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Pope Gregory VII was elected as pope in 1073. Pope Gregory VII was working towards allowing all popes to have increased power and authority amongst others and preached that the church was the most highly appointed authority and people were subject to the church and the Pope. With this, King Henry IV was not pleased with this happening and queried the Pope of who appoints church officials as he believed being a King that he gets the right to choose who will be bishops in church in Germany. The Pope excommunicated Henry after he tried to appoint bishops but later all is resolved when Henry pleads for forgiveness to the Pope (Cowdrey, 1998).

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The Roman Catholic church claimed they held supreme power over society, world powers and religion, by claiming this power they were competing against many emperors, this made the values and way of life of a Christian implemented on townships and communities. The church wanted to maintain power for an orderly organisation and to prevent of what had happened in the west with the Church having the power over others which became a constitutional law. This meant that they had the authority of what they have decided and in future of what they will decide will be bounded to be the law (Ullmann, 2003).

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The first crusade was the response from the Christians from Western Europe over the Islamic religion taking holy lands and spreading their faith through these lands. Pope Urban II called for the crusade to happen after an appeal was made by Byzantine Emperor, Alexios I Komnenous to repel an invasion from Seljuq Turks, when later Pope Urban II made it an additional conquest which soon became the main objective to retake Jerusalem from Muslim ruling. The crusade included many people, peasants, knights and farmers from many regions across the Western Europe, the crusade was successful at overtaking the city and returned the Christianity faith back into Jerusalem (Frankopan, 2012).

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The church became a great importance to the low socio-economic people’s lives as for many did not travel beyond the estate, they worked in. The church is central in communities and the lives of the estates people, important sacraments helped mark out events in the community’s life’s, these sacraments are, baptism, confirmation, marriage, penance and last rites. The church is usually central within the estates and townships, this helps the celebrations of Easter, Lent and Christmas. Having the belief in God encouraged workers and gave life and meaning towards their life (Brown, 2017)

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Much like the feudal system in society, the Church also had their own feudal hierarchy. The social structure for the church and worldly went as follows, God in top tier, second tier: worldly ruler, emperor or king and religious ruler, Pope, third tier: world nobility, prince, duke, earl and knight and religious nobility, cardinal, archbishop, bishop, fourth tier: merchants, craftsmen, free peasants and priests and monks, lastly the bottom tier is serfs and believers. The church offers fiefs to noblemen to get military protection from invasions and other conflicts but also with the act of papacy the church can have an overrule of societies and the social structures (Reynolds, 1997).

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The black death arrived in Europe in 1347 killing between 25 and 50 percent of the population. This was the first massive pandemic the continent had faced causing economic, political, cultural and social changes with the church also being challenged by the plague. The church was under much scrutiny as peasants turned to God and the Church to protect them and their family from the deadly disease. As the lower-class people found out that the disease had spread to the higher order people in the Church, the peasant’s faith and belief that God will save them from the black death grew slimmer and slimmer, if God could not protect the higher order in the church why would he protect the lower class (Gottfried, 2010).

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The papacy led to many popes with their own followings, cardinals and offices which lead to many rivals between popes. One of the main causes was moving the papacy to Avignon, France, the heads of church is in Rome, Italy, but Pope Clement V decided to move to Avignon, France to escape the violence in Rome. When Urban VI became pope conflict with cardinals began, the cardinals gained a massive amount of authority at Avignon, and wit that authority the cardinals elected another pope, who was Clement VII. This then created a divide of the followers of the popes, the English and Italians supported Urban VI and the French were in favour of Clement VII, with both rejecting to end the schism the cardinals elected a third pope, Alexander V, who was succeeded by antipope John XXIII. A conference was called to resolve schism, the meeting went from 1414-1418, traditional resolving of conflicts came into play and John XXII, Gregory XII and Benedict XII were no longer in succession of being Pope , the council then elected Martin V. His role of being Pope was to regain confidence in the church at Rome by setting up residency and asserted supremacy for the papacy with any relations with the church (Rollo- Koster & Izbicki, 2009).

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The peasants revolt was an uproar that started at the start of the year in 1381 and ended in the November of that year. The main reason for the revolt was of the black death that recently happened, statue of labourers, poll tax and the land ties that were connected to feudal lords and of course to the church. The riots began in the area of Kent and Essex and took the government from King Richard III, in London the rebels forced the township to surrender the current archbishop, Simon of Sudbury and Sir Robert Hales who were responsible for the poll tax and beheaded by the rebels. The revolt ended and leaders were punished for their actions, although serfdom was not removed, certain rules that were in place were relaxed (Dobson, 1983).

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Brown, A. (2017). Church and society in England 1000-1500. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Cowdrey, H. E. J. (1998). Pope Gregory VII, 1073-1085. Clarendon Press.

Dobson, R. B. (Ed.). (1983). The peasants’ revolt of 1381. Springer.

Frankopan, P. (2012). The First Crusade: the call from the East. Harvard University Press.

Gottfried, R. S. (2010). Black death. Simon and Schuster.

Reynolds, S. (1997). The historiography of the medieval state. Companion to Historiography, 117-38.

Rollo-Koster, J., & Izbicki, T. M. (Eds.). (2009). A companion to the great western schism (1378-1417) (Vol. 17). Brill.

Ullmann, W. (2003). A short history of the papacy in the Middle Ages. Routledge.