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The Williams Treaties were a  were signed in October and November 1923 by the governments of Canada and Ontario and by seven First Nations of the Chippewa of Lake Simcoe and the Mississauga of the north shore of Lake Ontario. These treaties transferred 20,000 km2 of land and in exchange First Nations peoples received one time payments. The Federal and Provincial government took away the rights the First Nations peoples to hunt and fish on the land and it wasn't until 2018 when the First Nations People and the Government finally came to an agreement, settling litigation about land surrenders and harvesting rights.

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The First thing I think everyone should know about the history of Toronto is that the First Nations people had all of their rights taken away from them while the Williams Treaties were in place. They were not allowed to hunt or fish or grow on their land which cause a food shortage and lots of people were dying because they were being starved to death. "Elders in their community speak about the fact that the theft of lands and the loss of hunting and fishing rights that were not supposed to be part of the Williams treaties was due to the lack of translation and the inability of the signatories to read and write English".

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“About.” Michael Barber Art, michaelbarberart.ca/new-page.

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“About 1.” MO THUNDER, mo-thunder.com/about.

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“CHRISTI BELCOURT.” Christi Belcourt Art, christibelcourt.ca/pages/about.

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“Christi Belcourt.” Wikipedia, 19 Apr. 2023, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christi_Belcourt#:~:text=She%20is%20best%20known%20for. Accessed 10 June 2023.

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“Christi Belcourt, This Painting Is a Mirror.” Resilienceproject.ca, resilienceproject.ca/en/artists/christi-belcourt.

“Indigenous Peoples of Tkaronto.” City of Toronto, 20 June 2018, www.toronto.ca/community-people/get-involved/community/toronto-for-all/indigenous-peoples-of-tkaronto/#:~:text=The%20land%20I%20am%20standing.

Indigenous History of Today’s High Park – High Park Nature. highparknature.org/article/indigenous-history/.

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Solutions, Evoke, and Unite for Change. “Famous Indigenous Artists in Canada.” Unite for Change, 6 Dec. 2022, uniteforchange.com/en/blog/indigenous/famous-indigenous-artists-in-canada/.

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“Taiaiako’n Historical Preservation Society.” Taiaiako’n Historical Preservation Society, taiaiakon.wordpress.com. Accessed 10 June 2023.

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Wallace, Sarah Isabel. “Williams Treaties | the Canadian Encyclopedia.” Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca, 11 Apr. 2018, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/williams-treaties.

Bolduc, Denise, et al. Indigenous Toronto: Stories That Carry This Place. Google Books, Coach House Books, 27 Apr. 2021, www.google.ca/books/edition/Indigenous_Toronto/ZM7nDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover.

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“Toronto Carrying Place.” Www.torontocarryingplace.ca, www.torontocarryingplace.ca/home. Accessed 12 June 2023.

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“All Relative - 32" X 32".” Benz Gallery, www.thebenzgallery.com/shop/p/all-relative. Accessed 12 June 2023.

“Indigenous Stories Shines Light on Treaty Involving Land Where U of T Scarborough Now Stands.” University of Toronto Scarborough - News and Events,
utsc.utoronto.ca/news-events/our-community/indigenous-stories-shines-light-treaty-involving-land-where-u-t-scarborough-now.

“Toronto Carrying-Place Trail.” Wikipedia, 19 Sept. 2022, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Carrying-Place_Trail. Accessed 14 June 2023.

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The Toronto Carrying Place was an Indigenous trail that led from the mouth of the Humber River on Lake Ontario to the Holland River near Lake Simcoe and is 45 km long. It was part of a network of trade routes that went from the St. Lawrence Valley into the Upper Great Lakes and the Canadian Northwest. It was used as an alternative route instead of the main one, for people living north and south of Lake Ontario.

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One thing that I found interesting about the Williams Treaties was that the First Nations peoples did not think they had given up their land and right when signing the treaties because the treaties were written in English and most of the First Nations peoples could not understand it.

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Mo (They/Them) is a non-binary/fluid, neurodivergent multidisciplinary artist. They grew up in a small town along the St. Clair Rive. Mo has a BFA in studio art that focuses on their drawing, silkscreen printing, photography and video from Fanshawe College and the University of Lethbridge, however. Mo is also self and community-taught.

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This Painting is a Mirror By: Christi Belcourt 

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Christi Belcourt is a visual artist, designer, community organizer, environmentalist, social justice advocate, and avid land-based arts and language learner. She is most known for her paintings of floral patterns inspired by Métis and First Nations historical beadwork art. She was born in Scarborough in 1966.

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Belcourt_Christi_This Painting is a Mirror_INAC

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Toronto is the traditional territory for nations including the Mississaugas of the Credit, the Anishnabeg, the Chippewa, the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat peoples. Now it is home to  many diverse First Nations, Inuit and Métis peoples. The land acknowledgment is used to honour the First Nations people that lived and live on Toronto

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Joy By:Christi Belcourt

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First Nations people would use any and all part of plants, including the bark, sap, flowers, seeds, roots, leaves, fruits and tubers. They use the plants for things like medicine, ceremony, food or utility. First Nations people are also the reason that the Black Oak Savannah was maintained so well for so long and includes many of the plants that they used.  According to oral histories, some of these include: oak, willow, hemlock, maple, pine, beech, cedar, sassafras, hawthorn, cherry, dogwood.

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Micheal Barber is a Mohawk artist from Port Dover, Ontario. He  makes mixed media art pieces that include a number of different techniques including thick, chipped, scratched and blistered layers of paint and splashes of resin.

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All Relative By:Michael Barber

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Taiaiako'n Historical Preservation Society 

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Taiaiako'n Historical Preservation Society 

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The Taiaiako'n Historical Preservation Society is an Indigenous led group that worked to protect sacred sites in High Park where there are 57 ancient Iroquoian burial mounds and the ancient Mohawk-Seneca town site of Taiaiako’n. "In 1999, crews replacing a gas pipe line found the bones of a 600 year old Seneca Woman, under the lawn of a house, 3 metres from the front door. This and other evidence proves that the village of Taiaiako’n had a much longer occupation by Seneca people, than just 40 years during the 1600′s." THPS has been working with The Six Nations who have a custodial role to maintain the mounds and connection with the Ancestors for future generations.