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The ability to read text accurately, quickly and with expression.

Fluency bridges decoding and comprehension: When students read smoothly, they can focus on meaning. (Rasinski, 2012)

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The relationship betwen letters and the sounds they represent.

Phonics instruction teaches children how to connect these letters and sounds to read and spell words accurately.

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The ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.

Phonemes are the smallest units that make up the spoken english language. English has 41. (National Reading Panel, n.d.)

This is an auditory skills: Students don't yet work with prented letters.

It is the foundation for decoding and spelling.

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Cat --> /c/ /a/ /t/

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A visual with mouth formation pictures for each sound

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Activity: Sound Boxes

Students push a counter into a box for each sound they hear in a word.

Differentation:

Emerging learners: Use simple CVC words with clear sounds.

Developing learns: Blend and segment 4-5 sound words.

Advanced learners: Manipulate phonemes (add, delete, substitue sounds)

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1. Starfall's Phonemic Awareness Games: Free, engaging activities for practicing listening to sounds: www.starfall.com

2. Zero-to-Three Early Literacy Tips: Includes sound play activites for families who may have limited materials or time: https://www.zerotothree.org/resources

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Activity: Word Building with Letter Tiles

Students use magnetic letters or tiles to build and sound out the words

Differentation

Emerging learners: Focus on beginning letter sounds

Developing learners: Blend CVC words

Advanced learners: Work with digraphs and blends

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1. PBS Kids Reading Games: Interactive phonics and decoding practice: Https://pbskids.org/games/reading/

2. Family Phonics Toolkit (Colorin Colorado): Great for multilingual and multicultural families: https://www.colorincolorado.org/

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Activity: Readers Theater

Students practice short scripts in pairs or small groups, then perform for the class.

Differentation

Emerging Learners: Use repetitive text and simple sentences

Developng Learners: Add short dialogues

Advanced Learners: Include expressive punctuation and dialogue tags.

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1. Storyline Online: Free videos of actors reading books aloud with expression: https://www.storylineonline.net/

2. Reading Rockets' Family Fluency Ideas: Includes strategies for busy or blind households: https://www.readingrockets.org/families

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The collection of words a person knows and understands, which supports oral and written communication.

Oral Vocabulary: Refers to the words we use and understand through speaking and listening in everyday conversation.

Print Vocabulary: Includes the words we recognize and understand when reading and writing.

Academic Vocabulary: Consists of the words used in school subjects and learning contexts that are more formal and specific, helping students understand and discuss academic content.

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Activity: Word Detective

Students look for new or intersting words in storybooks, circle them, and discuss meanings using pictures or actions. (The Art & Science of Vocabulary Instruction, n.d.-b)

Differentation:

Emerging Learners: Match pictures with words.

Developing Learners: Use new words in sentences or short stories.

Advanced Learners: Explore word origins or creat word maps.

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1. PBS Kids "Word World" - Fun videos and games that build early vocabulary. https://pbskids.org/wordworld

2. Colorin Colorado: Building Vocabulary at Home - Strategies for bilingual and multilingual families to support word learning through conversation and reading http://www.colorincolorado.org/

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The ability to understand, remember, and make meaning from what we read.

It is the ultimate goal of reading because reading isn't just about saying the words correctly, but about understanding what those words mean together. (Ross, 2025)

Good readers use strategies like predicting, questioning, summarizing, and connecting text to prior knowledge.

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Activity: Think Aloud Reading

The teacher models how to think through a text by verbalizing thoughts

"I wonder why the dog did that..."

Differentation

Emerging Learners: Use picture books and short passages.

Developing Learners: Practice guided think-alouds in pairs.

Advanced Learners: Apply independently and reflect in journals.

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1. Storyline Online: Actors read children's books aloud to support comprehension through expressive storytelling. https://www.storylineonline.net/

2. Reading Rockets: Reading for Meaning at Home: Practical strategies for families, including those with limited literacy resources. Https://www.readingrockets.org/families