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pocket parks

increase people's connectivity to the natural environment

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How environment positively impacts humas:

-Therapeutic gardens

. provide therapy to humans

. can release stress and help us to keep calm.

3 theories of therapeutic gardens:

1.Biophilia Hypothesis:

-suggests that humans have an innate tendency to seek connection with nature and other forms of life.

2.Attention Restoration Theory (ART):

-Being in nature offers people rest and recovery from constant information processing.

3.Stress Reduction Theory (SRT):

-Posits that people's health and moods will improve from being in a natural environment.

-Helps to regulate good moods and healthy lifestyle.

How do people depend on nature:

-Survival: essentials like air and water

-Living organisms like bees help pollinate crops and produce a continuous supply of food.

-Maintain their physical and mental well-being: recreation or leisure activities.

How does nature depend on people:

-Investing efforts to ensure that the plants and animals living there thrive-sustainability-Sustaining Ecosystem

-E.g. Nparks organises a range of activities for schools during the week of international day for biodiversity in May. (E.g. Green Wave campaign).

Benefits enjoyed by people and nature:

Lowering air temperature:

1.Vegetation cools the surroundings air thru evapotranspiration.

2.Trees lower air temperature by providing shade.

Removal of pollutants (to improve the health of people and the environment):

1.Vegetations absorb air pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide.

2.Small particles in the air are intercepted by leaves, which are washed to the ground when it rains.

3.During photosynthesis, vegetation absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen.

4. (How wetland plants remove sediments) Wetland plants can trap suspended materials and pollutants, and absorb excess nutrients in the water, thus, improving water quality.

(a) Local communities can collectively raise awareness about value of nature areas, encouraging positive behaviour that does not damage nature.

Local communities can contribute to the protection of Singapore's nature areas.

(b) Local communities can also organise or participate in conservation efforts:

-clean-up programmes, remove pollutants from the environment, and restore natural habitats.

-to restore the natural habitats, providing a healthy environment for species to thrive.

-Clean-up programmes organised by the Waterways Watch Society.

Summary:

-Nature benefits people:

(a)nature areas lower temperatures.

(b)remove pollutants.

(c)provide space for recreation.

-People benefit nature:

(a)community activities promote the importance of environmental protection.

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Mutual relationship:

-The parties involved can bring about benefits to each other.

-Local communities and nearby nature areas also mutually affect each other.

-As nature and local communities are brought closer to each other, it is crucial that we maximise the benefits through harmonious coexistence.

Relationship between people and nature:

(a) local communities and nearby nature areas are dependent upon each other.

(b) local communities and nearby nature areas mutually affect each other.

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(a) Disadvantages to nature by people:

-Soil erosion

-Damage vegetation

-Worsen pollution and disturb wildlife

Soil erosion:

-Due to trampling and damaging of vegetation, to excessive trampling of topsoil, increases soil compaction on non-designated trails, affecting their (the plants) growth.

-Compacted soil can cause changes in water flow. While loose and not compact soil can let water infiltrate(infiltration), compacted soil can lead to surface runoff of water.

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Place:

-Locations or an area with a unique physical and human characteristic.

-Holds different meanings for people as it is derived from people's experiences such as their memories and perception.

Space:

-A location or geographical point on the earth's surface (e.g. as determined by latitude or longitude).

-Include basic spatial concepts such as locations, distance, direction and spatial patterns and processes such as distribution of tropical climate.

Environment:

-Animals/things/people/objects in a specific location.

- The conditions and surrounding in which we/an organism with life live in.

-Including atmosphere, land, rivers, lakes, oceans, and mountains

-Has a living and non-living part.

-Within various environments, diverse relationships exist between people and nature.

Scale:

-Fundamental levels of organisation (local, regional, global)

-Scale of imagery (e.g. satellite to ground photographs)

Singapore=concrete jungle

-City-state

-Extensive urban developments

-Presence and importance of nature in our neighbourhoods

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Integrated transport station - more than one transport mode available

Question 1(i) - Using Photograph B and Fig. 1, describe and explain the spatial associations that enhances everyday living. [4]

describe what you see in the photograph

Explain (Exp) how these spatial associations (SA) can benefit you

Exp how these SA can benefit the businesses

Question 1(ii) - ii) Suggest reasons why town centres as shown in Photograph B attract visitors from other towns. [3]

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the water cycle provides organism with a supply of water

nature provides habitats for organism

nutrient cycling provides plants and animals with food which are then returned to the environment through decomposition

crop pollination

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recreation done amongst nature can help to relieve stress and maintain physical and mental health

some environments attract opportunities for tourism and aesthetic appreciation

some nature spaces can foster social belonging group identity and sense of place

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plants regulate the climate by providing shade and cool the environment

roots of mangroves trap sediments and filter the water regulating water quality

tree roots bind the soil regulating soil erosion

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plants and animals provide food and nutrition for other organism

fresh waterbodies such as lakes streams and river provide drinking water

nature provides different types of fuel such as firewood coal and oil

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1. the eco link is made for the animals so they can go from one place to another without using the road and being killed

2. The HDB Greenprint is a comprehensive and integrated framework of goals and strategies to guide greener HDB town development, and create sustainable homes.

3. the new hdb green towns programme is a 10 year plan to make HDB towns more sustainable and liveable by 2030

possible issue

One possible issue on the eco link could be its effectiveness in facilitating wildlife movement. there might be challenges in ensuring that animals actually use the bridge

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urban neighbourhood-> environmental sustainability

-Recycling facilities and infrastructures conveniently located around their housing estates can encourage residents to recycle

High enough population density in a neighbourhood
ensures that sufficient waste can be collected and
recycled in an economically viable manner

Recycling activities organised by either the residents or the town council.

-Safeguarding nearby nature areas

Embracing smart technology and eco-friendly features

Cool paint under the HDB Green Towns Programme,

Lower temperatures by up to 2°C

Reduce energy consumption

Rainwater for block washing of void decks and corridors

Reduce overall water consumption.

Minimise the use of resources

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social sustainability

-To achieve social sustainability in an urban neighbourhood, residents should feel included and have a sense of shared identities.

-This can be fostered by having shared community spaces to promote regular social interactions.

urban neighbourhood -> social sustainability

1. One way

.Small population size helps to facilitate regular interactions amongst the residents.

.Residents discuss issues affecting the neighbourhood & find solutions to various challenges together

.Builds resilience and positive relationships between residents

.Social sustainability

2.Second Way

.Shared community spaces

(Parks, void deck, community centres)

.Residents from different backgrounds and hobbies to gather, interact and engage in recreational activities

.Foster positive relationships

urban neighbourhood -> social sustainability

1.Regular interactions between residents

maintain a culture of open communication, mutual respect and understanding

reduce misunderstandings and conflicts.

2.RN promote neighbourliness and community cohesiveness amongst residents

Regular activities are organised at to cater to the small population size in the zone.

encourage residents to voice their opinions and participate in decision-making processes regarding issues affecting their neighbourhood, enhancing their social well-being.

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Economic sustainability

- one way to achieve economic sustainability is to ensure a neighbourhood has a high enough density.

-this helps to support local business and keep transport and infrastructure cost low.

- high population density in urban neighbourhood-> economic sustainability

1. able to sustain themselves as there will be sufficient demand for their goods and services.

2. Residents can also take up employment at these shops, earning income and increasing their standard of living

3.buildings and objects are usually located close to one another. Residents often need not travel far, keeping their transportation expenditure low.

4.Transport infrastructure located closer to one another.

Thus, connecting infrastructures need not be built or built over long distances.

transportation costs for residents are lowered.

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. precinct

400 to 800 residential unit

-facilities are close serving everyday needs

-facilities are spread out

-to enhance convenience and accessibility

. neighbourhood

-4000 to 6000 residents

-towns neighbourhoods surrounds the town centre

-each town has a wide range of facilities and features that enhance residents convenience and needs facilities can complement each other

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You are to select an Environment in school

Suggest why that environment is important to you

Also include how this environment can be disrupted / destroyed

Suggest one way in which you can ensure this environment can be protected

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. the environment that i selected is the cms.

.the cms is important to me because it is a place where i can relax and study with my friends.

this environment can be disrupted as there are construction going on and students will be noisy.

.not have constructions during school hours and tell students not to make noise near the cms.

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nested areas

-small area within a larger area

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non random arrangement

-purposefully done

clusters and shape

regular intervals

save time, convenience, accessibility

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this facility has improved my quality of life as it teaches me what to recycle and it allows me to recycle things that are recyclable and it reduces pollution caused by waste as i always never recycle

a facility that should be included in my neighbourhood is solar panels so we can have renewable energy that can be naturally replenished from the sun. it also emits little to no greenhouse gases or pollutants into the air.

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.regions can be sphere of influence of services, events and objects on other locations in the area

. a region's boundary is where the sphere of influence is absent

. eg town council service, look after common areas in public housing and commercial property within the town

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places where special cultures recognise they are part of a place

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clean up programmes - remove pollutants from the environment and restore natural habitats

restore the natural habitats providing a healthy environment for species to thrive

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.vegetation cools the surrounding air through evapotranspiration

.trees lower air temperature by providing shade

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.survival-essentials like air and water

. living organism

.well being

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. biophilia hypothesis - to develop a space to foster peoples natural appreciation

. attention restoration theory - being in nature offers people rest and recovery from consistent information processing.

stress reduction theory - posits that people health and moods will improve from being in a natural environment.

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Using Fig. 3, describe the differences between precinct 1 and precinct 2. [4]

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the conditions and surrounding in which we live is our environment

the condition and surroungings in which we live is its environment

an organism is anything with a life such as humans horses fishes plants fungi and bacteria

a fish cannot survive without water

the environment is our natural world

the environment has a non living and living part

atmosphere is a layer of nitrogen oxygen carbon dioxide and other gases

hydrosphere

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the playground in my neighbourhood can benefit people and nature. for example parents with kids can bring their kids there to play at the playground and the parents can have some peace and quiet. it can also be a disadvantage because the playground can be damaged and kids can get injured.

Reflection: i feel that someone should check on the playground once a while to make sure that nothing is damaged and that kids will not get hurt.