# data[].attributes.body
Power Struggles

⁃ Was Almagro executed by Pizarro or by someone else after the battle at Las Salinas in 1537?

Painful Independence

⁃ Did Bolívar and San Martín want to take Peru for themselves or simply to overthrow the Spanish?

Modernization and Change

⁃ Were the only group who wanted to modernize Peru the civilistas or were there more?

Local Sources and Foreign Travellers

⁃ are the works mentioned in this section used to study the history of Lima and Peru?

Pre-History of Lima

⁃ So Lima is slightly similar to Boston, however their history predates Boston’s by a lot?

⁃ Is the Huaca Pucllana mentioned in this section the same one we will be eating at?

Pachacámac

⁃ they have said “administrative centers” as a purpose for a few of the pyramids and former pre-Spanish buildings. What does this mean? What would their function have been?

The Art of Chancay

⁃ If these ceramics and textiles were considered to have prestige would they be restricted to certain groups?

Monument to Pizarro

⁃ has the monument been moved to the site behind the church?

Plaza Mayor

⁃ Why did Vaca de Castro deem the original cathedral unworthy?

Place of Pageantry

⁃ Was Peru seen as closely connected with Spain? I feel like for the English colonies a festival of 4 months would not happen for a birth of a prince

⁃ What was the significance of paving the streets with silver?

Cerro San Cristóbal

⁃ where did Lima’s black population originate? Were they Spanish slaves? Were they free?

El Cercado

⁃ How did reducciones function and how were they used to indoctrinate the natives?

Colonial Houses

⁃ what is an indoor patio?

Encomenderos, Bureaucrats, and Merchants

⁃ What were encomiendas used for? Who gave them out?

City of Churches

⁃ When did the monastery come about? What was its function within society?

⁃ Was there separation of church and state? Is there today?

Limeñan Piety

⁃ Did the Spanish convert many natives to Catholicism? Were most Catholics immigrants to Peru?

The Cloisters as Battleground: Creoles v Peninsulars

⁃ Did the alternativa ever get implemented?

Emergence of a Creole Consciousness

⁃ Are Creoles native Peruvians or are they Europeans that interbred with natives?

Museum of the Inquisition

⁃ What were considered offenses against the Catholic faith and what distinguished offenses punishable by hanging from smaller offenses?

Santuario de Santa Rosa

⁃ What makes a Saint? Were the 5 from Lima a high number?

The Church of Las Nazarenas

⁃ How did this cult gain following and wind up being taken over by creoles?

The African Heritage: the Marinera

⁃ Does this dance still have cultural significance today?

Rímac

⁃ When did the excursion to Amancaes begin? Was it of cultural significance to the native population?

The River, the bridge and the promenade

⁃ Why were Andeans migrating to the city at this time?

Colonial Literature

⁃ How did individuals learn to read and write in that time? Was it a necessity?

The Cementario General

⁃ Did the style of the cemetery reflect the religious sentiments of the time? What does neoclassical entail?

The Amantes del País

⁃ how were mercurios distributed? Who got them? Could everybody read them?

Monuments to the Heroes of Independence

⁃ Were normal individuals rather than generals or those in higher roles ever commemorated?

Monuments to the Heroes of Later Conflicts

⁃ Is there any standing conflict between Chile and Peru, similar to the US and Russia?

Panco Fierro: Scenes of Everyday Life-

⁃ Can the development of Peru as a nation be seen in the art of given time periods?

Desamparados Station

⁃ Why was Paris in France taken as inspiration? Why not a city in England or Spain?

The Guano Republic

⁃ how did the book affect the country as a whole? What happened to the country after the boom?

The Teatro Segura

⁃ Are Segura’s plays still performed? What is the popularity as compared to Shakespeare or other famous writers?

The National Library and Ricardo Palma

⁃ how widespread was Palma’s work? Did this reach Andean regions or was it more local to Lima?

The Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes

⁃ Did Peruvian art draw influence from European styles? Was there any style developed that was specific to Peru?

The Casa Courret: European Influences

⁃ What was the significance of Italians in Peru and what kind of influence did they have?

The Palaus Concert

⁃ when did education become more accessible to lower class individuals?

The Barrio Chino: Asian Immigrants

⁃ Is there still discrimination against these groups? Is it similar to what we see in the US or how does it compare?

The Casona de San Marcos

⁃ what is the significance of a degree in Peru as compared to in the US?

La Colmena and the Plaza de San Martin

⁃ what led to the struggle of Hotel Bolivar?

The Teatro Colon and Peruvian Cinema

⁃ What is Peruvian cinema like? Are there any recent notable films?

The Club Nacional: meeting place of the elite

⁃ How possible was it to make your way up in the ranks, or was it mainly held by the same groups?

Turn of the Century writers

⁃ What were other styles of writing like other than poetry? Were they popular?

The Canción Criolla

⁃ What led to the decline of popularity of this style of music after 1970?

The Parque de la Exposición

⁃ What is the significance of parks like this one? Are there lots of spaces like this in Lima?

The Estadio Nacional

⁃ What was the significance of football as a way of uniting those of different classes? Was football a way to do this?

Paseo Colon

⁃ is there any pushback to Columbus as there is in other parts of the world (like the US)?

The Monument to Manco Capac

⁃ Are the Andean and costal cultures still largely separate or are they integrated into each other?

The Casa del Pueblo

⁃ is APRA still around today, if not what caused it’s downfall?

The grand boulevards

⁃ did the expansion of Lima’s roads help lead to the further development of the city? How might this have had negative impacts?

Avenida Arequipa

⁃ What are the thoughts of current Limeñans on Leguia? Is he remembered positively or negatively?

Petroperu

⁃ Have worker protection laws been brought back?

San Isidro

⁃ Is this district still home to people or is this mainly a financial district?

Pueblo Libre and Surco

⁃ What does the celebration of the remaining vineyards consist of?

Callao

⁃ Why is Callao separate from Lima? Do Callao and Lima have any influences on each other due to proximity?

Sarita Colonia: Folk Saint

⁃ As patron Saint of the poor, how do the upper class view Sarita Colonia?

Miraflores

⁃ how did the rapid modernization of Miraflores affect the population? How does tourism affect the population?

La Costa Verde

⁃ Why has the water in the Costa Verde more recently become polluted? Is there anything being done to combat this?

Limeñean Cuisine

⁃ Why is Peru the foodie destination of South America? Is it for the traditional Peruvian cuisine or for the mixture of food and cultures in more urban areas?

Squatter Settlements

⁃ How do those in squatter settlements within the city live? Are there motivations for coming to Lima to make a better life for themself?

The Other Path

⁃ How common is street selling? Are there any other jobs for those of lower-class? Is anything done to help these individuals?

Huaynos and Chicha

⁃ Were Andean culture and music widely accepted when migrating to urban areas?

Literature Since 1940

⁃ Poetry is very popular in Peru, does this influence spread to other countries?

The Future

⁃ Will Lima continue to grow and modernize? How will this affect local populations? Will tourism increase

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·       Power Struggles

o   How did the crown slowly establish its authority over Peru despite the fact that it relied on conquistadores to bring in and consolidate new territories? How did the crown’s consolidation of authority in Peru influence the colonial nation’s economic growth?

·       Painful Independence

o   After having fought numerous wars and undergoing numerous insurgencies to topple autocratic powers, why were the people of Peru always so willing to hand it back to some oligarchic or dictatorial regime?

·       Modernization and Change

o   How come during the construction and expansion of Lima, Paris was looked at as a model for city design as opposed to other cities of the era?

·       Local Sources and Foreign Travelers

o   What was it about Lima that drew many foreign travelers, both famous and unknown?

·       The Pre-history of Lima

o   How come before the arrival of the Spaniards, the power and culture of what is modern-day Peru were centered up in the highlands and Andes as opposed to coast, a likely great source of resources?

·       Pachacamac

o   What were typical offering made by the indigenous peoples of Peru to Pachacamac?

·       The Art of Chancay

o   How did the people who inhabited Peru before the arrival of the Europeans communicate with each other, if there is no evidence of a written language from back then?

·       The Monument to Pizarro

o   Why were many statues of colonial elites and conquistadors built many centuries after their deaths, and what was the general public’s response to the commissioning of these statues?

·       The Historic Center

o   Why was Lima officially known as the “City of the Kings”, and how did that title come to become corrupted over the years?

·       Pizarro’s Draughtboard

o   How was Lima originally conceived to be designed and built, and how did that design change over the years?

·       The Plaza Mayor

o   Why was there a coup in 1541 in which Diego Almagro overthrew and assassinated Pizarro? How did this single action influence many future historical events down the line?

·       Place of Pageantry

o   Could the lavishness of the festivals held in the Plaza Mayor been a contributing factor to Peru’s economic woes during its existence?

·       The Cerro San Cristobal

o   Does the description of Lima in 1963 by James Morrison in his writing Cities match what Lima is currently like today? Has much changed or are things generally the same?

·       El Cercado

o   How was El Cercado different from other reducciones of the time, and what, in general, were the point of such reducciones?

·       Colonial Houses

o   How did Spanish colonists originally design their houses, and what were the shortcoming of these designs to the Peruvian environment? How did these original designs evolve?

·       Encomenderos, Bureaucrats and Merchants

o   What eventually happened to the encomenderos and their estates and wealth as the colonial era for Peru was coming to a close?

·       A City of Churches

o   How did Lima’s mineral-based and export-focused economy influence the artwork and décor of its churches?

·       Limenan Piety

o   How come the author believes that Peru was not a truly pious society despite the fact that nearly 1 in 10 people committed their entire lives to the church?

·       The Cloisters as Battleground: Creoles Versus Peninsulars

o   How did Spain attempt to cling onto its diminishing power in the Peruvian Church, and how were such attempts viewed by the locals?

·       Emergency of a Creole Consciousness

o   What abuses and discriminations were the Creoles subjected to under Spanish colonial rule?

·       The Museum of the Inquisition

o   Did the Lima Inquisition successfully achieve its goals, or did it rather stoke resentment among religious minorities and force them to go into hiding?

·       The Santuario de Santa Rosa

o   Who was Santa Rosa and why was she canonized? Moreover, why was she chosen to be America’s first saint in such a speedy fashion?

·       The Church of Las Nazarenas and El Senor de los Milagros

o   In what ways did the religious beliefs of the colonists and the indigenous peoples line up?

·       Afro-Peruvians

o   How did the government in Peru enforce and maintain the hierarchal racial and socio-economic order in Peruvian society?

·       The African Heritage: the Marinera

o   What aspects of other cultures and traditions did Afro-Peruvians incorporate into their own dances, literature, art, etc.?

·       Rimac

o   What aspects of European culture and history were emulated in the design and architecture of Lima?

·       The River, the Bridge and the Promenade

o   How have Peruvians used song to discuss and highlight their unique heritages, culture and pasts? Are the depictions made in such songs always accurate?

·       Colonial Literature

o   Was writing and literature always as assessable as it is today in Peru? Who originally had the most access to it, and how did the literacy rate of the population change over Peru’s history?

·       The Cementario General

o   Even when it came to cemeteries, how did powerful aspects of Peruvian society compete with each other and sought to demonstrate power and control?

·       The Amantes del País

o   In their journal Mercurio Peruano, what did the authors tend to write about? Was it typically only about one topic, or was it rather on a variety of thing?

·       Monuments to the Heroes of Independence

o   I think it’s interesting that none of the people that are celebrated in Lima’s main monuments are actually from Peru. There are people of the likes of Simon Bolivar and San Martin, but nobody from Peru itself. Were there no local leaders that fought for rebellion against Spain?

·       Monuments to the Heroes of Later Conflicts

o   How was Peru affected by the war with Chile on a societal, economic, and political level?

·       Panco Fierro: Scenes of Everyday Life

o   What types of paintings did Panco Fierra make? How were his painting received by the general public? Did people like them or hate them?

·       Desamparados Station

o   How did Peru work to expand its railway network across the country, and what were some pitfalls that occurred during the expansion?

·       The Guano Republic

o   How has the railroad system in Peru improved in the modern day?

·       The Teatro Segura

o   How did Segura’s plays lead to social change in Peru?

·       The National Library and Ricardo Palma

o   How has the national library grown in the present day?

·       The Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes

o   What important historical pieces are housed in Peruvian art museums?

·       The Casa Courret: European Influences

o   This section details European architectural influence on Lima. What elements of traditional Peruvian architecture can be seen on modern buildings?

·       The Palais Concert

o   How was the Palais Concert a demonstration of elitism in Lima?

·       The Barrio Chino: Asian Immigrants

o   What events occurred that lead to the integration of Asian culture in Limenan society?

·       The Casona de San Marcos

o   How does the Casona support current social justice endeavors in Lima?

·       La Colmena and the Plaza San Martin

o   How have La Colmena and the Plaza San Martin influence Limenan identity in the modern day?

·       The Teatro Colon and Peruvian Cinema

o   How has the Peruvian movie culture evolved in the modern day?

·       The Club Nacional: Meeting-place of the Elite

o   How did Bondoy’s essay spark change in the Peruvian oligarchy?

·       Turn-of-the-Century Writers

o   How did the rise of Turn-of-the-Century Writers spark political and socieoeconomic change?

·       The Canción Criolla

o   How has the Cancion Criolla changed to better adopt increased meshing of cultures in the modern day?

·       The Parque de la Exposición

o   Have more Parques been created to boost social behavior in Lima?

·       The Estadio Nacional

o   How did the increase in popularity of football/soccer in Lima compare to that in other South American countries?

·       Paseo Colon

o   Did the destruction of the city wall increase urbanization in Lima?

·       The Monument to Manco Capac

o   How has prejudice shifted from the erection of the Monument to Manco Capac to now?

·       The Casa del Pueblo

o   What political parties, other than APRA and the club nacional, are prominent in Lima and Peru?

·       The Grand Boulevards

o   Besides transport, what other businesses and purposes did the Grand Boulevards serve?

·       Avenida Arequipa

o   How did Leguia’s policies and ideas impact the growing migration and job loss in Lima?

·       Petroperu

o   How does the change in government align with the rapid urbanization and expansion of Lima?

·       San Isidro

o   Are there other ruins in San Isidro besides Huaca Huallamarka?

·       Pueblo Libre and Surco Callao

o   Where are religious influences seen in Pueblo Libre and Surco 🤬?

·       Sarita Colonia: Folk Saint

o   How has Sarita Colonia influenced religion in areas outside of Lima?

·       Miraflores

o   How has Miraflores’s village past culturally impacted the neighborhood it is today?

·       The Costa Verde

o   How has climate change impacted the barrancos, and what do the futures of the barrancos hold?

·       Limeñan Cuisine

o   How does Limeñan cuisine differ from that of the surrounding provinces?

·       Squatter Settlements

o   How has the culture within squatter settlements changed since the 1940s?

·       The Other Path

o   How has street trading influenced street vendor business in modern-day Lima?

·       Huaynos and Chicha

o   Higgins claims that Lima is a city culturally divided by music. Modern music has recently become more globalized and streamlines across cultures. How has this modernization impacted the diversity in music preferences?

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Painful Independence

What was the main thing that prevented president José de La Mar from creating stable economy?

Modernization and Change

When inflation finally came under control and the people began to be laid off, what caused the increase in immigration and the population influx?

Local Sources and Foreign Travelers

How do Peruvians as told by foreigners in the 19th century compare to 21st century Peruvians?

The Pre-history of Lima

How did the Chavín learn to domesticate animals and plants and what did they do that was better or worse than what the Eastern civilizations did?

Pachacamac

What were the main differences between the old cult of Pachacámac and the new one?

The Art of Chancay

The writing style of the Chancay was pictorially represented textiles. What effect did this have on the preservation of history of the Chancay?

The Monument to Pizarro

Even though the statue of Pizarro is not wrong to be placed, wouldn’t it be better to remove it as the connotation it has with most Peruvians is negative?

The Historic Center

What prompted Mayor Alberto Andrade to clean up the Lima?

Pizarro’s Draughtboard

We see a lot of European architecture in the way that the blocks were set up. What remained of the Peruvian architecture?

The Plaza Mayor

If the Spaniards weren’t so concerned about making Peru look better than it was, would they have controlled Peru longer?

Place of Pageantry

Had Indians and blacks been more involved in public events like the festival, would there have been less dissent within these communities?

The Cerro San Cristobal

Had the blacks risen up against the Spaniards at the beginning, works they have won given their size?

El Cercado

What did educating the sons of Indian chiefs do for the Spaniards?

Colonial Houses

How do colonial houses differ between centuries?

Encomenderos, Bureaucrats and Merchants

Why were encomenderos given such high regard and status?

A City of Churches

What was the detriment of having the churches have so much power and status in Peru?

Limenan Piety

Why was having a nun in the family seen as prestigous?

The Cloisters as Battleground: Creoles Versus Peninsulars

In terms of advancements and bettering life, who did better the Creoles or the Peninsulars?

Emergency of a Creole Consciousness

With the Creoles creating their own identity and realizing the potential power that they may have, what were some big things that the Spanish did to prevent them from overthrowing them?

The Museum of the Inquisition

What groups of people tended to be against the Catholics?

The Santuario de Santa Rosa

Why did Santa Rosa become America’s first saint?

The Church of Las Nazarenas and El Senor de los Milagros

How come blacks and mulattoes were allowed to practice pagan-like religions while Protestants were persecuted?

Afro-Peruvians

What stopped more Africans from immigrating to Peru after slavery was abolished?

The African Heritage: the Marinera

How was the Marinera dance formed from the zamacueca?

Rimac

How has the Plaza de Acho today compare to itself in 1768?

The River, the Bridge and the Promenade

How is the Creole identity seen in modern-day Lima?

Colonial Literature

What was the most surprising part of colonial literature that you didn’t expect?

The Cementario General

How would the cemetery have been seen if it had been placed outside of city limits?

The Amantes del País

Why did the Ica being barbaric prevent the Peruvians from being able to identify with them in all aspects of life?

Monuments to the Heroes of Independence

Why was Olaya the only “hero” deserving of a white costume?

Monuments to the Heroes of Later Conflicts

How does the war affect Peruvian sentiment of Chileans today?

Panco Fierro: Scenes of Everyday Life

Why is it that when Indians or Creoles are portrayed in art, one of the main things that are always portrayed about them is their dance?

Desamparados Station

What do the railroads look like today in Miraflores and Chorillos?

The Guano Republic

What could the Creole Elites have done differently that would have made their outcomes for favorable?

The Teatro Segura

What about plays appealed the society so much that they became so popular?

The National Library and Ricardo Palma

Why was an awareness of history so important to Palma?

The Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes

How did the art school being Catholic shape the way that the school functioned?

The Casa Courret: European Influences

What caused immigration to be favorable in this era whereas immigration today might have a more negative and fearful factor to it?

The Palais Concert

Why is it that popular music in Peru was seen as sophisticated national music?

The Barrio Chino: Asian Immigrants

What prompted the Chinese to think that Peru would be the best place to move to escape poverty and not something closer?

The Casona de San Marcos

How were the paintings in the Casona’s art gallery chosen?

La Colmena and the Plaza San Martin

What was the highlight of Plaza San Martin that drew the elite?

The Teatro Colon and Peruvian Cinema

What makes Francisco Lombardi such a famous artist?

The Club Nacional: Meeting-place of the Elite

How has the meaning of the Club Nacional changed over the years?

Turn-of-the-Century Writers

What aspect of society did writers tend to focus on in regards to the natives?

The Canción Criolla

Did the increased popularity of the Canción Criollo better the lifestyles of the creoles?

The Parque de la Exposición

What prompted the donation of the Museo de Arte Italiano?

The Estadio Nacional

How has football helped the underprivileged come out of poverty and what specific races were effected the most by the popularity of football?

Paseo Colon

How did demolishing the city wall change the way that people lived on either side?

The Monument to Manco Capac

How did the non-Andean people feel about the erection of the monument?

The Casa del Pueblo

What does the ARPA look like today and what are the biggest changes that it has faced since its creation?

Petroperu

What were the main issues with Velasco regime’ agrarian reforms that prevented them from succeeding?

San Isidro

As San Isidro became less exclusive, what were some of the cultural aspects that changed in the area?

Pueblo Libre and Surco Callao

What caused the decline in the vineyards and colonial hacienda houses?

Callao

How would the placement of Peru’s capital been different if Lima was not near Callao, a port city?

Sarita Colonia: Folk Saint

What best describes how Sarita fits the mold of a saint?

Miraflores

What would Lima look like without Miraflores today?

The Costa Verde

How has Costa Verde allowed for the mixing of socioeconomic classes?

Limeñan Cuisine

Is there any aspects of traditional Spanish cuisine in Peru’s cuisine today since local foods are usually called creole cuisine?

Squatter Settlements

What were the biggest issues with the squatter settlements that may have prevented architectural and technological advancements in Peru?

The Other Path

How have migrant’s being forced to overcome adversity prevented migrant’s from understanding what makes Peru, Peru?

Huaynos and Chicha

Did the Andeans face less racism when Huaynos and Chica became more popular?

Literature since 1940

With increased literature on social issues, did writing become a career that Peruvians didn’t encourage their children to pursue?

The Future

What are the main struggles that Peruvians worry about for the future?

# data[].attributes.body
- Surprised by how many different meanings the word chicha has: the drink, the music, the culture...
- Ironic that medical advancements lead to other problems (overpopulation)
- How will the government address the problem of overpopulation?

# data[].attributes.body
Literature and poetry doesn't really interest me, but the numerous references to different literary works in this section (and throughout the rest of the book) show how important they are to understanding the state of society, as many writers use their writing as a way to comment on current issues.

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How has the music scene in Peru changed since the book was published?

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I was surprised by how prevalent the informal sector is in Lima. It's sad to see so many people struggling to make a living on the streets without protection or legal rights.

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What is the government doing to address the large proportion of Lima's population living in shantytowns?

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Did white rice in Limeñan Cuisine come from asian immigrants?

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- Why was the bridge in Barranco named Puente de Suspiros?
- What is causing the waters off Costa Verde to become polluted?

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Why did Miraflores become the center for shopping, entertainment, and restaurants?

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Why do so many people continue to identify as Catholic if they don't truly hold those beliefs or practice it?

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Why did Mario Vargas Llosa choose the Escuela Militar Leoncio Prado as the setting of La ciudad y los perros? What was his connection to the school?

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When and how did reducciones cease to exist?

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Why did businesses choose to move to San Isidro?

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- How did Fujimori become president? It seems unusual that someone from such a minority group in Peru would hold such a high position of power.
- Why is there such a high rate of unemployment in Peru?

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What are some problems with the current president of Peru? How does they compare to problems with Leguía?

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What is the metro system like in Lima?

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- What is a mass political party?
- Is APRA still around today?

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- Why did some think that ancient Peruvians were of Asian origin?
- Do students have the opportunity to study Quechua in school?

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How do Peruvians feel about the Columbus statue?

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- It is interesting to learn about how football became popular because it was a sport that all people could become involved in. Also interesting to learn about the origins of the rivalry between Alianza Lima and the U
- Is it common for children/students to be involved in team sports as extracurriculars like it is in the US?

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What was the purpose of the building that houses the Museo de Arte de Lima before it was an art museum?

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Why is a tone of sadness typical to Andean music?

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How did people react to Manuel González Prada's ideas?

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The Club Nacional: Meeting Place of the Elite

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The Club Nacional: Meeting Place of the Elite

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The fact that it was said that the most important political decisions were made in the Club Nacional versus in Congress of the Presidential Palace shows how much power the few elite had over all the people.

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Are there any famous Peruvian actors that are well-known internationally?

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What is the situation with racism like in Lima today? I saw very few white-looking people in the city while were there.

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Why did the most immigrants come from Italy?

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Did the pre-hispanic cultures also have paintings or was it mostly ceramics and textiles?

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Why was the library burned down in 1943?

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What are some common themes seen in peruvian plays?

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Why did the governments think it was more enterprising and trustworthy to do business with foreign houses?

# data[].attributes.body
- why were passengers services discontinued on the railway?
- the failed railway construction story sounds a lot like Hawaii's current situation with its rail...

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What caused the two periods of relative economic stability from the mid 1840s-1880 and 1895-1930?

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Monuments to the heroes of later conflicts

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Monuments to the heroes of later conflicts

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What is the relationship between Peru, Bolivia and Chile like today?

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Why did people from other countries, like José de San Martín, fight for Perú's independence?

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The cemetery was moved out of the city where the elites lived, and I wonder if the location of the cemetery was closer to disadvantaged groups, similar to how industrial plants were placed in the US.

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The way being able to read and write seemed like magic to people back then could be compared to the internet. It's a very powerful tool that is not available to everyone.

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What is Alameda Chabuca Granda's story and how did she become famous?

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Do more recent generations view bullfighting differently? I personally don't feel good about killing animals for entertainment.

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Very cool to learn about the origins of this style of dance, and happy to learn that one way black Peruvians were able to pass down a version of their own culture was through the marinera. It was originally called the zamacueca, but renamed for the sailors of the navy in the War of the Pacific.

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In 1790, almost half of the population was black or of black descent, and then in 1940, they made up less than half a percent of the population. This really goes to show how severe racism was back then and how badly Afro-Peruvians wanted to intermarry with other races (or move out of the country? not mentioned in the book).

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The Church of Las Nazarenas and El Senor de los Milagros

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The Church of Las Nazarenas and El Senor de los Milagros

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It is interesting to see how the people's beliefs have changed since 1746. God and religion used to be the driving force behind everything, whereas science explains everything today. In this section of the book, we see how the people use religion to deal with living in constant danger of earthquakes.

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What does it mean to be a patron saint? What is the process of being canonized?

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It is horrifying to read about the ways the Catholic church was defended with the autos de fe, and how innocent people could be treated in such a way without even knowing what they were being accused of.

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- It's interesting to read about the idea that Europeans held that the Creoles were degenerate due to the environment in Peru
- Salinas makes a strong argument for the Creole elite, who care more for the long-term wellbeing of the country than Spanish immigrants who come only to make money.

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I agree with the Creoles in that the alternativa was simply a way for the Spaniards to hold on to their power, and since they were outnumbered, it didn't make sense. The people in the US today would definitely not stand for this kind of system.

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- It's surprising that, contrary to the expected reasons of choosing a religious career, many of those who had one used it to enjoy social status and a comfortable life, and that some women used it as a way to become independent from male domination.
- What influence does religion have on Lima and its residents today?

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- It was interesting to learn that much of the silver used to decorate the churches were used to finance the war effort for independence
- What was the Bourbon dynasty?

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Encomenderos, Bureaucrats and Merchants 

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Encomenderos, Bureaucrats and Merchants 

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- In reading about encomiendas, I'm amazed by how people back then saw the Indians as property that could be granted as rewards and forced to work for others
- What is silver bullion?

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It's interesting to learn about the architecture in Lima and that colonial houses were one or two stories because of earthquakes and flat-roofed due to the absence of rain.

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I find it hard to believe that the Crown regarded the natives as free men with the same rights as their other subjects.

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- Makes sense that the settlers were unhappy with Spain, as it ruled over them but was not able to offer much protection.
- What were the goals of the Shining Path Movement?

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- How were viceroys chosen?
- The idea of mummery seems ridiculous to me—it's like the elites felt a little bad, but they still wanted to control the poor, blacks, and Indigenous.

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- How did the indigenous people respond to Catholic evangelism?
- What was the Republican Period?

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Did most Spaniards approve of colonialism and conquering indigenous communities? Did the indigenous people fight back?

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- What minerals were exported from Peru?
- How is the word "creole," descendants of the Spanish settlers, related to the culture in Louisiana?
- How does the UNESCO World Heritage site designation protect the Historic Center?

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There is similar controversy over statues of historical figures in the US, for example, Confederate statues. Should we have such statues and monuments to remember influential people in our history, even if they did things that were morally wrong?

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What influence did the Chancay's ceramics and textiles play on the surrounding peoples? Did others pick up their style of art?

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If the cult of Pachacámac was so popular that the Incas allowed them to coexist with their own religion, why did it eventually fall out of favor?

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The Maranga irrigation system reminds me of how the Ancient Hawaiians had a similar system where they used the streams to irrigate their lo'i kalo (taro patches).

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Why were the Spanish colonies in the Americas closed off to foreigners in the 16th and 17th centuries?

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The chapter mentions the Partido Civil. What are the major political parties in Peru today?

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What was the cause of the War of the Pacific?

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Power struggles

1. How could Spanish rulers expect viceroys to succeed if citizens within Lima were already loyal to the men/laws of Pizarro/Almagro?

2. What does liberalized legislation consist of?

Painful Independence

1. Who were the competing factions when San Martín came and why did they grant power to foreigners?

2. Besides fertilizer, what else was Peru able to produce and well known for?

Modernization and Change

1. What happened in the 1970s-1980s that caused the severe inflation?

2. What caused the Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana to be persecuted?

Local Sources and Foreign Travelers

1. In Pancho Fierro’s paintings, what did daily street life look like?

2. French and Spain seemed to have a good relationship during the 1840s and 50s. What French customs were starting to become a part of Peruvian culture?

The Prehistory of Lima-

1. Are burial mounds like the Huacas, a type of burial ground specific to Peruvians?

2. Is the Surco canal facing issues involving climate change as of 2022?

Pachacámac

1. Was Pachacámac associated with any particular religion?

2. What kind of offerings did individuals give to this temple?

The Art of Chancay

1. Are cuchimilco dolls used primarily for good magic or bad magical properties?

2. What technique do weavers use in order to make the fabric appear a different color when looking at it upside down?

The Monument to Pizarro

1. Where is the monument of Pizarro currently? Do they have issues with any other statues?

2. Do Peruvians accept western civilization or do they wish to denounce it, as it may remind them of colonization by Spain?

The Historic Centre

1. Does Peru continue to have big earthquakes today?

2. Is Day of the Kings celebrated by Peruvians today? How has tourism impacted this?

Pizarro’s Draughtboard

1. In Peru, did christianity become popularized due to New World ideals imposed by Spain?

2. Is Jirón de la Unión still used as the main way to describe land from north to sound with streets?

The Plaza Mayor

1. What does Limeñan architecture consist of?

2. Is the Plaza Mayor well kept today? What are some differences in how it looked then vs. now?

3. Spaniard’s forced priests to learn languages that natives spoke. Do you think this helped priests understand native’s culture more or do you think this had no impact on them?

Place of Pageantry

1. What’s the main differences between ceremonies and festivals?

2. What do you think the colors symbolized for the different people in society, ie. militia/guards with red and blue uniforms, and buglers in crimson? Did colors symbolize anything?

The Cerro San Cristobal

1. What are Lima government officials doing to address poverty in outstanding areas?

2. How did Maoism get to Peru? What do you think drew some Peruvian citizens to be inspired by it?

El Cercado

1. What was the main reason why the Crown and the settlers had differing opinions on how to treat Indian communities?

2. What do you think ‘reducciones’ are comparable to in today’s society?

Colonial Houses

1. Doors were often a status symbol for Peruvian elites. How would you want your personalized door to look?

2. Are enclosed balconies found in other places in the world? Were they popular in places besides Peru?

Encomenderos, Bureaucrats and Merchants

1. Besides economic implications, how else might trading benefit Peru?

2. Were there any benefits for Indians living on encomiendas?

A City of Churches

1. What are some differences between baroque and rococo architecture and design?

2. Is silver jewelry in Peru more popular nowadays because of how rich the land was with silver?

Limenan Piety

1. Why did women seek religion as a refuge in Peru? What might be some benefits to being religious?

2. Were women in secularized parts of Peru seen as below women who are religious?

The Cloisters as Battleground: Creoles Versus Peninsulares

1. With a population that only had 1/10 of the population in religious activities, how was religion so influential on all areas of life?

2. What was the main reason why monks were fighting?

Emergency of a Creole Consciousness

1. Why did Spainards and Creole individuals fight amongst one another?

2. What were some cultural things that Creole people may have participated in that were different from Spaniards? What did Spanish people in Spain think of creoles?

The Museum of the Inquisition

1. What does the candle around the neck symbolize, if anything?

2. During this time of persecuting non-believers, was Peru influencing punishments based on European practice?

The Santuario de Santa Rosa

1. What did Santa Rosa do in her life to achieve sainthood?

2. If Santa Rosa would have been Indian or Spanish, do you think she still would have achieved her sainthood as quickly?

The Church of Las Nazarenas and El Senor de los Milagros

1. What other things does purple symbolize? How does this color differ from other colors in terms of importance or symbolism?

2. Do they still wear purple in October to protect against earthquakes?

Afro-Peruvians

1. Where did the majority of black people migrate after Peru? What benefits were there to moving someplace else?

2. How did individuals celebrate their heritage in smaller communities? Were they allowed to?

The African Heritage: the Marinera

1. What are similarities and differences between zamacueca and marinera?

2. What instruments are used in Peruvian music?  How do the different instruments impact how the song sounds?

Rimac

1. Is Puente de Piedra still a bridge that is considered romantic?

2. How did Greek and Roman culture influence the Peruvian culture besides architecture?

The River, the Bridge and the Promenade

1. What were some differences between how Afro-Peruvians were treated and Creoles?

2. In the 1950’s, the creole population still believed that they were not fairly treated. Why do you think they still felt this way?

Colonial Literature

1. Did they have special schools where individuals could learn how to write and read poetry?

2. Even back then, many doctors may have been viewed as “scam artists” or greedy. Is there a way to fix the healthcare system where people feel that they are not taken advantage of by healthcare professionals?

The Cementario General

1. How were crypts considered unhygienic?

2. What does neoclassical architecture look like?

The Amantes del País

1. How did Mercurio influence education and news?

2. How did Mercurio get disseminated across the population?

Monuments to the Heroes of Independence

1. How is Fiesta Patrias celebrated?

2. What type of paint/tools did Jose Gil de Castro use for his paintings?

Monuments to the Heroes of Later Conflicts

1. Why was Peru symbolized as a woman?

2. What were some differences in how Chile did things with the government and socially in Peru?

3. Why do you think Peru helped Bolivia?

Pancho Fierro: Scenes of Everyday Life

1. How did the saya y manto influence women?

2. Why was Peru struggling with poverty so much? Was it mainly due to earthquakes, poverty issues, or lack of consistent leadership?

Desamparados Station

1. What is the benefit of controlling the railroads for Britain from so far away?

2. What other transportation was used besides trains for Peruvians?

The Guano Republic

1. Could guano be used for something other than fertilizer?

2. What other countries were able to also export guano? Was there competition amongst the other countries in South America?

The Teatro Segura

1. How might it be harmful if plays are only interpreting events in the point of view of upper middle class civilians?

2. Why do you think middle class individuals were not selected as often for posts in the government?

3. Why do you think poetry and novelists were able to be more successful than playwrights?

The National Library and Ricardo Palma

1. Why was protesting considered a waste of time?

2. In the past, what were some ways Peruvians were able to voice their opinions, without protest?

3. How did Tradiciones influence literature in Peru?

4. Castillo’s work is said to “envelop the scene evoked in the midst of times pasts.” Do you think Palma wanted to focus more on the past or use literature to expand minds in the future?

The Escuela Nacional de Bellas Artes

1. How does painting acknowledge individuals of the past? Do you think these individuals would be happy with how they are represented, such as “La lavendera”?

2. Why did it take until 1917 to establish an art school?

3. Why did people not want to be associated with Sabogal?

The Casa Courret: European Influences

1. It seems like Peru is a melting pot of different cultures. How do you think other cultures were able to influence Peruvian culture when only 15000 out of 100,000 people in Lima were from other countries?

2. Why were Italians immigrating to Peru?

The palais concert

1. How do you think internalized self hate impacted individuals?

2. Was there a way to gain respect for individuals even if they were considered a lower class?

The Barrio chino: Asian immigrants

1. How did the abolition of slavery affect the Chinese community?

2. Why do you think Japanese individuals are less likely to marry Peruvians?

The casona de San marcos

1. Why do you think Pedro de Peralta Barnuevo was so successful?

2. What is a scientific consciousness?

3. Why did the amount of people seeking an education increase drastically from the 1940s-1990s?

La Colmena and the Plaza San Martin

1. What is the independence centenary?

2. What does a Pisco sour consist of? Is this still a famous drink?

The Teatro Colon and Peruvian Cinema

1. Were silent films more popular in Peru than non-silent films?

2. Why do you think critics were moved by La boca del lobo?

The Club Nacional: Meeting-place of the Elite

1. What happened that made club national no longer the place for political discussions?

2. What were the main differences in ideologies between different political parties in Peru?

Turn-of-the-Century Writers

1. What do you think Eguren is writing about in “Peregrín cazador de figures”?

2. What were some of the ‘radical’ thoughts that Gonzalez Prada had?

The Canción Criolla

1. Do you think women were able to advocate for themselves in their relationship with men in the 1970s?

2. Do you think it benefitted Peruvian unity to all see themselves within a “Creole identity?” What does a creole identity consist of if you asked a Peruvian individual?

The Parque de la Exposición

1. What might be some benefits civilians may have by having a park established?

2. In 1872, do you think this Great Exhibition was done more to impress other countries and show off them or to show other countries that they wanted to work with them as allies?

The Estadio Nacional

1. Do you think more people would be satisfied with their jobs if companies offered more bonding time/activities that promote health and public relations, such as football? How might jobs accommodate people of all different abilities?

2. How does playing football offer a sense of identity for Lima? How does it represent social change?

Paseo Colon

1. Do you think Peru was inspired by America in the 1850s, since they had a monument of Columbus?

2. Do you think Peru may see itself as a smaller melting pot?

The Monument to Manco Capac

1. Why do you think Japan thought Peruvians were of asian origin?

2. What happened in the 1920’s that made Peru start to acknowledge Indian culture more?

The Casa del Pueblo

1. Why has the APRA only been in power once?

2. What might be a benefit to joining the APRA community?

The Grand Boulevards

1. If roads were primitive, how were people getting around if at all?

2. How might roads improve the lives of Peruvians besides just with more transportation?

Avenida Arequipa

1. Do you think political poetry was able to help individuals express themselves? What is the main form of government today/party?

2. Why do you think Peru was not able to have a working class established?

Petroperu

1. How did the poem, “Una nueva era” make you feel?

2. Why do you think Peruvians were still struggling even after a Neo-liberalism market was established?

San Isidro

1. San Isidro is now the main financial district. What type of buildings might you see there now?

2. Since San Isidro is a pre-Columbian settlement, what differences in architecture, social form, or culture might one expect to see?

Pueblo Libre and Surco Callao

1. Biggest difference between Surco and Pueblo libre?

2. What is Chavin Obelisk and how has it been influential?

Sarita Colonia: Folk Saint

1. Why were individuals influenced by Sarita Colonia? Why do you think her following got so big?

2. Why was there a shortage of priests? Why do you think another religion or secularism has not been able to gain more traction?

Miraflores

1. Why do you think it upset settlers that Miraflores was being expanded?

2. What are the main differences between the two squares/central areas in Miraflores?

The Costa Verde

1. What were ranchos inspired by?

2. Do residents in Peru use beaches to swim in or for the view?

Limeñan Cuisine

1. What different types of food are specific to Lima?

2. How does Limeñan cuisine incorporate Chinese food into their dishes?

Squatter Settlements

1. How did the foundation of comas increase representation of citizens?

2. Are these cities still around today? Why is such a large portion of the Peruvian population living in ‘shanty-towns’?

3. Does the United States see issues with squatter settlements?

The Other Path

1. How might pooling resources be beneficial to traders?

2. What are some items that traders may be trading today in Peru?

Huaynos and Chicha

1. How did the chichi name for music originate?

2. Differences between huayno and chicha?

Literature since 1940

1. How do you think literature was able to elevate individuals from lower social classes?

2. What were major themes that authors chose to write about?

The Future

1. How can Lima create more jobs for its population?

2. Why do you think so many people are migrating to Lima?

3. Would it be beneficial for lima to invest in solar energy/other energy sources besides oil and gas?

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How is Lima perceived by other parts of the country today?

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How wide of an international reach does this Peruvian fiction have?

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Are the ‘provincial clubs’ like night/music clubs?

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What are more concrete examples of what runs the informal economy?

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Are the settlement populations comprised of mostly homogenous groups or mixes of people?

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Are western food chains embraced in the city or not, as it has such a rich food culture? Essentially, what is the perception of them?

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Why now is there such a lack of priests?

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General question, but did malls start as a U.S. thing? Essentially is Jockey Plaza for example modeled off of American malls?

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When some people moved to the suburbs, what demographic moved into the area they moved out of? Do people who work there often live there as well or not?

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Are there movements to create more employment opportunities in Peru? And is it a political platform that politicians run on like in the U.S.?

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I guess I wonder what alternatives there were to financing projects like the ones Leguia did, if people didn't like how he tried to finance them / it was bad for the country economically.

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I am a little confused about the end of the section. It seemed like it was describing the ideal of green space but then says that it was built over.

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How frequently do political parties come and go in this system?

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Is there a more fluid Andean identity now or is it still seen a separate or heritage?

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Is the Columbus statue not controversial today?

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As much as soccer can be unifying, has it played a divisive role between different fans?

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Does the park remain a place for people of all classes?

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Is the popularity of western pop referring to just music in English or also to Spanish pop music or regatón?

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Did the writers have direct societal influences?

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The Club Nacional: Meeting-place of the Elite

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The Club Nacional: Meeting-place of the Elite

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Do the same elite families remain, just not in the political sphere?

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When American movies are shown in other countries like Peru, are the same ones generally popular here and there, or are there different preferences?

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Have other luxury hotels now replaced the role of Hotel Bolivar?

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Aside from trained professionals going to work in the U.S., do some people simply travel to the U.S. for university?

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Is Chinatown in Lima similar to what we might see in U.S. cities?

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Does it remain common for provincial students to travel to the city for education or are there more educational opportunities in various places now?

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Did the European influence mentioned on food impact Lima becoming a food destination / capital?

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Was there ever a movement or recognition of art by indigenous artists themselves representing their culture?

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Has Palma's goal of shared national history been successfully achieved or at least achieved in certain ways?

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Has Peruvian theatre remained somewhat insulated or are there foreign productions as well?

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The book describes the guano export as a finite resource, so what exactly happened when it was diminished?

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Although it is not a passenger service, did the railway benefit citizens significantly or mainly corporations?

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Did these aspirations of the elites negatively affect other citizens?

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Monuments to the Heroes of Later Conflicts

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Monuments to the Heroes of Later Conflicts

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Are there ever still national tensions about wars and battles that have happened in the past between Peru and any other country?