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The Select and Mask tool is Adobe Photoshop's powerful selection tool with advanced mask refinement options. It gives you complete control over your layer mask and allows you to precisely define the edges of your selection.

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The Sharpen tool focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look. You can avoid oversharpening by setting a lower Strength value in the options bar.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image. Select the Blur tool . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Size, Hardness, and Strength, to get the effect you need.

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he Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes. From the toolbar, click and hold the icon for the Dodge, Burn, or Sponge retouching tool, whichever is active.

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation. Select the Dodge tool (O) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like brush size, range, and exposure, to get the effect you want.

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The Horizontal Type tool allows you to add horizontal text to your images. Select the Horizontal Type tool (T) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Font Style, Font Size, and, Text Color, to get the effect you want. Add point text (to add a few words like a heading or title) or paragraph text.

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The Hand tool allows you to move your image while you're zoomed in to more than 100% and part of the image is out of view. Select the Hand tool (H) from the tool bar or press and hold the spacebar key to temporarily switch to the Hand tool.

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The Gradient tool is a fast way to create gradual changes of color and light across an image. You can use different types of gradients to blend with

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Zoom tool. Click the magnifying glass in the toolbar to access the Zoom tool, and then click on the specific area you want to zoom in on. Or just press and hold the Z key, and then click and drag your cursor to the right to zoom in or to the left to zoom out.

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The Brush tool allows you to paint on any layer, much like a real paintbrush. You'll also have different settings to choose from, which can help you customize it for different situations.

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The Select and Mask tool is Adobe Photoshop's powerful selection tool with advanced mask refinement options. It gives you complete control over your layer mask and allows you to precisely define the edges of your selection

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The Sharpen tool focuses soft edges in a photo to increase clarity or focus. Oversharpening a photo gives it a grainy look. You can avoid oversharpening by setting a lower Strength value in the options bar.

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The Blur tool allows you to paint blur effect on specific areas of an image. Select the Blur tool . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Size, Hardness, and Strength, to get the effect you need. Click and drag over the part of the image you want to blur.

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The Burn tool darkens areas of an image. The more you paint over an area with the Burn tool, the darker it becomes. From the toolbar, click and hold the icon for the Dodge, Burn, or Sponge retouching tool, whichever is active. Select the Burn tool ( ) from the available options.

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The Dodge tool allows you to lighten specific areas of your image without affecting hue or saturation. Select the Dodge tool (O) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like brush size, range, and exposure, to get the effect you want.

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Rectangular Marquee. Makes a rectangular selection (or a square, when used with the Shift key). Elliptical Marquee. Makes an elliptical selection (or a circle, when used with the Shift key).

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It selects part of an image that is different from the rest of the scene in terms of color or brightness.

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The Polygonal Lasso tool is useful for making straight-edged selections. Choose the Polygonal Lasso tool (L). In the tool options bar, specify a selection option: New Selection, Add to Selection, Subtract from Selection, or Intersect with Selection

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The Magic Wand tool automatically selects an object or area of your image, using machine learning to discern what you might be trying to select. If you click on the sky, it selects the sky; click on a person's face, and you have the entire face selected in just seconds.

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The lasso tool operates on the active layer of an image, and is used by clicking and dragging to trace the edges of a selection. Most software supports multiple closed contours, which can be selected by crossing over the edge path multiple times.

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The Healing Brush Tool in Photoshop Elements corrects slight imperfections in an image. It does this by blending them with the pixels in the surrounding image. The Healing Brush Tool works in the same manner as the Clone Stamp tool.

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The Spot Healing Brush tool in Adobe Photoshop removes unwanted spots or small objects from your image. Choose the tool and click on the problem area. Photoshop selects and blends in replacement pixels from another part of your image.

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The Clone Stamp tool is most effective when you need to copy exact detail from one part of an image to another area. It can be useful to remove unwanted objects or to reproduce an area of a photo that has been damaged.

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The patch tool is used for retouching or repairing photos that are damaged. It is found as a part of healing brush tools. You can also use it for removing components from your image. It offers an effective method to fix any large or small part of the image.

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The Move tool helps you position selected content or layers when customizing your work. Select the Move tool (V) . Use the Options bar to customize tool settings, like Alignment and Distribution, to get the effect you want. Click on an element—like a layer, selection or artboard—to move it.

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Contrast is the range of brightness, from lightest to darkest, in an image. A high-contrast image will have very bright highlights and very dark shadows. Sometimes an image's highlights may be almost pure white, or the shadows may be almost pure black: high contrast.

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What is vibrance? Vibrance is often referred to as “smart saturation,” because it intensifies colors – but it does so more selectively. Specifically, vibrance boosts colors that are more muted. And it mostly ignores warmer colors (yellows, oranges, and reds), while prioritizing cooler colors (blues and greens).

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Hue refers to the dominant wavelength of light that the human eye interprets as color, but you can think of it as the basic color on the color wheel.

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In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors). An important goal of this adjustment is to render specific colors – particularly neutral colors like white or grey – correctly.

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Saturation describes the intensity of the color. And lightness refers to how light or dark the color is. A grayscale or black-and-white photo has no color saturation, while a full-color photo of a field of sunlit wildflowers might be extremely saturated.

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A scrim is a type of netting that is used in photography, videography, or theatre to diffuse light. By diffusing and redirecting sunlight, scrims can help to create softer shadows and minimize glare. They can also be used to reflect light back onto a subject, providing additional illumination

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In photography and cinematography, a reflector is an improvised or specialised reflective surface used to redirect light towards a given subject or scene.

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Advanced Photo System type-C is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System film negative in its C format, of 25.1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3:2 and Ø 31.15 mm field diameter

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A full-frame sensor is most simply deﬁned by its sheer size—36 mm by 24 mm—and the distinctive look it makes possible. Compared to a Super 35 mm sensor, a full-frame sensor has over twice the surface area while providing a wider angle of view and shallower depth of ﬁeld.

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Crop factor or magnification factor refers to the diagonal measurement of a camera's sensor size when compared to the diagonal measurement of a traditional 35mm frame of film. The effects of crop factor are most noticeable when looking at a lens' equivalent focal length

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Layer masking is a nondestructive way to hide parts of an image or layer without erasing them. They're great for making image composites, modifying background colors, removing or cutting out objects, and targeting your edits so they affect only certain areas, rather than the entire layer.

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Post-processing is the use of any technique or technology to enhance the original image captured by the photographer. An old post-processing technique was airbrushing, which was done to remove or soften something in the original image.

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A thumbnail is a small image representation of a larger image, usually intended to make it easier and faster to look at or manage a group of larger images. Graphic designers and photographers typically use this term.

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Metadata is "data that provides information about other data", but not the content of the data, such as the text of a message or the image itself. There are many distinct types of metadata,

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A digital single-lens reflex camera is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single-lens reflex camera with a digital imaging sensor. The reflex design scheme is the primary difference between a DSLR and other digital cameras.

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. Using a VR NIKKOR lens can result in sharp images in low light, under windy conditions or when using a physically large NIKKOR lens, at up to four stops slower with a VR lens than a non-VR lens.

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A fisheye lens is an ultra wide-angle lens that produces strong visual distortion intended to create a wide panoramic or hemispherical image. Fisheye lenses achieve extremely wide angles of view, well beyond any rectilinear lens

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A telephoto lens, in photography and cinematography, is a specific type of a long-focus lens in which the physical length of the lens is shorter than the focal length

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In film and photography, a prime lens is a fixed focal length photographic lens, typically with a maximum aperture from f2.8 to f1.2. The term can also mean the primary lens in a combination lens system. Confusion between these two meanings can occur without clarifying context.

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Macro photography is extreme close-up photography, usually of very small subjects and living organisms like insects, in which the size of the subject in the photograph is greater than life size.

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In photography, the golden hour is the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the sun is higher in the sky. The golden hour is also sometimes called the "magic hour," especially by cinematographers and photographers.

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the period of time just before sunrise or just after sunset when the sun casts a diffuse light from below the horizon and the sky takes on a vivid blue tone.

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A triadic color scheme uses three colors that are evenly spaced around the color wheel. For example, the three primary colors form a triadic color scheme: red, yellow, and blue. A triadic color scheme uses every fourth color, leaving three colors between each.

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism. A similar technique, called a “multiple exposure,” is when you combine more than two exposures in a single image.

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In photography, HDR stands for high dynamic range. Dynamic range is simply the range of the lightest tones to the darkest tones within a photo.

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What is a PSD file? PSD files are the native file format of Adobe Photoshop. You've probably seen files with the . psd extension format, especially if you've been an Adobe Photoshop user. Most commonly used by designers and artists, Photoshop Documents are powerful tools for image data storage and creation.

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JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between storage size and image quality.

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PNG is short for Portable Network Graphic, a type of raster image file. It’s particularly popular file type with web designers because it can handle graphics with transparent or semi-transparent backgrounds. The file format isn’t patented, so you can open a PNG using any image editing software without the need for licensing.

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A RAW file is the uncompressed and unprocessed image data captured by a digital camera or scanner's sensors. Shooting in RAW captures a high level of image detail, with large file sizes and lossless quality.

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A file format is a standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium. File formats may be either proprietary or free

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Straight out of Camera

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DPI refers to the number of printed dots contained within one inch of an image printed by a printer. PPI refers to the number of pixels contained within one inch of an image displayed on a computer monitor.

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In practical terms, resolution describes the sharpness, or clarity, of an image or picture. It is expressed in terms of the number of pixels that can be displayed both horizontally and vertically. Resolution is an important factor to measure the visual quality of digital images, photos and videos.

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the ratio of the width to the height of an image or screen.

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To remove part of (a photograph or other image) in order to produce a better picture or to fit a given space.

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The options bar is right underneath the menu bar. It's a horizontal menu that, by default, is on the left side of the screen.

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The menu bar is used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more. The menu bar consists of 11 items: File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select, Filter, Analysis, 3D, View, Window, and Help

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Palettes [shown right] are groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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The toolbar is where Photoshop holds the many tools we have to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more!

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Switches your workspaces in photoshop.

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A white balance card (or gray card) helps you adjust the white balance and exposure settings of images by providing a reference point. The reference point is 18% gray.

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Exposure compensation basically helps you override automatic exposure adjustments your camera makes in situations with uneven light distribution, filters, non-standard processing, or underexposure or overexposure. It lets you take control of your image's brightness by manually increasing or decreasing exposure.

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The exposure meter indicates the level of light reaching the sensor. Too much light results in over exposure which gives you a photo that is too light and lacking detail. Too little light results in under exposure which gives you a photo that is too dark and again, lacking detail.

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In photography, bracketing is the general technique of taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings.

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Autofocus (AF) points are what you use to determine where the camera will be focusing the image. When you look through your viewfinder, these are the rectangles or circles that you see. There are different types of AF points: vertical or horizontal, and cross-type.

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Technically speaking, sepia toning is a chemical process that converts the metallic silver in the emulsion of a photographic print into a silver sulfide compound. This changes the color of the resulting image and makes the photo more resistant to environmental pollutants. This helps photos hold up over time.

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A vignette is a darker border - sometimes as a blur or a shadow - at the periphery of photos. It can be an intentional effect to highlight certain aspects of the image or as a result of using the wrong settings, equipment or lens when taking a photo.

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Highlights are the lightest elements in an image, whereas shadows are the darkest areas. Dynamic range is the ratio between those vivid highlights and dark shadows, from bright white to pure black. That range is key to an image's depth and drama. If a photo has poor dynamic range, the image can appear flat or gray.

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midtone (plural midtones) (photography, art) A medium tone, one that is neither very dark nor very light.

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Shadows change shape, intensity, and even color along with the angle, direction, and temperature of light. Any photo that uses shadows as a prominent part of the composition — to enhance the contrast of a subject or as the subject itself — is shadow photography.

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18% grey or middle grey is a measurement of the amount of light objects reflect. Your camera meter reads objects that reflect exactly 18% light as correctly exposed. Your camera meter measures exposure by first turning colors into tones of grey.

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Matrix/Evaluative metering is the most complex and modern way of metering a scene. It collects data from across the entire frame and even gives priority to your focus point. I prefer using this mode as it is the most reliable way of metering in most situations.

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Centre-weighted Average metering is like using Evaluative metering with a centre AF point. It places greater emphasis on the centre area while also taking meter reading across the entire frame.

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Partial metering covers only the centre 6.2% of the frame in the viewfinder, thus providing precise metering only for the subject. When the background is brighter than the subject due to reasons like back lighting, this metering mode is particularly useful. It is useful for back-lit shots or tiny subjects.

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The spot meter allows your camera to measure a tiny area of the scene. The size of that area is between 1 and 5% of the viewfinder. And that's small! So it's the perfect choice to let you pinpoint small details in your frame.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode, continuous mode, or burst shot, is a shooting mode in still cameras where several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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Panning photography freezes objects in motion in a still frame.

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Light painting is a photographic technique where light is “painted” or “drawn” into the photograph using a hand held light source during a long exposure.

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Time-lapse photography is used to capture change or movement that occurs over a long period time. In order to capture how a plant grows or a glacier moves, a photographer sets up a camera in a fixed location and takes a single picture at regular time intervals.

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Long exposure photography is the name given to the technique in which the camera's shutter is left open during a somewhat lengthy period of time. The resulting image captures the trail of moving objects in front of the camera, while showing still elements razor sharp.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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A three-legged stand for supporting a camera or other apparatus.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded changes during the recording of a single exposure, due to rapid movement or long exposure.

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The Bulb setting on camera shutters is a momentary-action mode that holds shutters open for as long as a photographer depresses the shutter-release button.

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In photography, shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph. The amount of light that reaches the film or image sensor is proportional to the exposure time

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The photographer selects a specific aperture value and the camera autoselects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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In Shutter Priority mode, you set the shutter speed of your camera. Your camera then sets the aperture that complements your shutter speed to make sure the image is well-exposed.

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As the name suggests, “Manual” mode stands for a full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. In this mode, you can manually set both the aperture and the shutter speed to any value you want – the camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls.

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In program mode the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture.

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Camera chooses all the cameras settings for you

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Digital noise in photos taken with digital cameras is random pixels scattered all over the photo. It is a similar effect as “grain” in film photography and it degrades the photo quality.

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Film grain is the visible silver crystals in a film negative's emulsion. These light-sensitive silver halides change into pure metallic silver when exposed to light, which is how an image is captured on film. So, grain is an inherent part of a film image.

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device. The first digital cameras used charge-coupled devices, facilitating movement of the electrical charge through the device so it could be modulated.

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An arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light. If everything else is kept constant, the required exposure time is inversely proportional to the ASA rating.

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ISO is your camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity.