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Educational policies, social relationships, and political and social attitudes. Political factors are conditions that have an effect on a certain cultural group of students either favorably or unfavorably because of governmental or organizational policies and structures.

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Racism, stereotyping, discrimination, interactions with native speakers, lack of cultural identity, not being familiar in the classroom, and the perceived status of a student's culture among others are sociocultural factors that influence language learning. Exposure is important and EL's being able to socially interact with their peers in class, at recess, etc.. all affect socio-cultural factors.

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Affective factors include emotion, attitude, feelings, manners, etc.. This also affects self-confidence, motivation, and anxiety.

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Affective and Cognitive Factors in Second Language Acquisition

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Linguistic factors include things such as grammar, vocabulary, and tying it and comparing to the students mother-language. Students should compare word in their language to words in the English language. There are five components that go along with the linguistic factors as stated in the chapter that include: phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. If students are not able to make connections with their first language, the linguistic factor may be affected.

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The acquisition of a second or foreign language is impacted by cognitive characteristics such as memory, attention, awareness, and forgetting. Language learning also heavily relies on things like including prioritizing, planning, self-monitoring, and self-evaluation. Having a routine and be familiar with the classroom is a good way for EL learners to feel comfortable.

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In 50 strategies for Teaching English Language Learners on page 28, it states how teachers will introduce commands, acting out what they are saying or using hand gestures. Demonstrations are removed and then students will respond to verbal commands. Using their bodies, or nodding, basically acquiring receptive language gives students the chance to develop understanding and not speak until they are ready.