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Links of current anti-Semitism events today 

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Links of current anti-Semitism events today 

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1: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-61228552
2: https://jcpa.org/mission-impossible-repairing-the-ties-between-europe-and-israel/anti-semitism-in-europe-today-comes-mostly-from-the-left/
3: https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/17/europes-worrying-surge-antisemitism

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Photo credit contd: Accessed 31 May 2023

Livia Bitton-Jackon, born Elli L. Friedmann was 13 years old when her and her family were taken to Ghetto Nagymagyar. After their move to the ghetto, her father was sent to a forced labor camp in Komárom. Two weeks later, the rest of Bitton-Jackson and her family was taken to Auschwitz, the largest concentration camp. She and her mother were separated from her brother, but eventually reunited on a train. Americans later discovered the trains, which were full of emancipated or dead prisoners. After liberation, they return to Šamorín.

Bitton-Jackson eventually moved to New York and got a Ph.D. in Hebrew Culture and Jewish History. She later work her memoir,  I Have Lived a Thousand Years, which received numerous awards. She spoke at events about her experience in the Holocaust. She passed earlier this year, May 17, 2023.

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Releasing someone from forms of imprisonment or oppression.

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Define difference between an extermination and a labor camp. 

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Define difference between an extermination and a labor camp. 

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Concentration camps were detention centers for "enemies of the state" and had inmates subjected to forced physical labor.

While extermination camps were were used for mass killings.

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A ghetto is a destitute area occupied by minority groups. In a historical term, it was a forced Jewish occupation in the city.

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The Third Reich was the Nazi regime in Germany in January 30, 1933 to May 8, 1945. In German, reich means "kingdom" or "realm" or "empire".

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Anti Semitism is prejudice against Jewish people

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 Hayez Francesc. "Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem" 1867. Oil on Canvas. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_%2870_CE%29. Accessed 16 May 202

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This oil paintings depicts Roman forces destroying the Second Temple in the First Jewish-Roman War. The Second Temple was a symbol of God's presence and built by King Solomon in the mid-10th century. The original goal of the Romans were to seize the Temple and dedicate to the Roman Emperor. But after a solider threw a burning stick at the wall's, the destruction spiraled out of control. The Temple was seized and soon destroyed. After the siege, Jerusalem's citizens were killed or imprisoned. It was estimated that 97,000 were enslaved and 1.1 million killed in the siege. In the 97,000 some were forced to be gladiators or help in the Colosseum or Forum of Peace.

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Oldrado de P, "Simon of Trent being killed and tortured by Jews", 1478. Print. https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/article/simon-trent-print. 16 May 2023

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The painting depicts Jewish people performing a "blood libel" on a Christian child. In the Medieval Ages, Jewish people were ostracized because of religious attitudes. Jewish people were denied citizenships, excluded from job opportunities, and holding positions in the government or military. They were also subject to discriminatory taxes, restricted in how they dressed, and concentrated in ghettos.  Later Jews are accused of a blood libel, the action of drinking of the blood of Christian children in mockery of their religion. Jewish people were thought to torture a child in an intense ritual and this propaganda spread. After a Christian boy, William of Norwich, was found dead, Jewish people were blamed for his supposed ritual murder. Many other children's deaths were blamed onto Jewish people and there were trials and executions of Jewish people. After a Jew named Copin or Koppin confessed to an involvement of the disappearance of Hugh, 91 Jews were seized and 18 executed. Jewish people would be expelled from all of England in 1290 until 1657.

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"Judge Thomas Buergenthal". 1980. Photograph. Courtesy of Thomas Buergenthal. 

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Photo credit contd: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/judge-thomas-buergenthal?parent=en%2F10049. Accessed 31 May 2023.

Thomas Buergenthal was one of the youngest survivors of the Auschwitz and Sachsenhausen concentration camps. He grew up in the Kielce ghetto in Poland and later was forced into concentration camps. He was one of the few children to survive the three day death march to Sachsenhausen, where he was later liberated.

Buergenthal later emigrated to the United States and received his J.D. and degrees in international law. He was a Lobingier Professor of Comparative Law and Jurisprudence at The George Washington University Law School. He was also the Dean of Washington College of Law and was the director of the Human Rights Program of the Carter Center at Emory University.He later served as a judge on the International Court of Justice, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Inter-American Development Bank, and United Nations Truth Commission for El Salvador. He wrote his memoir, A Lucky Child on his experiences in concentration camps.  He passed earlier this week on May 29, 2023.

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Cranach Lucas. "Martin Luther" 1529. Oil on Panel. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther/images-videos Accessed 24 May 2023 

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 Martin Luther and his anti-semitism works 

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 Martin Luther and his anti-semitism works 

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This painting depicts Martin Luther, a German priest and writer. He is best known for translating the New Testament into German to make it more accessible. However, he ostracized Jewish people and wrote many anti-semitic writings. He wanted to covert them to Christianity and denounced Judaism after failing to do so. Luther campaigned against Jews and later Luther's prince, Elector of Saxony John Frederick, prohibited Jews from entering any social/economical/etc space in his realm. He wrote, On the Jews and Their Lies, which declares Jews as "base, whoring people, that is, no people of God, and their boast of lineage, circumcision, and law must be accounted as filth". He also supports murder of Jews and synagogues and schools to be set on fire. Luther believes that they didn't deserve kindness and drafted into forced labor.

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Grillich Ludwig. "Karl Lueger" 1897. Photograph. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Lueger. Accessed 24 May  2023

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The photograph is of Karl Lueger, the Mayor of Vienna from 1897-1910. He won his election with anti-Semitic campaigns to gain votes. This usage allowed anti-Semitism to be more incorporated and "normal" in the government and civilians. He also voted for a bill that restricted immigration of Russian and Romanian Jews. He was an admirer of Edouard Drumount, the founder of the Antisemitic League of France. This seems to be a chain reaction of followers as Adolf Hitler was inspired by Lueger's perspective on Jewish people.

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ELaw for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of April 7, 1933

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ELaw for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service of April 7, 1933

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The Law for Restoration of the Professional Civil Service excluded Jewish people from civil service. Jewish people couldn't hold jobs as teachers, judges, or any government positions.

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Abraham-Podietz Rosenbaum Eva, "First grade pupils, both Jewish and non-Jewish" Photograph. US Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content

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 April 1933 German Law against Jewish students

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 April 1933 German Law against Jewish students

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Photocredit contd: Accessed 25 May 2023

A new law restricted Jewish students in German schools and universities. The law limited the number of Jewish students in one public school to 5 percent. German school curriculum spread Nazi ideas such as racism, anti-semitisim, and militarism to youth.

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Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda 

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Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda 

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Photo credit: Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, delivers a speech during the book burning on the Opernplatz in Berlin. 1933 May 10. Photograph. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa14118. Accessed 28 May 2023.

The photo shows Joseph Goebbels, the director the Nazi propaganda ministry. He controlled film, radio, theater, and press to spread Nazi ideology. This shut down free press as competing newspapers were shut down and journalists had heavy restrictions and directions.

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Kristallnact, "The Night of Broken Glass" 

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Kristallnact, "The Night of Broken Glass" 

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Photo credit: "Germans pass by the broken shop window of a Jewish-owned business that was destroyed during Kristallnacht." 1938 November 10. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of National Archives and Records Administration, College Park. https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa16792. Accessed 27 May 2023

The photo above shows the aftermath of Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht, "The Night of Broken Glass" was a massacre against Jews in Germany. German government didn't interfere and even firetrucks and police didn't help. Jewish owned business and synagogues were destroyed and set on fire. Homes and schools were ransacked and destroyed as well. Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were destroyed, more than 91 murdered, and 30,000 Jewish men arrested.

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Passports issued to a German Jewish couple, with "J" for Jude (the German word for Jew) stamped on the cards. 29, December 1938. Photograph. 

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The Executive Order on the Law on the alteration of Family and Personal Names, Passport Changes

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The Executive Order on the Law on the alteration of Family and Personal Names, Passport Changes

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Photo credit continued: US Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/passports-issued-to-a-german-jewish-couple. Accessed 28 May 2023

The picture above shows passports of a German Jewish couple that is marked with a "J" for "Jude". This was because of the Executive Order on the Law on the Alteration of Family and Personal Names. This required Jews to identify themselves to separate them from the German population. Also Jewish men and women with "non-Jewish" first names had to add "Israel" and "Sara" to their given names.

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'Windows of a Jewish-owned business in Berlin with the word "Jude"(Jew)'. Photograph. Wide World Photo. 

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Decree on the Elimination of the Jews from Economic Life 

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Decree on the Elimination of the Jews from Economic Life 

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Photo credit contd: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline-event/holocaust/1933-1938/exclusion-of-jews-from-german-economic-life. Accessed 28 May 2023

The photograph above marks a Jewish-owned business with "Jude". On November 12,1938, Decree on the Elimination of the Jews from Economic Life was set into place. This decree didn't allow Jewish people from selling products or services. They didn't allow Jewish people to operate stores or any trade. This closed all Jewish-own businesses.

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The Decree on the Exclusion of Jews from German Economic Life 

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The photograph above pictures Yitzhak Rochzyn, the leader of Łachwa's underground group. Łachwa was a Jewish ghetto in Poland that occupied 2,350 Jews. The ghetto consisted of two streets and 45 houses, all surrounded by barbed wire fence. It was guarded by police force from recruited local Ukrainian and Belorussian residents.The food distribution was 7 oz of bread per day which forced Jews to smuggle food outside the ghetto. After news of massacres in other towns reached Łachwa, underground youth groups were formed. Eventually, the Jews in Łachwa revolted against the German police with smuggled weapons. 1,000 Jews broke out of the ghetto but many were captured or shot by German police. In the end, only 90 escapees survived the war.

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Budapest Ghetto, 1944. Map. US Holocaust Memorial Museum. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/map/budapest-ghetto-1944. Accessed 28 May 2023 

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The Budapest Ghetto was a closed ghetto located in Hungary.  70,000 Jews were moved into a 0.1 square mile zone so buildings were overcrowded which spread diseases. It was surrounded by a high fence with planks and heavily guarded so that nobody could get out. No food was allowed in as the area was cut off from the outside world.  Waste was not collected and dead either lay on streets or piled up. More than half of the Jews were sent to concentration camps. The ghetto lasted less then two months due to the liberation of Budapest by the Soviet Army on January 17,1945.

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The Minsk Ghetto occupied 100,000 Jews in Minsk, Belarus. It was created after the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The ghetto was housed in damaged properties from previous air raids and invasions. Conditions were brutal as 10-12 people shared rooms that housed 3 and constantly suffered from hunger, cold, and untreated illnesses. Mass killings of Jews in the ghetto was constant and there is an estimate between 56,000 and 63,000 deaths.The Judenrat, a Jewish leadership body was established by German authorities. The committee helped execute plans for the Nazi regime by registering all ghetto inhabitants and work details. But the Minsk Judenrat, used its power to assist those in need. Mostly elderly people and children. Those who were able to work were all men older than 14 and women over 16. They were forced to work in labor workshops.

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"View of a street in Slonim leading up to the main synagogue". Photograph. 1943. US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Jerzy Ficowski. 

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Photo credit contd. https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/synagogue-in-slonim. Accessed 28 May 2023.

The Słonim Ghetto was located in Poland and held 22,000-25,000 Jews. The town was captured, barb-wire surrounded the ghetto, and anti-jewish isolation began. Hundreds of men were beaten and killed during a week lasting interrogation. Mass killings of Jews were constant and survivors were forced into slave labor.

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"Destitute Children on a Warsaw Ghetto Street" Between October 1940 and April 1943. Photograph. US Holocaust Memorial Museum. 

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Photo credit contd: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/destitute-children-on-a-warsaw-ghetto-street. Accessed 28 May 2023.

The Warsaw Ghetto was one of the largest ghettos and held 46,000 Jews in Poland. The ghetto was an area of 1.3 square miles which is 7.2 persons per room. It was enclosed from the city with a 3 meter high wall. Jews suffered from starvation as German authorities limited the food ration for 181 calories a day. Infectious disease spread as well due to unsanitary conditions. So many people took part in smuggling to survive and the black market thrived. Eventually people were rounded up and placed into extermination camps.

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"The Black Wall in Auschwitz I" Date unknown. Photograph. National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD. 

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Photo credit contd: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/destitute-children-on-a-warsaw-ghetto-street. Accessed 28 May 2023.

The Auschwitz concentration camp held 1.3 million Jews in Poland. This is one of the most famous concentration camps in the Holocaust. It was a mass killing center that killed 1.1 million Jews by gassing, starvation, disease, medical experiments, exhuastations, beatings, or executions. The ones not killed weren't gassed immediately were chosen for forced labor. The labor included working at construction sites, gravel pits, and lumber yards. The labor was typically 11 hours long and had no rest periods. The camp had sections for women, men, and Roma(Gypsies). There were horrible sanitary conditions as there was a lack of clean water and latrines. Sleeping spaces were uncomfortable as many people crammed into wooden bunks or brick barracks. Food was poor quality and rations were small as well. Prisoners were beaten and killed by guards for any small mistake.

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"Prisoners in the Dachau Camp". Between 1933 and 1940. Photograph. KZ Gedenkstaette Dachau. 

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Photo credit contd: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/prisoners-in-the-dachau-camp?parent=en%2F4391. Accessed 28 May 2023.

The Dachau concentration camp began in March 1933 and was described as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners". The camp was surrounded by an electrified barbed-wire fence, ditch, and a wall with seven guard towers. Originally the camp occupied German Communists, Social Democrats, Jehovah's Witnesses, Roma(Gypsies), gay men, and criminal offenders. Later, Jewish prisoners increased after Kristallnacht as 11,000 Jewish men were placed there. During the deportation of German Jews to ghettos, Jews in Dachau decreased. It is estimated that 200,000 prisoners were held in and 35,613 prisoners died. The prisoners were used as forced laborers and thousands of prisoners were worked to death. Many prisoners also died to poor sanitary conditions, starvation, disease, and poison gas.

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"Family members say goodbye to a child". September 1942. US Holocaust Memorial Museum. 

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Photo credit contd: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/family-members-say-goodbye-to-a-child?parent=en%2F3852. Accessed 28 May 2023.

The Chełmno extermination camp was located in today's Poland and used to mass murder atleast 172,000 people. The sites were known as Schlosslager(manor-house camp) and the Waldlager(forest camp). The manor was used to exterminate mass murders and Waldlager was used for mass graves. Prisoners were forced to strip off their clothing and hand over any valuables. Then they were placed in a truck where poison gas killed them. Eventually news spread of Germans killing Jews with poison gas and the killing center was abandoned by the SS and police.

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"View of the Sobibór Killing Center". 1943. Photograph. US Holocaust Memorial Museum collection, gift of Bildungswek Stanislaw-Hantz. 

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Photo cred: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/view-of-the-sobibor-killing-center?parent=en%2F3790. Accessed 28 May 2023.

The Sobibór extermination camp that killed between 170,000 and 250,000 Jews. The camp was part of Operation Reinhard, the secret extermination of Polish Jews. The camp was guarded by 400 watchmen and covered a rectangular area of 1,312 by 1,969 feet. Most prisoners were gassed within hours of arrival and the rest were forced to assist the camp. Prisoners suffered from malnourishment, infections, grueling labour, and constant beatings. Prisoners also lived in constant fear as they were treated cruelly by the guards(female prisoners were sexually abused, others forced to sing demeaning songs)

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Deportation of Jewish from Thrace to Treblinka. March 1943. Photograph. Central Zionist Archives. 

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Photo credit contd: https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/photo/deportation-of-jews-from-thrace-to-treblinka?parent=en%2F3819. Accessed 28 May 2023.

The Treblinka extermination camp in Poland, was part of the killing centers of Operation Reinhard. Operation Reinhard was a secret plan to exterminate Polish Jews. Led by the SS and Police Leader for the Warsaw District, the forced-labor camp for Jews was established. It was a surrounded by an 8 foot tall barbed wire fence and watchtowers 26 feet high. The camp was divided in a forced-labour camp and an extermination camp. Laborers worked 12-14 hour shifts and half of them were murdered due to exhaustion, hunger, and disease. The extermination camp prisoners were either shot or gassed. An estimated 925,000 Jews were killed as well an unknown numbers of Poles, Roma, and Soviet POWs.

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Future president Eisenhower made public documentation of his tour in a liberated concentration camp  

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Future president Eisenhower made public documentation of his tour in a liberated concentration camp  

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He invited journalists and German people from nearby villages to witness the horrors and record evidence.

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The Liberation of Majdanek happened in the summer of 1944 with help of Soviet forces. Majdanek was concentration camp in Lublin, Poland and evacuated most of their prisoners before the liberation. When Soviet troops captured Lublin, Majdanek was abandoned and there were mostly Soviet prisoners of war.

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The Liberation of Auschwitz happened January 27, 1945 with the help of Soviet troops. Auschwitz was the largest concentration camp and murdered 1.1 million people. Prior to the liberation, Auschwitz prisoners were forced on the death march. The Soviet army found 6,000 prisoners alive. They also found many personal belongings to victims in the warehouses. Such as thousands of men's suits, more than 800,000 women's garments, and more than 14,000 pounds of human hair.

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Photo credit: "Sidney Finkel, a Holocaust survivor who lives in Tucson, with his memoir, 'Seven and the Holocaust: The Boy Who Refused to Die'". 2018. Photograph. Campbell Debe. https://azjewishpost.com/2018/holocaust-survivor-tells-story-to-thousands-of-children-via-global-talks-book/. Accessed 31 May 2023.

Sidney Finkel was born in central Poland and survived the Piotrkow ghetto, slave labor camps, and concentration camps. When he was 6 years old, his family was forced to move into the ghetto. At the age of 9, he was sent to a slave labor camp in Bugaj, Poland. Then at 11, he was sent to a slave labor camp in Czestochowa, Poland with his brother Isaac and father. At age 12, he was sent to a fled concentration camp and eventually liberated.

He was later reunited with his sister Lola and brother Isaac, his last remaining family. He was sent to a boarding school and later settled in Chicago. He publicly shared his story 40 years later and wrote his memoir. He received his GED at age 55 and later received the Philip K. Weiss Award for Storytelling for Peace and Human Rights.