossing into what is now Montana, Sacagawea saved important books and much-needed supplies. When they needed horses to cross rough terrain, she convinced a Shoshone tribe-led by her long-lost brother-to give them some. She was so respected by Lewis and Clark that when they reached the Pacific Ocean in November 1805, Sacagawea was asked to cast her vote for where they should build a fort.

Sacagawea proved herself again after the group took a different route home through what is now Idaho. As they passed through her homeland, Sacagawea remembered Shoshone trails from her childhood and helped the expedition find their way through. Clark even praised her as his "pilot."

Sacagawea left the group to return to what is now Bismarck, South Dakota, before the triumphant return of Lewis and Clark to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1806. She received no pay for her services and died on December 20, 1812. But Sacagawea's bravery and skill live on in the expedition's journals, which are full of praise for the 16-year-old Shoshone girl who guided the most famous American expedition of all time.

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Sacagawea was not afraid. Although she was only 16 years old and the only female in an exploration group of more than 45 people, she was ready to courageously make her mark in American history. In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson bought more than 825,000 square miles of land from France in what was called the Louisiana Purchase.

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Desmond Tutu - theologian and activist

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Bedtime History: Podcast and Videos For Kids

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When Desmond Tutu was a child, he got sick a lot. He had a disease, called polio, that left his right hand disabled. Later, at 16, he became so ill with tuberculosis that he had to be in the hospital for months. While he was there, his priest visited him often. Desmond had become friends with Father Trevor Huddleston after joining his church, but he had first seen him many years before.

When Desmond was a little boy, Father Huddleston was walking through Desmond's neighborhood. This was strange in itself. At the time, blacks in South Africa were required to live only in certain areas. So white men rarely came to Desmond's neighborhood, unless they were policemen. Father Huddleston was clearly not a policeman: He was dressed strangely, with a stiff white collar and black shirt. Stranger still was what Father Huddleston did: he stopped, tipped his hat, and said a warm "hello" to Desmond's mother.

For a white man to treat his mother-a black woman-with kindness and respect was truly remarkable to Desmond, even as a small child. Many white people in South Africa either ignored blacks or were rude, or even cruel to them. Later, Desmond would learn that Father Huddleston worked tirelessly to help make South Africa more fair and kind to its black citizens. But that simple hello in the street showed him that all kinds of people were capable of compassion. All kinds and colors of people were human. And that planted the seed of the idea that he would spend his life striving to make it a reality. The idea of a South Africa where all people, black and white, lived together in a peaceful "rainbow" society.

When Desmond graduated high school after his bout with tuberculosis, he studied to become a teacher. He joined the debate club at his college, where he met Nelson Mandela, a young lawyer, who would become president of South Africa decades later. After graduating, Desmond got a job as a high school English teacher. He met a friend of his sister's, Leah, who was also studying to be a teacher. The two began dating and decided to marry in 1955.

But as Desmond was starting out in the world, the country was going through changes that would force him to take a different path than he had planned. South Africa was about to enter a very dark period of its history. Both Desmond and Nelson Mandela would play a big part in helping the country climb out of this period.

South Africa had long had laws that tried to keep black and white citizens separate from each other. But in 1948, the country elected a government that wanted to be much more strict about making sure these laws were followed. They created a system of laws called Apartheid. They forced blacks to live in certain, limited areas. Blacks had to get special passes if they wanted to visit a white area. They couldn't own land. They couldn't vote. Blacks and whites couldn't marry each other. They couldn't even go to the same beaches.

As Desmond and Leah started their life together, things were getting worse. The government passed a law that forced black South Africans to go to separate schools, and then didn't pay black teachers as much as whites. Desmond and Leah decided to quit teaching. Desmond had been volunteering in their Anglican church and decided to become a priest. Meanwhile, Leah started school to become a nurse.

Desmond studied to become a priest in South Africa and then in London. When he and his family moved back to South Africa in 1967, he began to speak out against Apartheid, cautiously at first. He wrote about how the church should help solve issues facing blacks in South Africa and beyond. When students at a university protested policies that supported Apartheid, Desmond gently stepped past the police dogs that surrounded the protesters and began to pray with them. Desmond would become known for this warmth and gentleness when facing tense situations.

Desmond was becoming a leader in the church as he spoke out more. He became a bishop, which is a very respected leader in the church. In 1978, he became the leader of the South African Council of Churches, which worked with many different Christian churches throughout South Africa. He was the first black man to hold this influential position. He used it to spread his message even further. He shared his vision of South Africa as a rainbow nation far and wide.

Desmond was committed to working towards this rainbow society without violence, and even with gentleness and humor. He went to protest marches and committed civil disobedience, such as visiting beaches that were supposed to be whites-only. Civil disobedience is when you protest an unfair law by breaking that law, but in a peaceful way, which could still get you in trouble. And Desmond and other protesters DID get in trouble: Desmond was arrested and fined, and the authorities were violent with many others.

Desmond also visited other countries, trying to get people around the world to care about the situation in South Africa. He met the Pope and the leader of the United Nations. He even asked leaders of other countries to boycott, or refuse to buy things, from South Africa. When he returned to the country after a speaking tour, the government took away his passport, which meant he couldn't leave the country. They gave it back a year later, but this would happen a few more times as he traveled the world to speak out against Apartheid. Still, Desmond knew that if the leaders of other countries didn't put pressure on South Africa's government, it would be very hard to change things.

Then, in 1984, Desmond won the Nobel Peace Prize. He gave a speech to accept the prize. In it, he told how Apartheid had caused people to mistrust and hate each other. He told how the police used violence against everyday people and peaceful protesters. He told how South Africa was a beautiful country of rolling mountains and sunshine, where people just wanted to live in peace with their families. He told how Apartheid had made that impossible for blacks and even many whites.

Many people around the world learned from news coverage what Apartheid was really like for the first time. Governments finally decided to sanction South Africa, meaning they made laws that made it harder for South Africa to buy or sell things to other countries.

Meanwhile, Desmond returned to South Africa, where he continued to speak and march against Apartheid. The government was starting to listen. Desmond and other activists met with the president of South Africa, Pieter Botha. But he still wasn't willing to make many changes.

But Desmond's influence was growing. People loved to be around this warm, joyful man, who made everyone feel valuable and loved. In 1986, the church made Desmond archbishop of Cape Town. As the archbishop, he got to move into a big, beautiful house set aside for him. This angered the government because the house was in a whites-only area. But Desmond used his superpower and turned a tense situation into an opportunity to show kindness. He had a playground built on the lawn, and let anyone come to play or swim in his pool.

Finally, things began to change. In 1990, a new president was elected. F.W. de Klerk showed signs that he would be willing to end apartheid. He freed Nelson Mandela from prison after nearly thirty years and refused to punish peaceful protesters. After long talks with Mandela, Tutu, and others in the anti-apartheid movement, de Klerk agreed to put an end to Apartheid.

In the next election, all South Africans were allowed to vote. Black South Africans, voting for the first time, lined up for hours to cast their ballot. Desmond dropped his vote into the ballot box in front of cheering supporters, then jumped up and down, saying he felt two inches taller than when he came in. He said a new South Africa began that day, "where all of us, black and white, will be holding hands and working for a common prosperity." Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa. Today, South Africans commemorate this election every April 27th as Freedom Day.

But the story didn't end there. South African society still had a lot of work to do if all people were going to live in peace together. Think of a time when you had a big argument with a sister, brother, or friend. A time when you hurt each other's feelings. It probably took some time to feel better and learn to be friends again. The whole country of South Africa felt this way. It would take time and work to help everyone feel like they could live and work peacefully together. Apartheid had been in place for more than 50 years. Many black people didn't trust whites because of how badly they'd been treated. Many white people were afraid that the new government, led by a black man, might treat them just as badly in return.

But Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu came up with a better plan. They formed a group, which Desmond led, called the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. They would help South Africans talk to each other. People who had been hurt by the old system would get to tell their stories. And so would people who had hurt others. They would be honest. They would listen to each other. Finally, they would be able to forgive each other.

As Desmond put it, "I am human because you are human. My humanity is caught up in yours." It's important to remember when we're angry with someone, they are still a person, just like us. We have to live with other people. Saying I'm sorry is one of the hardest things you ever have to do if you mean it. And waiting for someone to say they're sorry to you is just as hard. But things start to get better right afterward.

Sources

https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-12-26-the-dauntless-priest-whose-humanity-ignited-the-courage-of-a-boy-who-would-become-archbishop-tutu/

https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/truth_and_reconciliation https://www.history.com/topics/africa/apartheid https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/tutu/biographical/ https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/peace/1984/tutu/lecture/ https://passiontounderstand.blogspot.com/2010/04/this-day-in-history-27-april-1994.html https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/south-africas-tutu-anti-apartheid-hero-who-never-stopped-fighting-rainbow-nation-2021-12-26/ https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2022/01/01/10-memorable-quotes-by-desmond-tutu.html https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_South_African_general_election https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_Education_Act,_1953 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pass_laws https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela

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Life and History of Desmond Tutu For Kids | Bedtime History: Podcast and Videos For Kids | Homework Help

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Learn about Desmond Tutu, the South African Anglican bishop, who worked against apartheid and racism and eventually won the Nobel Peace Prize.

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Diego Maradona -footballer

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Ibn Battuta - explorer

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OLLIE: Who shall we look up today?

FATIMA: My grandmother told me about this amazing explorer, Ibn Battuta. He was a Moroccan explorer from way, way back; the 1300s, I think. Can we look him up?

OLLIE: Sounds great. Holo-Lab, let's meet Ibn Battuta.

HOLO-LAB: Searching. Searching... Explorer found. Ibn Battuta.

FATIMA: Wow! Before Henry VIII. Before Guru Nanak.

IBN BATTUTA: As-salamu alaykum!

FATIMA: Alaykumu s-salām. Tell us about the places you've explored.

IBN BATTUTA: My journey started when I wanted to undertake the Hajj, a pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca, to visit the Kaaba, the house of God. I left when I was twenty one, in June 1325.

OLLIE: Was it far?

IBN BATTUTA: It was nearly 3,000 miles as the crow flies, from my home in Tangiers in Morocco, but I had to travel by land. I made a point of never travelling on the same road twice. And because I wanted to explore, I stopped at many wonderful places.

FATIMA: Where did you stop?

IBN BATTUTA: I travelled 2,200 miles to Alexandria which took 34 weeks, when I saw the lighthouse of Alexandria, before heading to Cairo where I saw the Great Pyramid of Giza. Two of the seven wonders of the ancient world. It was hard to get to Mecca. The first time I tried, I was beaten back by bandits so I spent Ramadan in Damascus, before heading south 810 miles to Medina and then finally, Mecca.

FATIMA: Did you walk all that way? How did you know which way to go?

IBN BATTUTA: I travelled using camels and I had the stars to guide me.

OLLIE: Why did you use camels?

IBN BATTUTA: Life in the desert is hard. There is little to eat or drink. Horses are no use there, but because camels have lived so long in the desert, they have adapted to travel far without water and to store fat in their hump to feed on. You can ride them or use them to carry things.

FATIMA: How do stars guide you?

IBN BATTUTA: We didn't have satellite navigation like you do, to tell us which way to go. However, by observing the Sun, Moon and the planets, you can fix your position and work out in which direction you're going.

FATIMA: What was the holy city of Mecca like?

IBN BATTUTA: It's a special place for Muslims. I was so taken with it that I returned many times and spent many months there.

OLLIE: What did you do after you went to Mecca?

IBN BATTUTA: Normally after being away so long, you would go home but I didn't go back to Morocco for 24 years. My Rihla, or journey, lasted for 29 years, covering 75,000 miles. That's further than three times around the Earth. I visited 44 countries, from Tangiers in the west, and travelled as far east as Quanzhou in China where I saw the Great Wall. And from Bolghar in modern day, Russia to Kilwa in Tanzania. I witnessed the spread of Islam across the globe. As I travelled through places like India and Mali in Africa, I met many important people like princes and princesses, queens, kings and emperors.

FATIMA: Wow!

OLLIE: What was it like when you returned home?

IBN BATTUTA: I had lived many lifetimes on my travels. The place I came back to in 1355 was not the same as the one I left. Imagine being away from your friends and family for 29 years. But I had with me a wife, and began a new life. I wrote the story of my travels and later in life, became a judge.

FATIMA: Thank you for sharing your journey with us, Ibn Battuta.

OLLIE: Goodbye.

IBN BATTUTA: Ila-likaa.

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Learn about the explorer Ibn Battuta in this BBC Bitesize KS1 primary history guide.

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Hatshepsut - pharaoh

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Hatshepsut, like other pharaohs, was the child of a king. Unlike the others, she was a woman.

One of only a few female pharaohs in thousands of years of ancient Egyptian history, Hatshepsut didn't inherit her rulership like a man would have-only sons were allowed to succeed their fathers. She was born around 1504 B.C., and when her father, King Thutmose I, died without sons, Hatshepsut married her half-brother, Thutmose II, to help him become pharaoh.

When he died, his son-Hatshepsut's stepson-became pharaoh, even though he was just three years old. Hatshepsut ruled in his name, but he was still considered the only pharaoh. But when Thutmose III was about eight years old, she took the throne herself and officially became his coruler around 1473 B.C. Some historians think she made the move because other people wanted to steal the throne, and she knew if they were both pharaohs they would be too powerful to overthrow. Hatshepsut and Thutmose III would rule together as pharaohs for the next 22 years.

Considered one of Egypt's greatest pharaohs-man or woman-Hatshepsut brought great wealth and artistry to her land. She sponsored one of Egypt's most successful trading expeditions, bringing back gold, ebony, and incense from a place called Punt (probably modern-day Eritrea, a country in Africa). She secured her legacy by building structures that still stand today. She added two hundred-foot-tall obelisks at the great temple complex at Karnak. (One is still intact.) And she built the mortuary Temple of Deir el Bahri, a structure with several floors of columns in front, where she'd eventually be buried.

Hatshepsut was usually carved or drawn as a man, complete with muscles and a beard, as was the artistic tradition for pharaohs. But historians knew the truth: She always made sure the art included a reference to being a woman, such as "Daughter of Re" or "His Majesty, Herself." When she died in 1458 B.C., Egypt would not see as powerful a female ruler for another 1,400 years, when Cleopatra came to the throne.

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The Egyptian who proved women could be powerful pharaohs

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Mansa Musa - king

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Mansa Musa - Twinkl South Africa - Teaching Resources

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Check out our fantastic teaching wiki on Mansa Musa. This wiki is filled with great resources aligned with the CAPS curriculum.

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Archimedes - mathematician and inventor

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Download FREE teacher-made resources covering 'Archimedes and the Gold Crown Problem'

Who was Archimedes?

Archimedes, famously known as the man who said , was born in 287 B.C. and died in 212/211 B.C., is one of the most famous and intelligent mathematicians and inventors in history. He was born on the island of Sicily and spent the majority of his life in Syracuse, which was the main Greek city-state on the island. Archimedes was born into a wealthy family, so his father was able to make sure that Archimedes was well-educated. He sent a ten-year-old Archimedes to study in Alexandria, Egypt. Other than this, not much is known about the personal life of Archimedes.

The phases of Archimedes' life

Archimedes discovered several important principles during his mathematics career, but he also devoted a lot of time to the study of physics, engineering, and even warfare! Throughout his life, he was employed by wealthy citizens of Syracuse, kings, and even militaries to create inventions and solve problems for them.

Who said eureka?

Eureka is an Ancient Greek word meaning "I have found it." Most of us have heard the word eureka before, often in the context of someone making a new discovery, be that in real life, on TV, or somewhere else. But, the important question is, who said eureka first? Yep, that's it, you guessed it, Archimedes was the first person to use the word eureka! So, why did this famous scientist and inventor exclaim " eureka" all those years ago?

It all started when Archimedes was asked to solve the gold crown problem (detailed below.) As part of this problem, Archimedes had to confront the idea of water displacement -which is when water is moved by an object that enters it. Using water displacement, he was able to solve the tricky gold crown problem, and he was overjoyed. He was so happy with his discovery that he wanted to tell the king straight away. Archimedes was in such a hurry that he didn't even stop to put his clothes on. This meant that he ran through the streets of Syracuse completely naked, shouting " Eureka!"

Archimedes the scientist

As mentioned in the section above, Archimedes used water displacement to solve the difficult gold crown problem that was assigned to him by the king. After doing this, the famous inventor was so inspired by his discovery that he went on to write a book all about various floating objects, and how they are able to float. Archimedes' book was aptly named, " On Floating Bodies" and is actually one of the earliest references to buoyancy in the whole of history. The principle of buoyancy is an extremely important part of our day-to-day lives, whether we realize it or not. For instance, even if you don't personally like to sail, boats are required to transport a wide range of items, including food and other goods all around the world. Without these boats, you would not have access to some of your favorite things.

In addition to his discoveries surrounding buoyancy, Archimedes also played an integral role in laying the foundations for modern-day calculus. Calculus is essentially the study of change within the world of mathematics. Archimedes was also a pioneer in the field of mathematics and science in the way that he applied his mathematical findings to the physical world.

Archimedes the i nventor

Archimedes often turned his immense skills to the fields of invention and engineering. He often made new tools and machines for the people of Syracuse. One of these inventions is still used to this day, it is called the Archimedes' Screw and is used by farmers, factories, and other industries to lift water out of a pool and bring it to crops or other needs.

Some of his other most well-documented inventions include a method of measuring distance and a pulley system for lifting large ships with a single rope. Archimedes managed to create an accurate system of measurement using a cart with wheels that turned exactly 400 times in one mile. Using a little pin, the wheel would hit a gear with 400 teeth. This gear would then turn once every mile and drop a small stone into a cup each time. At the end of the journey, you could count the stones to know how many miles you had traveled.

The pulley system devised by Archimedes was employed to pull warships into docks and out of danger when they were damaged. Although, this was not Archimedes' only contribution to the art of warfare.

Archimedes used his rope and pulley system to invent improved catapults that were employed regularly during the Punic Wars, between Rome and Carthage. Despite this assistance given to the Roman Empire in the form of new catapult technology, Archimedes was most loyal to his city of Syracuse. When Rome attacked the city of Syracuse, Archimedes designed two inventions that proved to be quite a thorn in the side of the Roman Empire. The first of them was " The Claw of Archimedes." It was made up of a series of iron claws in the water around Syracuse that were attached to ropes. When ships sailed close to the shore, the claws could be pulled up by wooden cranes. This would cause incredible damage to the ships and sometimes sink them completely.
A catapult from ancient Greece.
The second of Archimedes' wartime inventions was a " heat ray." Yes, a "heat ray!" It is believed that Archimedes used a series of mirrors set along the coastline, that were all aimed at the same ship. The reflection of the sun would be multiplied from all the mirrors, causing intense heat on the ship and causing the wooden ships to burn.

The death of Archimedes

After many years of war, the Roman Army managed to take the city of Syracuse. One of the Roman soldiers killed Archimedes, who was an old man at this time. It is believed that the Roman Emperor had ordered Archimedes to be captured alive and that killing him had been a mistake.

It is believed that Archimedes was killed whilst drawing a mathematical diagram in the sand on the floor of his home. He was so focused on his work that he did not see the soldier behind him. His last words were, "Don't disturb my circles!"

How did Archimedes solve the gold crown problem?

The story of how Archimedes solved the gold crown problem is possibly the most famous one out there. It all took place in Syracuse, where Archimedes had a very close relationship with the king, Hiero II. One day, Hiero hired a goldsmith to make a pure gold crown for him. He gave the goldsmith a block of gold weighing a specific amount, which was to be used to make the crown. Once the crown was finished, Hiero weighed it and found that it was the same weight as the block of gold he had originally given the goldsmith. Technically, this meant that everything was fine and as it should be. However, Hiero was suspicious that the goldsmith had cheated him by mixing silver in with the gold to make the crown, keeping the leftover gold for himself.
A gold laurel wreath.
Hiero was desperate to find out if he had been cheated, but had no clue how to go about it. At the time, the crown would have been shaped in the form of a wreath and was intended to be placed on the statue of a god or goddess. Therefore, because the crown was sacred, Hiero could not destroy it in his investigation of the goldsmith.

This seemed like an impossible feat, so, he employed the help of his dear friend, Archimedes. Archimedes thought long and hard about how to solve this gold crown problem, but nothing came to him. Until, one night when Archimedes was having a bath, he had a revelation. The story goes that Archimedes stepped into the bath and caused it to overflow. This made him think. The water that had splashed out of the tub when he stepped in was equal to the volume taken up by his body. It was this discovery that provided Archimedes with the solution to King Hiero's gold crown problem.

Archimedes was thrilled with his new discovery and rushed to tell the king what he had found. Once he got to King Hiero, he explained his ingenious solution. In order to find out whether the crown had been mixed with silver, a weight of gold equal to the crown was placed in a basin that is filled to the brim with water. Then, the gold was removed and replaced with King Hiero's crown. If the water rose higher and overflowed with the crown in it, they could be certain that the goldsmith cheated Hiero. This is because, in order to make the crown weigh the same as the gold, the goldsmith would have had to make the crown larger, as silver weighs less than gold.

Sure enough, the crown was placed in the water and the basin overflowed, proving that the goldsmith had tampered with the crown by mixing silver into the gold.

What is the eureka effect?

As we know, Archimedes was the person who said eureka first, but he was not the last. Ever since this first exclamation, the word has become a popular form of expressing a breakthrough. The word has become so popular, in fact, that the term, "the eureka effect" has been coined among scientists. The eureka effect describes the human experience of suddenly understanding something that was previously deemed impossible to understand.

Psychologists have been studying the eureka effect and have come up with four defining features of the experience. When a person experiences a eureka moment, they will typically go through these four stages:

1. First up is the "aha" moment, in which a previously incomprehensible problem becomes understandable.

2. After this, the person will begin to process the solution to the problem smoothly.

3. The third stage is an emotional one. Once the solution has been thought of and fully processed, a feeling of joy and accomplishment will spread throughout the person's mind.

4. Lastly, the person who experienced the "aha" moment will be completely convinced that the solution is true.

These four key stages do not always occur separately and in a sequence, as they have been laid out above. Sometimes, they are combined and can happen at the same time.

Psychologists have described the process of having an " aha" moment, as gaining sudden insight. The first stage of the process requires a person to experience a barrier or a block in their thinking. This barrier will create a point of impasse, stopping them from continuing their work, despite their best efforts to find a solution. Once they have reached this block, the " aha" moment can take place. This moment is never pre-planned but instead is always completely sudden and unexpected.
A lightbulb often used to portray the"eureka" or "aha" moment in popular culture.

Experts have researched the science behind the " aha" moment and have discovered that it comes as the result of a break in mental fixation. When a person is mentally fixated on something, they are so focused on a particular concept or thing that it becomes counterproductive to their progress. This can often happen when we spend too much time focusing on finding a solution to a particular problem. It is only when we break free from the constraints of this mental fixation, that we are able to think outside the box and potentially have an " aha" moment of our own.

How has Archimedes impacted maths today?

Archimedes was a renowned mathematician, inventor, scientist, and philosopher whose work has had a massive impact on how we live today. Here are 7 of Archimedes' greatest discoveries and contributions to the world of mathematics:

1. Archimedes' Principle: This is the principle that allowed Archimedes to solve the gold crown problem. The concept of Archimedes' principle is pretty complex, but, at its heart, it concerns the theory of buoyancy. When a solid body or object is placed into a liquid, it displaces an equal amount of liquid to the volume of the body immersed in it. It is Archimedes' principle that also helps us understand why some things float and others sink. Archimedes figured out that the amount of liquid displaced by an object is the measure of its sinking or rising capability.

2. The Sand Reckoner: This discovery came about because Archimedes set out to count the number of grains of sand that it would take to cover the universe. To do this, Archimedes first worked out how to count a number with a large base. This led to Archimedes making a revolutionary step in mathematics. Up until this point, the Greeks had used various symbols to represent the number system. However, Archimedes figured out a new method that would allow him to count numbers up to an infinite value.

3. Archimedes was the first mathematician to derive the value of Pi using the Hellenistic method of mathematics. The value of Pi is approximately 3.14, which can be calculated by dividing 22 by 7. Pi has many uses in mathematics, such as calculating the area of both a sphere and a circle.

4. Archimedes' Screw: Archimedes' screw was used to pump water against gravity and had many practical uses, both in Ancient Greece and today's world. In Archimedes' time, the screw was used by farmers to help them irrigate their lands. Nowadays, the Archimedes screw has many uses, such as in plastic reforming machines, and die-casting machines.

5. Archimedes' Death Ray: This threatening-sounding invention was created by Archimedes to help defend Syracuse against the Roman invasion. The death ray itself was a mirrored structure that concentrated sunlight over a particular area of a ship, which would cause it to catch fire. There has been speculation over time whether the death ray is actually effective, as the ships would be in constant motion. However, a number of years ago, a Greek Scientist named Dr. Ionnais Sakkas recreated the death ray and found it to be effective in burning a boat from 160 feet away.

6. The Odometer: The odometer was a device that was used to measure distance. Whilst it is often confused with the speedometer, which measures the speed of a vehicle, the odometer is different as it measures the distance traveled. Odometers can be seen nowadays in almost all vehicles as a way to measure how far they have traveled.

7. Archimedes' Catapults: The Archimedes Catapults were another of the famous mathematician's inventions to fight off the Roman Army. The catapults were machines that launched heavy stones or objects at enemy ships and played a key role in holding off the Roman Army for two years before Syracuse was finally taken.

Archimedes Teaching Video

How did Archimedes solve the gold crown problem: teaching resources

If you want to know more about Archimedes and his incredible mathematical discoveries, we have tons of amazing resources to help you out.

Eighth-Grade Archimedes Fact File and Vocabulary Questions

Engage students with this leveled nonfiction fact file about Archimedes that includes three follow-up vocabulary questions that can be used as a quick assessment or exit ticket. The informational text and vocabulary questions are appropriately complex for the grade.

Mini Apple "Pi" Recipe

Honor the coolest mathematical constant and one of Archimedes' important contributions to math in the most delicious way possible with our Pi Day Apple Pie Classroom Recipe! It's the perfect addition to your recipe books, combining math and munchies in one fantastic activity for kids.

Ancient Greece Timeline PowerPoint

Rewind the clocks 2,500 years and take your students on a journey back in time, from the beginning to the end of one of the most influential civilizations in history, Ancient Greece. Perfect for upper-grade social studies lessons, this Ancient Greece PowerPoint for kids is a great way of bringing world history learning to life!

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Archimedes and the gold crown problem | Twinkl USA - Twinkl

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Who was Archimedes? How did Archimedes solve the gold crown problem? Who said eureka first? Find out all (and more) in this handy Teaching Wiki page!

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Anne Frank - Young girl

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Discover the life of Anne Frank, the young Jewish girl who was forced into hiding during World War II, in our Anne Frank facts...
All people should be treated equally, right? Well, sadly, throughout history, there have been many people who have been treated differently because of where they come from, what religion they follow, or whether they're a boy or a girl. And sometimes, this still happens today!

Thankfully, the incredible stories that people leave behind can be used to educate and inspire people to be kinder to one another, no matter their background. One such story, is that of Anne Frank...

Anne Frank facts
Anne Frank in 1942, Photo Collection Anne Frank House
Full name: Annelies Marie Frank

Born: 12 June 1929

Hometown: Frankfurt, Germany

Occupation: Jewish diarist

Died: February 1945

Best known for: Her diary entries during World War II

Also known as: Anne Frank

Who was Anne Frank?

Anne Frank was born in Germany in 1929 during a time when the country was troubled. Many people had lost their jobs and were becoming poorer and Adolf Hitler - the leader of the Nazi* party - was blaming Jews* for Germany's problems.

Afraid for their safety, Anne's parents moved the family to Holland when Anne was just four years old. Anne lived and went to school in Amsterdam, and had to learn Dutch. She made lots of friends, and spent her free time reading and playing table tennis.

But when World War II broke out, life for Anne and her family became much harder. The Nazis imposed strict rules on Jews, restricting the places they could visit, the shops they could use and even the schools they went to. Anne's father lost his company, as Jewish people were no longer allowed to run their own businesses.

Anne Frank's house

In 1942, the Nazis wanted to take Anne's elder sister, Margot, to Germany, but her family refused to be separated and went into hiding. Anne's father had spent several months preparing a hiding place, in the backhouse of his company at Prinsengracht 263. Anne later named it the ' Secret Annex'.

The Secret Annex was above the warehouse. The entrance to the Annex was later hidden behind a bookcase. Anne's father, Otto Frank, enlisted help from four of his employees who worked at the office and who became known as ' the helpers ' - Miep Gies, Bep Voskuijl, Johannes Kleiman and Victor Krugler. The helpers brought the family food, clothing and other supplies while they were in hiding. The people working in the warehouse didn't know about the people in hiding, except for Johannes Voskuijl, Bep's father, who made the book case.

The Franks were the first family to move into the Secret Annex. Soon after, another family moved in - Hermann and Auguste van Pels, and their son Peter. Later followed by Fritz Pfeffer.

The diary of Anne Frank
Anne Frank's first, red chequered diary. Photo Collection Anne Frank House.
On her 13th birthday, Anne was given a diary. She loved writing and dreamed of becoming a famous writer one day. She named her diary, Kitty.

Anne would write about everyday events in her diary; things that probably didn't seem that important at the time, but that have helped us form a picture of what life was like during this incredibly difficult time in history.

She wrote about what she ate, the film stars that she admired, the books she read, and the arguments she would have with her mother. She also wrote about being in hiding, the fears and difficulties, and how she longed to go outside.

"Footsteps in the house, the private office, the kitchen, then... on the staircase. All sounds of breathing stopped, eight hearts pounded... Then we heard a can fall, and the footsteps receded. We were out of danger, so far!"

- An extract from Anne's diary
When in hiding, the Franks, the van Pels and Fritz Pfeffer had to be incredibly careful to ensure they weren't discovered. For example, they weren't allowed to flush the toilet during the day in case the warehouse workers heard them, and Anne was only rarely allowed to open a window. She could never go outside, either.

How did Anne Frank die?

On 4th August 1944, the Nazis raided the Prinsengracht 263 and found the hiding place. They took the 8 people in hiding to Westerbork - a camp that held Jewish people and others captive - in Holland. A month later, they were sent to Auschwitz, a larger concentration camp* in Poland. Men and women were separated. Eventually, Anne and her sister Margot were separated from their mother and sent to another concentration camp Bergen-Belsen, on a crowded train.

Conditions at the camp were extremely poor. It was cold and wet, there was little food to eat and disease was common. Anne and Margot both died at the camp in February 1945 - just a few months before the end of World War II. It is believed that they died of a disease called typhus.

Anne and Margot's mother, Edith, also died at Auschwitz. Their father Otto was the only survivor of the eight people in hiding in the Secret Annex.

Anne Frank's story

Anne's diary was saved by one of the helpers, Miep. When Anne's father Otto - the only surviving member of the Frank family - returned to Amsterdam at the end of the war, he received his daughter's diary from Miep, at the day he heard that Anne and Margot died in Bergen-Belsen. He started to read Anne's diary and published it, making Anne's dream of becoming a writer a reality. The diary was published in 1947, titled: The Secret Annex.

Since its publication, Anne Frank's diary has sold millions of copies around the world and has been translated into more than 70 languages. It remains an important account of the treatment that Jewish people suffered at the hands of the Nazis. Otto hoped that his daughter's diary would educate readers on the dangers of hatred against others, prejudice and discrimination.

In 1960, with the help of Otto, the former hiding place opened its doors as a museum, named the Anne Frank House. Each year, it is visited by more than 1.2 million people from around the world, wanting to learn more about Anne Frank's life story.

*The Jews are people born into a Jewish family or practice the religion of Judaism.

*The Nazis were a group of people who followed the ideas of a German leader named Adolf Hitler.

*Concentration camps were places where Nazis held Jews and others. Many people lost their lives in camps due to the harsh treatment they faced, like being forced to work, and the lack of food, space and healthcare. Auschwitz, the largest concentration camp complex was based in Poland.

What did you think of our Anne Frank facts? Leave a comment below and let us know!

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Anne Frank facts - National Geographic Kids

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Discover the life of a Jewish family in hiding during World War II, in our Anne Frank facts. Who was Anne Frank? What did Anne write in her diary during World War II?

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Joan of Arc - knight

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Joan of Arc knew nothing but war. Her country of France had been fighting England for about 75 years when she was born around 1412. But when she was 16, even though she was poor and living at a time when women did not fight in the military-and certainly did not lead men-Joan came to believe that God had chosen her to lead her country to victory during what's now known as the Hundred Years War.

By 1428, England controlled much of France, and the French king no longer ruled. So Joan persuaded a local government leader to escort her through English-held territory to meet with and convince King Charles VII to let her lead his armies and help him regain the throne. Legend has it that Joan knew details about the king that no one else did, and he came to believe her claim that God had chosen her to lead.

The king ordered the army to take back the city of Orléans, accompanied by 17-year-old Joan. She cropped her hair short like a man's, donned a suit of white armor, and successfully helped French troops to victory in March 1429, even after being wounded in battle. King Charles then took back his crown a few months later. At the ceremony, Joan was at his side.

A few months later, though, Joan was captured in battle and held captive for more than a year. She was accused of witchcraft and the crime of dressing as a man. Not wanting to threaten his newly returned crown, the king didn't come to Joan's aid, and in 1431, when she was just 19, she was burned at the stake.

But beloved by France, she was officially cleared of her crimes 20 years later and became a Catholic saint in 1920. Today Joan of Arc remains the patron saint of France and a symbol of national pride.

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The teenage girl who helped lead a French army to victory

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Pele -Brazilian football player

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When we think of football, we think of Pelé! This football legend played professionally in Brazil for 20 years (and later in New York), helped his country win three World Cups and is considered by many to be the greatest footballer of all time.

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Salvador Dali - Spanish artist

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(1904-89). Spanish artist Salvador Dali blended reality with fantasy in his works. Throughout his life he created a tremendous number of paintings, graphic works, book...

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Natalya Gorbanevskaya - Russian activist, poet and translator

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Learn Natalya Gorbanevskaya facts for kids

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Learn Natalya Gorbanevskaya facts for kids

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Cai Lin - Chinese inventor

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Not ready to purchase a subscription? Click to download the free sample version Download sample

Cai Lun was a politician and Chinese eunuch. He is famously known for inventing paper and the paper making process. He improved the standard on papermaking by adding new materials into the paper mix. Nowadays, Cai Lun's technique is still generally used for the modern papermaking process.
See the fact file below for more information on the Cai Lun or alternatively, you can download our 24-page Cai Lun worksheet pack to utilise within the classroom or home environment.
Key Facts & Information

EARLY LIFE

Cai Lun was born in Guiyang (now known as Leiyang, Hunan) around 50 AD. He lived during the reign of the Han Dynasty.

In 75 C.E., Cai Lun began serving as a court eunuch - he was 25 years old. After receiving castration as a requirement to become a eunuch, he served under the rule of Emperor He.

Cai Lun had a bright and promising career under Emperor He's reign. In AD 89, Emperor He promoted him with the title of Shang Fang Si, an officer rank where he was charged with manufacturing instruments and weapons.

He also became a paperwork secretary and a Regular Palace Attendant.

CAREER AND CONTRIBUTIONS

In 105 A.D., Cai Lun presented the emperor his ways of making the paper. Before papers existed, it was common for royal members to do writings and inscriptions on tablets, bamboo slides, and metal. Other civilizations such as Egyptians and Greeks used papyrus, parchment, wood, and ostraka for their writing mediums.

Cai Lun started to initiate the idea of creating a writing medium which is lighter and more practical. He made sheets of paper from inner bark of bamboo, mulberry trees, rags of cloth, and fishing nets. He mixed the composition with water, and after the mixture starts to soften, he poured the mixture onto a flat piece of woven cloth, draining the water, and dried the mix until it formed into a thin matted sheet.

As a result, the thin sheets were much lighter and comfortable to be written on, making it very practical to be carried when the royals wanted to go places.

His innovation made Emperor He was pleased and he granted Cai Lun many rewards and an aristocratic title. In 114 A.D., he was named as a marquess, a royal title similar to the British nobleman which ranks above an earl and below a duke.

Cai Lun's apprentice, Zuo Bo, later contributed to the essential improvements of the paper-making process. The process was later adopted throughout China and then spread to the rest of the world.

CAI LUN'S INVOLVEMENT IN PALACE INTRIGUE

Cai Lun was involved in a palace intrigue between Empress Dou and her rival, Consort Song.

The rival between Empress Dou and Consort Song began when Empress Dou wanted to remove the older son of Emperor Zhang, Liu Qing from the throne line, and replace the crown prince with her adopted son, Prince Zhao.

Liu Qing was Consort Song's son. In 82 A.D, Consort Song fell ill, and she craved raw Cuscuta, an herbal medicine. Consort Song's illness was used by Empress Dou to falsely accuse Consort Song of using the Cuscuta for witchcraft.

Cai Lun was a supporter of Empress Dou. He was responsible for arresting and interrogating the Crown Prince Qing and Consort Song.

After the death of Empress Dou death in 97 A.D, Cai Lun becomes an associate with Consort Deng Sui.

DEATH AND LEGACY

In 121 A.D., Emperor An stepped into the throne after Empress Deng's death. As Consort Song's grandson, he committed to punishing those responsible for the deaths and suffering of his grandmother and his father, Liu Qing.

Cai Lun was commanded to report to the prison. Before he reported, he committed suicide by drinking poison after taking a bath.

After Cai Lun death, his tomb was built at his estate, Dragon Pavillion Village, in the city of Leiyang, Hunan Province.

According to Fei Zhu from the Song Dynasty (960 - 1279 A.D), the people also build a temple for honoring Cai Lun in Chengdu. Many families involved in the papermaking industry traveled from far away and come to pay respects.

Cai Lun's tomb is now under state protection as a historic site. A memorial hall dedicated to Cai Lun was built and surrounded by a garden.

Cai Lun's innovation of paper made Leiyang, his hometown, be known as "Invention Square," which was named by him as an act of honor.

With the invention of paper, China could develop its culture through works of literature much faster than the first writing mediums (especially silk and bamboo plates).

Paper achieved its immediate popularity around the world during the colonization period and the opening of the silk trade route.

For example, the Arab soldiers captured some Chinese paper makers after defeating them in the Battle of Talas River. After learning from lessons from Chinese papermakers, the Arabian people could produce the first Arab paper in Samarkand. Thus, the production of paper quickly become popular and replaced the papyrus production in the Middle East and North Africa.

In Asia, since the 600s A.D., China's papermaking technique had spread to Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. Paper was introduced to Europe in the 12th century. The widespread use of paper in Europe meant paper contributed to the foundation of the Scholastic Age.

Cai Lun was ranked as 7th most influential figure in history according to the Michael H. Hart.

Cai Lun Worksheets

This is a fantastic bundle which includes everything you need to know about the Cai Lun across 24 in-depth pages. These are ready-to-use Cai Lun worksheets that are perfect for teaching students about Cai Lun who was a politician and Chinese eunuch. He is famously known for inventing paper and the paper making process. He improved the standard on papermaking by adding new materials into the paper mix. Nowadays, Cai Lun's technique is still generally used for the modern papermaking process.

Complete List Of Included Worksheets

Cai Lun Facts

Patron of Papermaking

Four Great Inventions

Serving the Kingdom

Papermaking Process

Paper Distribution

Writing Materials

Compare the Three

Paper Trivia

Let's Recycle

Paper's Products

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Cai Lun Facts, Worksheets & Early Life For Kids

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Not ready to purchase a subscription? Click to download the free sample version Download sample Cai Lun was a politician and Chinese eunuch. He is famously known for inventing paper and the paper making process. He improved the standard on papermaking by adding new materials into the paper mix.

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Uday Shankar -Indian dancer

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Uday Shankar (born December 8, 1900 - died September 26, 1977) was a famous Indian dancer and choreographer. He was known for mixing different dance styles. He combined European theater methods with Indian classical dance. He also added parts of Indian folk and tribal dances.

Uday Shankar made this new style popular in India, Europe, and the United States. This happened in the 1920s and 1930s. He is seen as a leader of modern dance in India. In 1962, he received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship. This is the highest award from India's National Academy for Music, Dance, and Drama. In 1971, the Government of India gave him the Padma Vibhushan. This is the second highest award for civilians in India.

Early Life and Education

Uday Shankar Chowdhury was born in Udaipur, Rajasthan. He was the oldest son in a Brahmin family. His family came from Narail, which is now in Bangladesh. His father, Shyam Shankar Chowdhury, was a well-known lawyer. He worked for the Maharaja of Jhalawar when Uday was born. Uday's mother, Hemangini Devi, came from a rich land-owning family.

Uday's father was a very smart scholar. He studied at the University of Calcutta and University of Oxford. Because his father moved often for work, Uday lived with his mother and brothers. They stayed at his maternal uncle's house in Nasratpur. Uday studied in many places, including Nasratpur, Gazipur, Varanasi, and Jhalawar. In Gazipur, he learned music and photography from his teacher.

In 1918, when he was 18, Uday went to Mumbai. He trained at the J. J. School of Art and then at Gandharva Mahavidyalaya. His father had moved to London by then. There, his father married an English woman and worked as a lawyer. He also helped introduce Indian dance and music to Britain. Uday joined his father in London. In 1920, he started studying painting at the Royal College of Art. He danced at some charity shows his father organized. At one show, the famous Russian dancer Anna Pavlova was there. This meeting changed his life.

Developing a New Dance Style

Uday Shankar did not have formal training in any Indian classical dance forms. But his performances were very creative. From a young age, he saw both Indian classical and folk dances. He also saw ballet during his time in Europe. He decided to combine parts of these styles to create a new dance. He first called it "Hi-dance."

He studied Rajput painting and Mughal painting at the British Museum. This helped him turn Indian dance ideas into new movements. While in Britain, he met many artists. Later, he went to Rome to study art. There, he met more artists. This made him want to change Indian dance into a modern form.

A big moment came when he met the famous Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. She was looking for artists to work on Indian themes. They created ballets based on Hindu stories. One was ' Radha- Krishna', a dance he performed with Anna. Another was 'Hindu Wedding'. These were part of her show, 'Oriental Impressions'. They performed at the Royal Opera House in London. He also created a ballet based on the Ajanta Caves paintings. This was performed across the United States. His dance style became known as 'Hi-dance', and later he called it 'Creative dance'.

He worked with Anna Pavlova for about a year and a half. Then, he started his own work in Paris.

Forming a Dance Company

Shankar came back to India in 1927. He brought with him a French pianist, Simon Barbiere, who was his student. He also brought a Swiss artist, Alice Boner, who wanted to study Indian art. Rabindranath Tagore welcomed him. Tagore also asked him to open a performing arts school in India.

In 1931, Shankar returned to Paris. There, he started Europe's first Indian dance company. He worked with Alice Boner, who was now his student. With musicians Vishnu Dass Shirali and Timir Baran, he created new music for his dances. His first shows were on March 3, 1931, at the Champs-Elysees Theatre in Paris. This theater became his main base as he toured Europe.

Soon, he went on a seven-year tour through Europe and America. His group was called 'Uday Shankar and his Hindu Ballet'. He first performed in the United States in January 1933 in New York City. His dance partner was Simkie, a French dancer. They toured 84 cities across the country.

Uday Shankar used European theater techniques in Indian dance. This made his art very popular in India and other countries. He helped bring new life to traditional Indian temple dances. These dances were known for their strict rules before. At the same time, his brother Ravi Shankar was helping to make Indian classical music popular worldwide.

In 1936, Leonard Knight Elmhirst invited him to Dartington Hall in England. Elmhirst had helped Rabindranath Tagore build Sriniketan. Uday Shankar stayed there for six months with his group and lead dancer, Simkie. He met other famous artists there. This experience added more energy to his expressionist dance.

In 1938, he made India his home base. He opened the 'Uday Shankar India Cultural Centre' in Almora, in the Uttarakhand Himalayas. He invited many great teachers for different Indian dance forms. These included Sankaran Namboodri for Kathakali and Kandappa Pillai for Bharatanatyam. Many artists and dancers joined him. His brothers Rajendra, Debendra, and Ravi also became his students.

The center closed in 1942 because it ran out of money. After that, he went south and made his only film, Kalpana (Imagination) in 1948. It was based on his dance, and he and his wife Amala Shankar danced in it. The film was made in Madras. In 2008, the film was digitally restored.

Uday Shankar settled in Kolkata in 1960. The "Uday Shankar Center for Dance" opened there in 1965. In 1962, he received the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship. This was for his lifelong work in Indian dance.

Personal Life

Uday Shankar was the older brother of Ravi Shankar. He married his dance partner, Amala Shankar. They had a son, Ananda Shankar, born in 1942. They also had a daughter, Mamata Shankar, born in 1955.

Ananda Shankar became a musician and composer. He was known for mixing European and Indian music styles. Mamata Shankar became a dancer like her parents. She also became a noted actress. She runs the 'Udayan Dance Company' in Kolkata.

Legacy and Influence

Uday Shankar and Amala Shankar opened the Uday Shankar India Culture Centre in Kolkata in 1965. Amala Shankar was the director for 50 years. The school taught Uday Shankar's ideas about creative dance. It also offered training in classical dances like Kathakali and Bharatanatyam.

Amala Shankar worked hard to show the world Uday Shankar's dances. She also created new dances. The dance group from the center toured widely. Uday Shankar's ideas continue through his family and students. Amala Shankar recreated many of Shankar's major dance productions. She also created new performances. She believed in teaching dancers about costume and stage design too. She received the Padma Bhushan award in 1991.

Ananda Shankar's wife, Tanushree Shankar, continues to teach and perform his style of modern Indian dance. She runs the 'Tanushree Shankar Dance Company'. Uday Shankar's daughter, Mamata Shankar, also carries on his legacy. She runs her institution 'Udayan Kala Kendra'.

Many of Uday Shankar's students went on to become famous artists. Shanti Bardhan created Ramayana ballets. Guru Dutt, who attended his school, became a great film director in India. Lakshmi Shankar became a noted classical singer. She married Rajendra Shankar, Uday Shankar's younger brother. Zohra Sehgal had a successful career in theater, television, and film.

In December 1983, his younger brother, sitar player Ravi Shankar, organized a festival. It was called Uday-Ustav Festival in New Delhi. It celebrated 60 years since Uday Shankar's first professional performance. The festival included performances by his students, films, and music by Ravi Shankar. In 2001, celebrations for his 100th birthday were held at UNESCO in Paris. Dancers and scholars from around the world honored him. In Kolkata, a road in the Tollygunge area is named Uday Shankar Sarani after him.

1960: Sangeet Natak Akademi Award - 'Creative Dance'

1962: Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship

1971: Padma Vibhushan

1975: Desikottama, Visva-Bharati University

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Ryuichi Sakamoto - Japanese musician

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Historial figures on Korean Currency

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Gilbert Baker - activist, designer, artist

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Gabrielle Bonheur Chanel - French clothing designer

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Ludwig van Beethoven - German composer

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Austrian composer

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Historical Figures From the Middle East

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Historical Figures From the Middle East That Have Had an Impact On the World

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By Muhammed Aladdin From science to politics, the people of the Middle East and North Africa have surely left their footprint on the world’s stage. However, in time, there comes a handful of people from the region with an unbendable will, rising through the challenges, and radically changing the world for the better, earning their

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Significant Indigenous Canadian Figures

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Significant Colombian artists

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Gabriel García Márquez - author

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Wangari Maathai - conservationist

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Junko Tabei - climber

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Ida Rhodes - mathematician and computer engineer

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Sophia Duleep Singh - princess and activist

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윤봉길 - activist

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Edmund Hillary - climber

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Martin Luther King Jr

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Galileo - scientist

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Frida Kahlo - Artist

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Pablo Picasso - artist

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Dr Elizabeth Blackwell - abolitionist

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Barbara Askins - chemist and inventor

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Stephanie Kwolek - scientist

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This is Stephanie: Read the Story of Stephanie Kwolek

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Stephanie Louise Kwolek was born in the small town of New Kensington, Pennsylvania, in 1923. Her parents were Polish immigrants. Stephanie’s school was so small that two grades were taught in one classroom. Stephanie was different from her classmates.…

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Marie Curie - scientist

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Jane Goodall - scientist and conservationist

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Gladys West - mathematician

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Ada Lovelace - writer and mathematician

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Thomas Edison - inventor

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Louis Braille - inventor

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Henry Ford - engineer

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Ben Franklin - inventor and Founding Father

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Garrett Morgan - inventor

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Alexander Graham Bell - inventor