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The 1700s-1800s had population growth all over Europe. "London grew from 674,000 in 1700 to 860,000 a century later; Paris’s population went from 180,000 in 1600 to more than 500,000 in 1800; and Berlin’s population grew from 6,500 in 1661 to 140,000 in 1783."(pg 570)  More people felt pressure to migrate in their own countries, this created more laborers for agriculture and in towns. More food being produced and a lower mortality rate resulted in a growth in population. Population growth results in more waste being produced. This could include air and water pollutants which during this time period could be human waste and more carbon dioxide emissions.

Population growth has always been an issue we face. It seems that a big population boom was during this time period and so it is important to bring light to the fact that the population growth started long ago and still is an issue to climate change, it is not just the population today that has affected climate change.

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There were 2 industrial revolutions one based on coal, steam, and iron while the other was based on steal, electricity, and chemistry. The first part of the industrial revolution started in 1760 and slowly spread all over Europe, making its way around the world. The industrial revolution was the start of new transportation and production. This could include the railroads, steam engines, coal mines, cars, and more. All of this is what led us to where we are today. That includes where we are with climate change.

During the industrial revolution the air specifically got worse “Wood-fired manufacturing and heating for homes had long spewed smoke across the skies, but the new concentration of industrial activity and the transition to coal made the air measurably worse”(pg666) and those issues can be seen today in the way that our environment is acting. All of this production has led to an immense amount of greenhouse gasses. All of the machinery created and used in the industrial revolution has since just become more relevant, like cars, that are used on a daily basis. These machines most commonly release carbon dioxide. I think that this was a time when things really started to change.

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Boats and boating--Equipment and supplies

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Peter Stackpole. 1944. Gas mask drill on troop ship the day before Saipan landing. https://library-artstor-org.library.cocc.edu/asset/AWSS35953_35953_37995559.

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The first world war was from 1914-1918. This was the first war were gas bombs or poison gas was used on the battlefield. These gases included mustard gas, chlorine gas, and phosgene. These gases had a terrible effect on the environment including destruction of land and air pollution.
"Gas, in particular, transformed the battlefront, as the deadly clouds frequently hung over the trenches."(pg849) Most of the gas that would have been used during this time would evaporate into the atmosphere, which could have affected the depletion of the ozone layer and added to climate change.

Machine guns as well as many other kinds of guns were also used during this war. Most would have been used from inside the trenches, which were dug into the ground. The trenches had a big impact on the surrounding environments. Erosion was caused from the clearing of trees, animals would have been pushed out, and churning of soil.

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World War II was from 1939-1945. On one side there were the Axis powers which included Germany, Italy, and Japan and then on the other side were the Allies which included France, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. War in general tends to have a negative effect on the environment, but a very specific event happened on August 6th, 1945 when Hiroshima in Japan had been bombed with an atomic bomb by the United States. "On August 6, a single American plane dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, obliterating 60 percent of the city."(pg951)

The atomic bomb alone did so much damage the instant it was released onto the city. Thousands died or were injured in the blast. Even years later people were slowly dying from the radiation of the bomb. Radiation also affects the climate. Due to the atomic bomb going off it releases radiation into the environment that would have caused it to warm, even just the tiniest bit. This could have added to the climate change that we see today.

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From 1945-1968 agriculture had a big change in Western Europe. "Agricultural productivity had barely changed over the first half of the twentieth century, but after mid-century, it soared." There was new machinery being produced, new fertilizer, seeds, and animal feed. All of this was created to feed the ever growing population of people.

However this also led to an increase in the warmth of the planet and hence climate change, due to the pesticides and fertilizers being used that contained chemicals that harm the air and soil. The machinery used also creates greenhouse gases by releasing fossil fuels into the air. "global warming is caused by human activity, primarily by the burning of fossil fuels."(pg1042).

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"The year 2018 was the forty-second consecutive year in a row that the average annual temperature was above the average in the twentieth century."(pg 1042) Climate change has been slowly raising over the years, but after the year 2000 it seems to just be getting worse. One of the main leading causes of climate change can be due to greenhouse gases. This can be due to human activity like the burning of fossil fuels when cars or machinery is used. This can cause a rise in sea levels due to the polar ice caps melting. The polar ice caps melting can also lead to heat waves, droughts, wildfires, and a lot more. This can cause detrimental effects to human kind by affecting food, water, air, weather, and even the places we live.

One of the biggest things I have noticed is droughts. Many places in the United States tend to have droughts every year, like California. However Oregon usually stays pretty lush and isn't affected by a drought, but due to us not getting enough snow this year we may end up getting a drought during the summer. This can all be caused by climate change.