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Russian troops pressured Japanese troops in Manchuria - Japanese forces in China were told to surrender to the nationalists

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Mao's long march from the Jiangxi to Ya'an to unite the communists

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Link to pic: https://newsus.cgtn.com/news/2021-11-16/Art-of-the-party-Autumn-Harvest-Uprising-15e4VhXVmM0/index.html
Significance to emergence of the state: Was the revolution adn destruction of the Hunan Soviet. GMD won, and forced the CPC to go on The Long March which allowed Mao to gain many followers for his army and refine his Maoism ideology.

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The purge of the CPC

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From 1935 to 1945, the main CCP stronghold was located in the province of Yan'an, where the communists fled to during the Long March in 1935. It was a period in which Mao secured his leadership over the party by violently purging political opponents and dissidents on grounds of counterrevolution or reactionary tendencies, and also a time for him to establish the economic structure he would implement later on (such as the Five Year Plans).

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Following the white terror, the GMD failed to eliminate the CCP...

--> 1927 - Mao led CCP to Jiangxi province and built up peasant support

--> 1930-4 Chiang organized five extermination campaigns against the Jiangxi soviet

--> Jiangxi fell to GMD but Mao led the CCP on the Long March

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Stalin consolidates control over Politburo + removes rivals - 1925-29

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Stalin consolidates control over Politburo + removes rivals - 1925-29

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- by 1929 Stalin in the sole leader of the USSR
- by this time he has defeated the Left and Right
- left - 1925 trotsky expelled
- right - no more support for the rightist party   - cause: collectivisation
- his rivals, such as Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky are removed from the Politburo
- his allies, friends such as Voroshilov, Mikoyan, and Molotov stay close and continue to work with Stalin

source: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14r4V5LWTxgd5wqtL7QMaS_KhbYtYog84bFJtPXcXA90/edit#slide=id.p5

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1939 - the USSR signs the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Germany

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1939 - the USSR signs the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Germany

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The treaty was meant to clarify what territories in eastern Europe the two superpowers were entitled to. It also provided the Nazis with supplies from the Soviets, and allowed German military experts to help train USSR forces. Not long-lasting alliance, however, and eventually the two countries fall into war and break their non-aggression pact.

Key concept: Significance

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1924 - Stalin's control over Lenin's funeral

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1924 - Stalin's control over Lenin's funeral

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Stalin prevented natural successor, Trotsky, from coming to the funeral, giving him a bad image of leadership and made Stalin seem responsible and more like a good successor in the eyes of the public. He had Lenin's body embalmed and displayed. He presented him like a god-like figure and himself like the only one that Stalin trusted as his closest and dearest disciple. This made people turn to him more for leadership.

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1925-29 Stalin's control over the Politburo

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1925-29 Stalin's control over the Politburo

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Stalin begins to remove rivals and consolidate control with no opposition.

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Stalin's changes in economic policies in 1939 

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Stalin's changes in economic policies in 1939 

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- Rearm the military and prepare for war

- Military leadership purged

- Lack of trust in officers
https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/stalinism_en_2011.pdf

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The famine was caused by Stalin's policy of collectivisation, since all surplus food was forcefully redistributed elsewhere. It hit the people of Ukraine and Kazakh especially hard.

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1924 - Stalin's rise to power after Lenin's death 

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1924 - Stalin's rise to power after Lenin's death 

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A significant event because it led to the formation of the USSR and rise of communism

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1932 - 1937 - Stalin's 'Godless Plan' shutters all religious buildings and religion is banned

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1932 - 1937 - Stalin's 'Godless Plan' shutters all religious buildings and religion is banned

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Stalin completely bans religion for 5 years in a deeply unpopular campaign to erase all bourgeoisie influence and church was part of that.

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Tsarist rule ended in with the February Revolution in 1917

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Tsarist rule ended in with the February Revolution in 1917

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started by there being protests against food shortages

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1898 - The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) is established

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1898 - The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) is established

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The RSDLP rejected the idea of a peasant commune achieving a socialist society, and believed that socialism could only be achieved by a "Bourgeois society with an urban proletariat."
Source: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russian-Social-Democratic-Workers-Party

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- Increase in political violence
- Thousands of show trials of party and military leadership accused of being "enemies of the state"
- Opponents accused of being "Trotskyites"

Slide:
https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14r4V5LWTxgd5wqtL7QMaS_KhbYtYog84bFJtPXcXA90/edit#slide=id.p10

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The GULAG was established - 25 April 1930, Moscow, Russia

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The GULAG was established - 25 April 1930, Moscow, Russia

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Network of prison and labour camps, "death camp" across the USSR. Enemies of the regime, criminals and renegades were be reformed by the state through labor. It helped bring rapid industrialisation.

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Consequence: increased show trials for those accused of murder as well as not protecting Kirov. About 3000 were imprisoned, killed, arrested, and put on trial for his murder. There were thousands that were deported from Leningrad, and Stalin filled those vacant positions in the government with loyalists. Significance: this left him with complete control over the government.

Source: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14r4V5LWTxgd5wqtL7QMaS_KhbYtYog84bFJtPXcXA90/edit#slide=id.p9

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(scene of assassination)

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The russian revolution started and there was a wave of mass politcal and social unrest. A lot of this was directed towards the Tsar at the time

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1903 - The RSDLP splits into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

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1903 - The RSDLP splits into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

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The Bolsheviks (from Russian word for 'majority') were a faction of the RSDLP led by Vladimir Lenin. As opposed to the Mensheviks ('minority'), who sought to establish socialist democracy, Lenin believed in the need of a socialist 'vanguard' and for the revolutionary government to be led by a group of professional revolutionaries.

Key concept: Perspective

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He was the leader of the USSR and his death asked the world changing question, who would take charge of this sleeping giant?

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Politburo member Sergei Kirov murdered in Leningrad
- 3000 suspected faced arrest, trial & imprisonment or execution
- Stalin filled vacant positions w/ loyalists --> left Stalin w/ complete control over govt

Slide: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/14r4V5LWTxgd5wqtL7QMaS_KhbYtYog84bFJtPXcXA90/edit#slide=id.p9

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1929 Stalin begins collectivization and the first five year plan is instated and offically approved 

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1929 Stalin begins collectivization and the first five year plan is instated and offically approved 

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Aimed to achieve rapid industrialization in the USSR so a lot of attention was placed on the industry
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Five-Year-Plans

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Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy in 1921

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Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy in 1921

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Requisition of grain, small levels of profit making for peasants, relaxed state control over economy
Source: aims and impacts of policies slides

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1945-1946 - Great-grandfather's involvement in World War 2 when British colonised Myanmar since 1988  (Thiha)

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1945-1946 - Great-grandfather's involvement in World War 2 when British colonised Myanmar since 1988  (Thiha)

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My great grandfather was part of the 30 comrades of Myanmar. He was working alongside General Aung San when the British army started colonising Myanmar in Mandalay. He took part in the Burma Campaign which started in 1944. The Burma Campaign was the South-East Asian front when WWII was fought by British, Chinese, and United States against the Imperial Japan. The Imperial Japan was somewhat assisted by Thailand, Burmese National Army (which my great grandfather was a general in), and the Indian National Army.

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Grandparents and family flee to Malaysia due to the Japanese occupation of Singapore. 

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Grandparents and family flee to Malaysia due to the Japanese occupation of Singapore. 

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The Japanese occupation of Singapore lasted from 15 Feb  1942 - 12 Sept 1945. At the time, all my grandparents either hadn't been born yet or were little children. My grandparents on my fathers side, alongside their families, fled to Malaysia to protect themselves. In present day, many from that side of the family continue to live there, still.

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Elias' great-grandfather gains position of city inspector of Uddevalla

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Elias' great-grandfather gains position of city inspector of Uddevalla

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During his time as city inspector, my great-grandfather, Emil, led the construction of oil depots in the city. Although Sweden was to stay to neutral in the conflict, Emil decided to use dynamite to create storage spaces in the granite cliffs around Uddevalla, as the oil could be stored here while being safe from bombing raids.

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Elias' great-grandfather leads road construction projects to help the Swedish state deal with mass unemployment - 1929

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Elias' great-grandfather leads road construction projects to help the Swedish state deal with mass unemployment - 1929

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Due to the Great Depression, the Swedish government's department of work enlisted engineers and construction experts from around the country to give positions to the unemployed. My great-grandfather moved from Norrland, in the far north of Sweden, to the west coast to fill this position.

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Grandfather involvement in the finding of oil in the North Sea (late 1960s) - Ingrid

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Grandfather involvement in the finding of oil in the North Sea (late 1960s) - Ingrid

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Throughout history, Norway has been a poor country. Yet, when it was found that there was potential for oil findings in the North Sea, several international companies, including ExxonMobil, Shell, and Phillips looked to gain business in Norway. When oil was finally found on December 23, 1969, a new chapter was made in Norwegian history, pushing the nation toward being the first-world country it is known as today.

When working as a diver for the Norwegian navy, my grandfather was offered a job by Phillips as a diver in the North Sea. There, he would help the Norwegian oil industry by performing manual labor underwater, looking at, for instance, fixing oil pipes. However, the offer was declined due to my grandfather being unwilling to travel back and forth to the North Sea. Today, my family is grateful for this decision, knowing that the work would soon prove challenging and highly dangerous due to the lack of technological aid. In total, 17 Norwegian North Sea divers died between the years 1965 to 1989, with many others experiencing long-term physical damage.

Today, both my father and sister have worked in the Norwegian oil company, Equinor, not as divers, but rather working at their office in Stavanger, Norway. Also, my mother has worked on an oil platform, therefore highlighting the continued impact the oil industry has on Norway today.

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The 2003 SARS outbreak: This severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak originated in Hong Kong and spread globally, resulting in 774 deaths in the territory and a total of 775 deaths worldwide.

The impact of SARS helped Hong Kong as well as some other asian countries to better handle it's future varient (Covid-19) as many of the precautions and restrictions during the SARS outbreak were implemented during the Covid-19 outbreak (For example:quarantines  travel restrictions, treatment centers, the wearing of masks in public, etc)

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British handover back to Hong Kong.

Control over Hong Kong was transferred from the United Kingdom to China on 1 July 1997. This event ended 156 years of British rule in the former colony.

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Britain took control of Hong Kong in 1841 after the Qing dynasty of China ceded the island of Hong Kong to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking. Hong Kong was under British rule until 1997 when it was returned to China.

Impact-

Grandma moves from China (Shenzhen) to HK for better business and living opportunities, possibly due to British colonization

Father goes to England for university due to being more familiar with the British system (For example, Receiving British style education, British hobbies, and British style of talking).

Impacts my university choices (I may go to England for university). I have also lived and become more familiar with the British system because I have lived in 2 former British colonies where both cultures have been heavily impacted by Britan.

Impacts things that I like (I prefer watching English football) because I am more exposed to English football when I was younger in HK.

Non-Impact:

Didn't impact our food choices. In our family, we don't often drink English tea/ eat English foods, in general, often. Food in HK families is more impacted by the Japanese and Chinese cultures.

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President JFK got assassinated in Dallas on November 22.

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NATO, known as North Atlantic Treaty Organisation was founded on April 4.

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WWII ended on September 2

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WWII started on September 1

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Hitler becomes German on February 25.

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Empire State Building completed in New York City on May 1st.

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Great-grandfather fighting in WWII and India-Pakistan wars - Nandita

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Great-grandfather fighting in WWII and India-Pakistan wars - Nandita

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My great-grandfather served as a lieutenant in the Indian Army, and fought in the Allied Forces in Italy (against Germany) during world war two. He also served in the Indian army as a colonel during both the India-Pakistan wars in 1965 and 1971.

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Elias' grandfather identifies USSR submarine in Swedish archipelago while working as signalman on a destroyer; denied permission to fire - 1950s

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Elias' grandfather identifies USSR submarine in Swedish archipelago while working as signalman on a destroyer; denied permission to fire - 1950s

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Elias' great-grandmother and great-grandfather (a sailor) helps illegally smuggle jews fleeing from Nazi Germany into Sweden - 1940-45

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Elias' great-grandmother and great-grandfather (a sailor) helps illegally smuggle jews fleeing from Nazi Germany into Sweden - 1940-45

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Grandfathers' Connection to World War II - Natalya 

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Grandfathers' Connection to World War II - Natalya 

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March 1938, Czechoslovakia; my great-grandfather, Fred Breth, born Jewish, went skiing with his brother in the Czech Alps. Along with the incredible view, he spotted German troops crossing the German-Austrian border by instruction from a Nazi group located in Austria to take over the country. My great-grandfather thought to himself, "This is the time to leave." He had previously seen indications of a war stirring where the odds for Jews were not in their favor. However, at this time my great-grandmother, Adele Breth was pregnant with my grandfather, Steven Breth.

Determined for a future with his family, Fred applied for a VISA to the United States of America in March of '38. Four months later, it was approved. The first stop was Sweden; a known neutral country. The family couldn't travel with a pregnant woman, so she decided to wait out the birth there while he went ahead to the USA.

On August 26th, 1938 my grandfather was born in Boros, Sweden. In Boros, a church recorded (in a book) who was born and who died in the town. My grandfather was issued a birth certificate only after he was recorded in the book as being born, and then crossed off as dead.

In November of '38, Adele and Steven Breth fled Europe to begin a new life in the USA. The remaining Jewish family in Czechoslovakia were taken to concentration camps and perished. Besides Fred, Adele and Steven, there was one other survivor; Frank Breth, Freds' brother. He immigrated to Guayaquil, Ecuador to start a new chapter.

Today there are letters written by Fred to his family in Czechoslovakia while he was in the USA in the Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C.

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https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/890/who-has-walked-on-the-moon/#:~:text=Neil%20Armstrong%20and%20Edwin%20%22Buzz,to%20walk%20on%20the%20Moon.

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https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/india-and-pakistan-win-independence

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Date:

November 6, 1917 - November 7, 1917 October 24, 1917 - October 25, 1917(Anniversary in 3 days)

What caused the Russian Revolution of 1917?

Why is it called the October Revolution if it took place in November?

How did the revolution lead to the Russian Civil War?

What happened to the tsar and his family?

Russian Revolution, also called Russian Revolution of 1917, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power.
(Read Leon Trotsky's 1926 Britannica essay on Lenin.)

World War I and the decline of the Russian Empire

Centuries of virtually unchecked Russian expansion in Asia ended with an embarrassing defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-05). This military reverse shattered Russia's dreams of establishing hegemony over the whole of Asia, but it also contributed to a wave of domestic unrest. The Revolution of 1905 compelled Nicholas II to issue the October Manifesto, which ostensibly transformed Russia from an unlimited autocracy into a constitutional monarchy. The tsar's reactionary policies, including the occasional dissolution of the Duma, or Russian parliament, the chief fruit of the 1905 revolution, had spread dissatisfaction even to moderate elements of the nobility. The Russian Empire 's many ethnic minorities grew increasingly restive under Russian domination.

Despite some reforms that followed the Russo-Japanese War, the Russian army in 1914 was ill-equipped to fight a major war, and neither the political nor the military leadership was up to the standard required. Nevertheless the army fought bravely in World War I, and both soldiers and junior officers showed remarkable qualities. The Russian invasion of East Prussia in August 1914 was defeated by Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff at Tannenberg, but it required the Germans to send reinforcements from the Western Front and so saved France from defeat and made possible the victory on the Marne. The campaigns of 1915 and 1916 on the Eastern Front brought terrible casualties to the Russian forces, which at times did not even have sufficient rifles. As late as July 1916, however, the Russian army was capable of making a successful offensive under Gen. Aleksey Brusilov in Volhynia and Bukovina.

Plots and Revolutions Quiz

The Russian people did not respond to the war with real enthusiasm. The government could not overcome its traditional distrust of any public initiative, even in the organization of medical supplies or munitions for the forces at the front. In the Fourth Duma a majority of the centre and moderate right formed a Progressive bloc and proposed the creation of a national coalition government "possessing the confidence of the country" and a program of reforms which could be carried out even in wartime. The emperor rejected the proposal and prorogued the Duma on September 3 (September 16, New Style), 1915. Eleven days earlier Nicholas had decided to assume personal command of the armies in the field. The result was that in Petrograd (as the capital had been renamed at the beginning of the war, in place of the German-sounding St. Petersburg) the empress Alexandra was in fact in control. She herself was under the influence of the self-styled "holy man" Grigori Rasputin, whose hold over her was because of his ability to arrest the bleeding of the hemophiliac tsarevich, Alexis. Thus to the massive casualties at the front, the retreat of the armies, and the growing economic hardships was added the knowledge, widespread in the capital and among the upper classes, that the government was in the hands of incompetents. Rumours of treason in high places were widely believed, though the historical evidence does not suggest that they were true. On the night of December 16-17 (December 29-30, New Style), 1916, Rasputin was murdered by a group of conservative nobles, but by then the system was beyond salvation. There was no hand at the helm, and the ship was drifting onto the rocks.

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Russian Revolution | Definition, Causes, Summary, History, & Facts

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Russian Revolution, two revolutions in 1917, the first of which, in February (March, New Style), overthrew the imperial government and the second of which, in October (November), placed the Bolsheviks in power, leading to the creation of the Soviet Union. Learn more about the Russian Revolution in this article.

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Inauguration of the Panama Canal (August 5th, 1914)

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Inauguration of the Panama Canal (August 5th, 1914)

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https://www.history.com/topics/russia/russian-revolution

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The Berlin wall that divided East and West Germany fell after a misstep from the comintern, serving as a catalyst for the fall of the USSR.

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https://www.eisenhowerlibrary.gov/research/online-documents/korean-war

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June 28, 1919- Treaty of Versailles signed  

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June 28, 1919- Treaty of Versailles signed  

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919

Causation: Peace treaty that symbolised the end of WW1

Consequence: Due to its harsh clauses to Germans, it eventually led to the creation of the nazis.

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Treaty of Versailles | Definition, Summary, Terms, & Facts | Britannica

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Treaty of Versailles, peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied powers and Germany in the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles, France, on June 28, 1919; it took force on January 10, 1920. Learn more about the Treaty of Versailles here.

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Dictatorship in the Dominican Republic - Rafael Trujillo ( 1930 - 1961 )

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Dictatorship in the Dominican Republic - Rafael Trujillo ( 1930 - 1961 )

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General Rafael Leonidas Trujillo came to power in 1930 and established an oppressive dictatorship in the Dominican Republic that lasted until his assassination in 1961. El Jefe (The Chief), as Trujillo was called, used his secret police to make arrests at will. Civil liberties were nonexistent, and brutality and terror dominated his regime. Dominicans were required to hang a picture of Trujillo in their homes and schoolchildren taught to revere him. In 1936, he changed the name of the capital city Santo Domingo to Cuidad Trujillo (Trujillo City).

One of the most infamous episodes of his dictatorship was the massacre of thousands of Haitian citizens in 1937. Trujillo's soldiers murdered Haitians working as sugar cane cutters or living in Dominican territory. Estimates of the men, women and children killed range from 13,000 to 20,000.

The Butterflies, or Las Mariposas, became the code name of Patria, Minerva and Maria Teresa Mirabal, three sisters who led an underground movement to overthrow Trujillo. They were born in Ojo de Agua near the city of Salcedo to Enrique Mirabal and Maria Mercedes Maribal.

Early relationships and incidents began Minerva's political questioning and eventual commitment to the underground movement. Minerva became friends with students at her Catholic boarding school whose relatives had been arrested, tortured or killed by Trujillo's men. At a dance, Minerva slapped Trijullo for making sexual advances towards her. Soon after, she was briefly jailed and her father was imprisoned for two years. Fifteen days after his release he died from malnutrition and beatings.

Patria and Maria Teresa joined their sister in her political activities. The sisters married men who were also anti-Trujillo and together the three couples organized underground opposition. A fourth sister, Dede, was forbidden by her husband to take part in her sisters' political activities.

Trujillo crushed an insurrection attempt in 1949 when exiled Dominicans tried to overthrow the government. Exiles tried to invade again on June 14, 1959 but were killed. The failed invasion inspired an organization for internal resistance known as the 14th of June Movement. The Mirabal sisters and Alvarez's parents joined the movement, which planned to assassinate Trujillo in January of 1960. The plan was uncovered and movement members fled or were imprisoned; many were killed.

On November 25, 1960, the three "Butterflies" were returning from a visit to Minerva and Patria's husbands in a distant prison. Trujillo's men ambushed them on an isolated mountain road and beat them and their driver to death.

The Butterflies became symbols of courage, dignity and strength in their country. Their deaths galvanized the political insurrection that led to Trujillo's assassination in 1961. Today, November 25 is observed in many Latin American countries as the International Day Against Violence Against Women in memory of the Mirabal sisters.

Sources

"Warning Beneath the Cliff." Time, December 12, 1960.

"In the Time of the Butterflies." Novels for Students, Vol. 9. Gale, 2000.

Content last updated: October 31, 2004

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General Rafael Leonidas Trujillo came to power in 1930 and established an oppressive dictatorship in the Dominican Republic that lasted until his assassination in 1961. El Jefe (The Chief), as Trujillo was called, used his secret police to make arrests at will. Civil liberties were nonexistent, and brutality and terror dominated his regime.

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Independence of Panama from Colombia (November 3, 1903)

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Independence of Panama from Colombia (November 3, 1903)

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https://www.history.com/topics/civil-rights-movement/civil-rights-movement-timeline

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The civil rights movement was an organized effort by Black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law. It began in the late 1940s and ended in the late 1960s. Although tumultuous at times, the movement was mostly nonviolent and resulted in laws to protect every American's constitutional rights, regardless of color, race, sex or national origin.

July 26, 1948: President Harry Truman issues Executive Order 9981 to end segregation in the Armed Services.

May 17, 1954: Brown v. Board of Education, a consolidation of five cases into one, is decided by the Supreme Court, effectively ending racial segregation in public schools. Many schools, however, remained segregated.

August 28, 1955: Emmett Till, a 14-year-old from Chicago is brutally murdered in Mississippi for allegedly flirting with a white woman. His murderers are acquitted, and the case bring international attention to the civil rights movement after Jet magazine publishes a photo of Till's beaten body at his open-casket funeral.

December 1, 1955: Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Her defiant stance prompts a year-long Montgomery bus boycott.

January 10-11, 1957: Sixty Black pastors and civil rights leaders from several southern states-including Martin Luther King, Jr.-meet in Atlanta, Georgia to coordinate nonviolent protests against racial discrimination and segregation.

September 4, 1957: Nine Black students known as the " Little Rock Nine" are blocked from integrating into Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. President Dwight D. Eisenhower eventually sends federal troops to escort the students, however, they continue to be harassed.

September 9, 1957: Eisenhower signs the Civil Rights Act of 1957 into law to help protect voter rights. The law allows federal prosecution of those who suppress another's right to vote.

February 1, 1960: Four African American college students in Greensboro, North Carolina refuse to leave a Woolworth's "whites only" lunch counter without being served. The Greensboro Four-Ezell Blair Jr., David Richmond, Franklin McCain and Joseph McNeil-were inspired by the nonviolent protest of Gandhi. The Greensboro Sit-In, as it came to be called, sparks similar "sit-ins" throughout the city and in other states.

November 14, 1960: Six-year-oldRuby Bridges is escorted by four armed federal marshals as she becomes the first student to integrate William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans. Her actions inspired Norman Rockwell's painting The Problem We All Live With (1964).

1961: Throughout 1961, Black and white activists, known as freedom riders, took bus trips through the American South to protest segregated bus terminals and attempted to use "whites-only" restrooms and lunch counters. The Freedom Rides were marked by horrific violence from white protestors, they drew international attention to their cause.

June 11, 1963: Governor George C. Wallace stands in a doorway at the University of Alabama to block two Black students from registering. The standoff continues until President John F. Kennedy sends the National Guard to the campus.

August 28, 1963: Approximately 250,000 people take part in The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Martin Luther King gives his "I Have A Dream" speech as the closing address in front of the Lincoln Memorial, stating, "I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal.'"

September 15, 1963: A bomb at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama kills four young girls and injures several other people prior to Sunday services. The bombing fuels angry protests.

July 2, 1964: President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, preventing employment discrimination due to race, color, sex, religion or national origin. Title VII of the Act establishes the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to help prevent workplace discrimination.

February 21, 1965: Black religious leader Malcolm X is assassinated during a rally by members of the Nation of Islam.

March 7, 1965: Bloody Sunday. In the Selma to Montgomery March, around 600 civil rights marchers walk to Selma, Alabama to Montgomery-the state's capital-in protest of Black voter suppression. Local police block and brutally attack them. After successfully fighting in court for their right to march, Martin Luther King and other civil rights leaders lead two more marches and finally reach Montgomery on March 25.

August 6, 1965: President Johnson signs the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to prevent the use of literacy tests as a voting requirement. It also allowed federal examiners to review voter qualifications and federal observers to monitor polling places.

April 4, 1968: Martin Luther King, Jr. is assassinated on the balcony of his hotel room in Memphis, Tennessee. James Earl Ray is convicted of the murder in 1969.

April 11, 1968: President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968, also known as the Fair Housing Act, providing equal housing opportunity regardless of race, religion or national origin.

Sources

Executive Order 9981. Harry S. Truman Presidential Library & Museum.
Civil Rights Act of 1957. Civil Rights Digital Library.
Governor George C. Wallace's School House Door Speech. Alabama Department of Archives and History.
Greensboro, NC, Students Sit-In for US Civil Rights, 1960. Swarthmore College Global Nonviolent Action Database.
Historical Highlights. The 24th Amendment. History, Art & Archives United States House of Representatives.
History-Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment. United States Courts.
History of Federal Voting Rights Laws. The United States Department of Justice.
"I Have a Dream," Address Delivered at the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The Martin Luther King, Jr. Research and Education Institute Stanford.
Oldest and Boldest. NAACP.
SCLC History. Southern Christian Leadership Conference.
Selma to Montgomery March: National Historic Trail and All-American Road. National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior.
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. National Archives.

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Civil Rights Movement Timeline - Timeline & Events | HISTORY

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The civil rights movement was an organized effort by black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law. It began in the late 1940s and ended in the late 1960s.

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Beer-Hall-Putsch

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https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/november-22-1963-death-of-the-president

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Great-Depression

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Officially started when Austro-Hungary declared war on Serbia after a Serbian nationalist group murdered their Archduke.

Some causes include imperialism, end of collective security, increased militarism, colonialism, and economic instability.

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Alberto Fujimori , Peruvian Dictator (28 July, 1990)

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Alberto Fujimori , Peruvian Dictator (28 July, 1990)

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Tiananmen Square Protests And Massacre - June 3 to 4 1989

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Tiananmen Square Protests And Massacre - June 3 to 4 1989

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https://www.britannica.com/event/Tiananmen-Square-incident

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Tiananmen Square incident, also called June Fourth incident or 6/4, series of protests and demonstrations in China in the spring of 1989 that culminated on the night of June 3-4 with a government crackdown on the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Although the demonstrations and their subsequent repression occurred in cities throughout the country, the events in Beijing-especially in Tiananmen Square, historically linked to such other protests as the May Fourth Movement (1919)-came to symbolize the entire incident.

Emergence and spread of unrest

By the spring of 1989 there was growing sentiment among university students and others in China for political and economic reform. The country had experienced a decade of remarkable economic growth and liberalization, and many Chinese had been exposed to foreign ideas and standards of living. In addition, although the economic advances in China had brought new prosperity to many citizens, it was accompanied by price inflation and opportunities for corruption by government officials. In the mid-1980s the central government had encouraged some people (notably scientists and intellectuals) to assume a more active political role, but student-led demonstrations calling for more individual rights and freedoms in late 1986 and early 1987 caused hard-liners in the government and Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to suppress what they termed "bourgeois liberalism." One casualty of this tougher stance was Hu Yaobang, who had been the CCP general secretary since 1980 and who had encouraged democratic reforms; in January 1987 he was forced to resign his post.

The catalyst for the chain of events in the spring of 1989 was the death of Hu in mid-April; Hu was transformed into a martyr for the cause of political liberalization. On the day of his funeral (April 22), tens of thousands of students gathered in Tiananmen Square demanding democratic and other reforms. For the next several weeks, students in crowds of varying sizes-eventually joined by a wide variety of individuals seeking political, social, and economic reforms-gathered in the square. The initial government response was to issue stern warnings but take no action against the mounting crowds in the square. Similar demonstrations rose up in a number of other Chinese cities, notably Shanghai, Nanjing, Xi'an, Changsha, and Chengdu. However, the principal outside media coverage was in Beijing, in part because a large number of Western journalists had gathered there to report on the visit to China by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in mid-May. Shortly after his arrival, a demonstration in Tiananmen Square drew some one million participants and was widely broadcast overseas.

Meanwhile, an intense debate ensued among government and party officials on how to handle the mounting protests. Moderates, such as Zhao Ziyang (Hu Yaobang's successor as party general secretary), advocated negotiating with the demonstrators and offering concessions. However, they were overruled by hard-liners led by Chinese premier Li Peng and supported by paramount elder statesman Deng Xiaoping, who, fearing anarchy, insisted on forcibly suppressing the protests.

During the last two weeks of May, martial law was declared in Beijing, and army troops were stationed around the city. However, an attempt by the troops to reach Tiananmen Square was thwarted when Beijing citizens flooded the streets and blocked their way. Protesters remained in large numbers in Tiananmen Square, centring themselves around a plaster statue called "Goddess of Democracy," near the northern end of the square. Western journalists also maintained a presence there, often providing live coverage of the events.

Crackdown and aftermath

By the beginning of June, the government was ready to act again. On the night of June 3-4, tanks and heavily armed troops advanced toward Tiananmen Square, opening fire on or crushing those who again tried to block their way. Once the soldiers reached the square, a number of the few thousand remaining demonstrators there chose to leave rather than face a continuation of the confrontation. By morning the area had been cleared of protesters, though sporadic shootings occurred throughout the day. The military also moved in forcibly against protesters in several other Chinese cities, including Chengdu, but in Shanghai the mayor, Zhu Rongji (later to become the premier of China), was able to negotiate a peaceful settlement. By June 5 the military had secured complete control, though during the day there was a notable, widely reported incident involving a lone protester momentarily facing down a column of tanks as it advanced on him near the square.

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In the aftermath of the crackdown, the United States instituted economic and diplomatic sanctions for a time, and many other foreign governments criticized China's handling of the protesters. The Western media quickly labeled the events of June 3-4 a "massacre." The Chinese government arrested thousands of suspected dissidents; many of them received prison sentences of varying lengths of time, and a number were executed. However, several dissident leaders managed to escape from China and sought refuge in the West, notably Wu'er Kaixi. The disgraced Zhao Ziyang was soon replaced as party general secretary by Jiang Zemin and put under house arrest.

From the outset of the incident, the Chinese government's official stance was to downplay its significance, labeling the protesters "counterrevolutionaries" and minimizing the extent of the military's actions on June 3-4. The government's count of those killed was 241 (including soldiers), with some 7,000 wounded; most other estimates have put the death toll much higher. In the years since the incident, the government generally has attempted to suppress references to it. Public commemoration of the incident is officially banned. However, the residents of Hong Kong have held an annual vigil on the anniversary of the crackdown, even after Hong Kong reverted to Chinese administration.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Amy McKenna.

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Tiananmen Square incident | Summary, Details, & Facts

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Tiananmen Square incident, also called June Fourth incident or 6/4, series of protests and demonstrations in China in the spring of 1989 that culminated on the night of June 3-4 with a government crackdown on the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

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https://www.history.com/topics/latin-america/cuban-revolution

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Lead-Up to the Cuban Revolution

After the Spanish-American War, the U.S. military directly administered the island until 1902, when Cuba became a republic, with sugar as its main commercial export. After a financial crisis and persistent governmental corruption, Gerardo Machado was elected as Cuba's president in 1925, pledging reform. Instead, Machado became Cuba's first dictatorial ruler, until he was ousted in 1933 after a revolt led by Fulgencio Batista, a rising star in the Cuban military.

Various presidents came and went over the next two decades, but Batista remained a constant force. He served as president himself from 1940-44, and ran for a second term in 1952. Facing defeat, he overthrew the government in a bloodless coup and canceled the elections.

Fidel Castro and the 26th of July Movement

Castro, a young lawyer and activist, had been running for Congress as part of the Cuban People's Party before Batista seized power. Seeking to arm a revolutionary opposition to the Batista regime, he led a raid against the Moncada army barracks in the city of Santiago de Cuba on July 26, 1953. Most of the group was killed; Castro and his younger brother, Raúl, escaped but were later arrested and imprisoned.

Fidel Castro's trial and imprisonment served to build his reputation as a revolutionary leader. After Batista yielded to international pressure and granted amnesty to many political prisoners in 1955, Castro headed to Mexico, where he began organizing Cuban exiles into a movement named for the date of the failed Moncada attack.

The Cuban Revolution Begins

In November 1956, 82 men representing the 26th of July Movement sailed from Mexico aboard the Granma, a small yacht. Batista's forces learned of the attack ahead of time, and ambushed the revolutionaries shortly after they landed in a remote area of eastern Cuba on December 2, 1956. Though most of the group was killed, around 20 of them escaped, including Fidel and Raúl Castro and one of Castro's foreign recruits, Argentine-born doctor Ernesto "Che" Guevara.

Reaching the Sierra Maestra mountains, Castro's group attracted new members and began a guerrilla campaign against Batista's better-armed and more numerous forces. Over the next two years, Cuba existed in a virtual state of civil war, with rebel forces carrying out attacks on government facilities, sugar plantations and other sites as Batista's regime cracked down on anyone suspected of collaborating with Castro's revolution.

Rebels Seize the Advantage

In response to growing opposition, Batista suspended constitutional protections for Cubans, including freedom of speech and assembly. The following year, he called for the planned presidential election to be postponed, blaming the ongoing violence.

Believing support for the revolution was waning, Batista called for a major military offensive against the rebels in the Sierra Maestra mountains in the summer of 1958. Instead, the rebels swiftly turned back the offensive, forcing the army to withdraw. With international media giving favorable press coverage to the revolutionaries, the United States began to withdraw support for Batista's government, which it had previously backed due to the dictator's anti-communist stance.

Castro's Revolution Triumphs

In November 1958, the Cuban presidential election went ahead amid widespread fraud, with Batista's chosen successor winning despite a more moderate candidate receiving more legitimate votes. As support for Batista continued to erode, the 26th of July revolutionaries struck the decisive blow in late December 1958, with Guevara's forces defeating a much larger army garrison in the Battle of Santa Clara and capturing a train loaded with vital arms and ammunition.

On January 1, 1959, with rebel forces bearing down on Havana, Batista fled Cuba for the Dominican Republic; he later proceeded to Portugal, where he would remain in exile until his death in 1973.

Fidel Castro arrived in Havana on January 9 to take charge of a new provisional government, quickly consolidating control and rounding up Batista's supporters, many of whom were tried and executed by revolutionary courts. Though Castro had called for elections during the revolution, he postponed them indefinitely once he came to power.

U.S.-Cuba Relations Break Down

The United States was one of the first countries to recognize Castro's government in Cuba, but relations between the two countries quickly deteriorated as Castro implemented a communist regime and forged close ties with the Soviet Union, the U.S. enemy in the Cold War. The United States broke off diplomatic relations with Cuba in early 1961, and the next few years were marked by escalating tensions, including the Bay of Pigs invasion (April 1961) and the Cuban missile crisis (October 1962).

Despite a long-running U.S. trade embargo, widespread economic hardship, a mass exodus of hundreds of thousands of Cubans and multiple efforts to implement regime change, Fidel Castro remained in power until 2008, when he formally resigned after handing off power to his brother. He died in 2016.

Sources

"Cuba Marks 50 Years Since 'Triumphant Revolution'." NPR, January 1, 2009. Neil Faulkner, "The Cuban Revolution." Military History Matters, January 10, 2019.
Cuban Revolution. Encyclopedia Britannica.
Tony Perrottet, Cuba Libre! Che, Fidel, and the Improbable Revolution That Changed World History (Blue Rider Press, 2019)

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The Cuban Revolution was an armed uprising led by Fidel Castro that eventually toppled the brutal dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista by 1959.

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Pearl Harbor attack, (December 7, 1941), surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu Island, Hawaii, by the Japanese that precipitated the entry of the United States into World War II. The strike climaxed a decade of worsening relations between the United States and Japan.

Prelude to war

In the late 1930s, American foreign policy in the Pacific hinged on support for China, and aggression against China by Japan therefore necessarily would bring Japan into conflict with the United States. As early as 1931 the Tokyo government had extended its control over the Chinese province of Manchuria, and the following year the Japanese cemented their hold on the region with the creation of the puppet state of Manchukuo. A clash at the Marco Polo Bridge near Beijing on July 7, 1937, signaled the beginning of open warfare between Japan and the United Front of Chinese Nationalists and the Chinese Communist Party. In response, the United States government extended its first loan to China in 1938.

In July 1939 the U.S. announced the termination of the 1911 Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with Japan. Beginning in the summer of 1940, the U.S. began to restrict the export to Japan of materials useful in war. Between June 1940 and the fateful crisis of December 1941, the tension constantly mounted. In July 1941, by which time the Japanese had occupied all of Indochina and had entered into an alliance with the Axis powers ( Germany and Italy), the U.S. government severed all commercial and financial relations with Japan. Japanese assets were frozen, and an embargo was declared on shipments to Japan of petroleum and other vital war materials. Militarists were steadily gaining in influence in the Tokyo government; they bitterly resented U.S. aid to China, which by this time had been stepped up. They saw in the German invasion of the Soviet Union an unrivaled opportunity to pursue a policy of aggression in the Far East without danger of an attack upon their rear by the forces of the Red Army. Nonetheless, negotiations looking to find some kind of understanding between the United States and Japan took place through the autumn of 1941, and not until near the end of November did it become clear that no agreement was possible.

Although Japan continued to negotiate with the United States up to the day of the Pearl Harbor attack, the government of Prime Minister Tōjō Hideki decided on war. Adm. Yamamoto Isoroku, the commander in chief of Japan's Combined Fleet, had planned the attack against the U.S. Pacific Fleet with great care. Once the U.S. fleet was out of action, the way for the unhindered Japanese conquest of all of Southeast Asia and the Indonesian archipelago would be open. The order for the assault was issued on November 5, 1941, and on November 16 the task force began its rendezvous in the Kuril Islands. Commanders were instructed that the fleet might be recalled, however, in case of a favourable outcome of the negotiations in Washington, D.C. On November 26, Vice Adm. Nagumo Chuichi led a fleet including 6 aircraft carriers, 2 battleships, 3 cruisers, and 11 destroyers to a point some 275 miles (440 km) north of Hawaii. From there about 360 planes in total were launched.

Warnings and responses

The U.S. Pacific Fleet had been stationed at Pearl Harbor since April 1940. In addition to nearly 100 naval vessels, including 8 battleships, there were substantial military and air forces. As the tension mounted, Adm. Husband E. Kimmel and Lieut. Gen. Walter C. Short, who shared command at Pearl Harbor, were warned of the possibility of war, specifically on October 16 and again on November 24 and 27. The notice of November 27, to Kimmel, began, "This dispatch is to be considered a war warning," went on to say that "negotiations have ceased," and directed the admiral to "execute an appropriate defensive deployment." Kimmel also was ordered to "undertake such reconnaissance and other measures as you deem necessary." The communication of the same day to Short declared that "hostile action is possible at any moment" and, like its naval counterpart, urged "measures of reconnaissance."

In response to these warnings, the measures taken by the army and navy commanders were, as the event proved, far from adequate. Short ordered an alert against sabotage and concentrated most of his fighter planes at the base on Wheeler Field in an effort to prevent damage to them. He also gave orders to operate five of the mobile radar sets that had been set up in the island from 4:00 am to 7:00 am, considered to be the most dangerous period. (Radar training, however, was in a far-from-advanced stage.)

Kimmel, despite the fact that his intelligence had not been able to locate substantial elements in the Japanese fleet-especially the first-line ships in carrier divisions 1 and 2-did not expand his reconnaissance activities to the northwest, the logical point for an attack. He moored the entire fleet (save that part which was at sea) in the harbour and permitted a part of his personnel to go on shore leave. Neither of these officers suspected that the base at Pearl Harbor would itself be subjected to attack. Nor, for that matter, is there any indication that their superiors in Washington were in any way conscious of the approaching danger. In the 10 days between the war warning of November 27 and the Japanese attack itself, no additional action was taken by Washington.

Early on Sunday morning, December 7, Washington learned that the Japanese ambassadors had been instructed to ask for an interview with the secretary of state at 1:00 pm (7:30 am Pearl Harbor time). This was a clear indication that war was at hand. The message took some time to decode, and it was not in the hands of the chief of naval operations until about 10:30. It was delivered to the War Department between 9:00 and 10:00 am. Gen. George C. Marshall, the U.S. Army chief of staff, was out horseback riding and did not see the dispatch until he arrived at his office about 11:15 am. The chief of naval operations, Adm. Harold Stark, even then did not think that the communication called for any additional instructions to Kimmel. However, Marshall did decide to send a new warning and gave orders to the military command to communicate with the navy. He did not telephone, fearing that his words might be intercepted, and instead sent his dispatch by telegram. There was a mix-up in communication, however, and the warning did not reach Hawaii until after the attack had begun. It is important to note that it had not been filed until noon, only an hour before the Japanese planes moved in on the base.

At Pearl Harbor itself, there were incidents that, properly interpreted, might have given a brief warning. Four hours before the decisive moment, a Japanese submarine was sighted by the minesweeper USS Condor. About two and a half hours later, the commander of the destroyer USS Ward sent a message saying that he "had attacked, fired upon, and dropped depth charges upon submarine operating in defensive sea area" near Pearl Harbor. While Kimmel waited for confirmation of this report, the Japanese opened hostilities. In these same morning hours, U.S. Army Pvt. George Elliott, practicing on the radar set after its normal closing time, noticed a large flight of planes on the screen. When he telephoned his lieutenant, he was told to disregard the observation, as a flight of B-17 bombers from the United States was expected at that time. Once again an opportunity was missed.

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Pearl Harbor attack | Date, History, Map, Casualties, Timeline, & Facts

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Pearl Harbor attack, surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu Island, Hawaii, by the Japanese on December 7, 1941, which precipitated the entry of the United States into World War II. Learn more about the details and significance of the attack in this article.

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Rwanda Genocide - 7 April 1994 - 15 July 1994

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Rwanda Genocide - 7 April 1994 - 15 July 1994

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https://www.history.com/topics/africa/rwandan-genocide

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Rwandan Genocide - Facts, Response & Trials

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The Rwandan genocide, also known as the genocide against the Tutsi, occured in 1994 when members of the Hutu ethnic majority in the east-central African nation of Rwanda murdered as many as 800,000 people, mostly of the Tutsi minority. Started by Hutu nationalists in the capital of Kigali, the genoc…

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Russian Revolution ends with Bolshevik victory - 1923

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Russian Revolution ends with Bolshevik victory - 1923

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Occurred as a result of unhappiness with the Russian monarchy