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In the VI-II millennia BC. in the valley of the Indus River, a great civilization called Harappan arose. Its main centers were the cities of Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and Lothal. In general, about 1,000 settlements of this civilization are known. Scientists believe that they did not have a common ruler, and each of them independently decided their affairs. No large temples were built in cities, and granaries were the largest buildings.

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Now the climate of the Indus Valley is dry and the summers are very hot. However, during the existence of the Harappan civilization, it was much wetter, and the banks of the river were covered with forests. The annual floods of the Indus moistened the land well. Local residents grew barley, wheat, as well as rice, millet and legumes, melons and dates. Sheep, goats, cattle and chickens were bred.
It is not known for sure why the population finally left the cities in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. e. and moved to the west. The most likely reason is that the climate has become too arid for agriculture.

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Inhabitants of the Indus Valley had well-developed crafts and trade. They made products from bronze, copper, bone, shells, carnelian and other semi-precious stones. A potter's wheel was used to make dishes. During the archaeological excavations, dentures and teeth with traces of treatment were found.
Sailing boats and bullock carts were used as transport. The inhabitants of Harappa traded with the peoples of the Persian Gulf, Crete, Mesopotamia, and Egypt.

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To this day, the city of Mohenjo-Daro is best preserved (probably it was the most developed city of its time). The population of the city was about 40,000 people. It was built according to a single plan, had sewerage and water supply, and the streets were level and quite wide.

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Мохенджо-Даро-реконструкція

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In the center of the city was a large market square, a main reservoir for collecting water, and a citadel, a structure with walls over 12 m high. It may have been used for public gatherings or as a shelter in times of danger. This building could accommodate up to 5,000 people. The city was surrounded by walls and towers, which protected not only from the attack of enemies, but also from floods. The city also had numerous shipyards and a public bath.

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Therefore, the Harappan civilization had developed agriculture, crafts and trade. The settlements reached a high level of development: they had clear planning, water supply, and sewage. The decline of the Harappan civilization is connected with climate changes.