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The first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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An adopted term for the image sensor format approximately the size of the now-defunct Advanced Photo System film negative classic. APS-C sensors are cropped sensors that are generally cheaper and easier to travel with.

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Chromatic aberration, also known as color fringing, is a color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph. The lens' failure to focus all of the colors.

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The conversion of a number of tones to a select few of tones. Simplifying the subjects form.

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Aliasing is a phenomenon where a digital camera has trouble translating an intricate pattern. The odd visual effect/distortion caused by aliasing is referred to as the moire pattern.

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JPEG artifacts are caused by compression when an image is saved in the .jpg format. When images are saved in .jpg format, the "non-essential" data is discarded causing blockiness, noise (around the edges), and color degradation.

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Barrel distortion describes a type of distortion where lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards (like the walls of a barrel). Barrel distortion is created by the curved shape of the lens. The wider the lens, the more extreme the optical distortion.

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Pincushion distortion, the opposite of barrel distortion, is where lines that are straight in real life appear to be curved outwards from the center. Pincushion distortion is caused by the curved shape of the lens. Specifically, the magnification of the lens is greatest at the center, so the edges of the photo can appear to bend in, rather than out.

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An image sensor that is the same size as the sensor of an analog camera. It doesn't have a crop factor. (sensor size = 35 mm film camera)

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A sensor/device that collects incoming light when the shutter opens and converts that light into an electrical signal. The camera then analyzes that signal and translates the data into colors, that match the real-life image in the camera's viewfinder.

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The ratio of the focal length of a digital camera lens to a 35 mm still camera lens. The lens crop filter is used to know the field of view of a lens on a digital camera compared to a lens on an analog 35 mm camera.

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A unit of memory size that is eight binary digits long. 1 byte is equivalent to 8 bits which is equivalent to 1 pixel (black and white image). For a colored image, it would be 3 bytes = 24 bits (one byte each for red, green, and blue.)

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Brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in photos that appear fragmented and abstracted.

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A form of photography that is distinguished by extreme, austere simplicity. It emphasizes spareness and focuses solely on the smallest number of objects. Oftentimes, minimalism photography consist of a lot of negative space.

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A type of photography inspired by popular and commercial culture in the western world that began as a rebellion against traditional forms of art.

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Where an artist is being innovative and experimental. In photography, avant-garde are critical of existing aesthetic views. They reject conventional and established norms in photo-art or photo-method.

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Surreal photography is a very unrealistic, dream-like, illogical, and bizarre form of photography.

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The intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of existing images and objects.

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A technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one.

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A genre of photography used for the depiction of inanimate subject matter, typically a small group of objects.

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A genre of photography that encompasses any photos used for a business or publication/to advertise a product.

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A technique of photographing the Earth's surface or features of its atmosphere or hydrosphere with cameras mounted on aircraft, rockets, or earth-orbiting satellites and other spacecraft. Photos taken from the air.

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A graph that measures the brightness of an image by representing the frequency of each tone as a value on a bar chart.

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An array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question are in general.

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Art that is made by assembling disparate elements - often every day objects - scavenged by the artist or bought specially.

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A filter that allows photographers to shoot their wide-aperture lenses in bright light without overexposing. Acts as sunglasses do to human eyes; blocks light from coming into the lens.

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The deliberate processing of photographic film in a chemical solution intended for a different type of film.

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A tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It can be fitted over a soft-box to help control the spill of the light it produces. Great for helping to make a beam of light that is soft but focused.

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A photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. It can provide a focused source of light for photographers and is often used in portrait and fashion photography.

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A tube or similar objet that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam.

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A light modifier that confines light from an artificial source into a wire framed box and releases it through a layer of diffusion. Minimizes harsh shadows.

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A self-contained studio flash, typically but not always powered by an AC power source, which allows the fitting of light modification attachment such as umbrellas.

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A light source that causes a specular highlight in a subject's eye in an image.

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A remapping of image tonality, specified as a function from input level to output level, used as a way to emphasize colors or other elements. A tool similar to levels, but it gives you more power to control shadows, highlights, and midtones separately.

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A tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A circular light or flash with a hole in the center for a lens or phone. Ring lights create flatter, even lighting.

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A creative and unique type of photography in which the camera is manipulated so that a life-sized location or subject looks like a miniature-scale model.

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(Single Point of Contact) An image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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A positive photograph on glass made using the wet-collodion process, often hand-tinted and mounted in a hinged case.

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A technique used to develop a peel-apart film picture on to a different material, like drawing paper.

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A photochemical process by which photographs are reproduced on intaglio printing plates or cylinders.

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A photographic printing process that produces blue prints using coated paper and light.

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An alternative photographic process where photographic images are developed on natural leaves through the action of photosynthesis.

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A lighting technique that lights up half of the subject's face while leaving the other half in a shadow, essentially "splitting" the face.

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An illuminated triangle (also called "Rembrandt patch") under the eye of the subject on the less illuminated side of the face.

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A lighting pattern that creates a circular shadow on the subject's face just under the nose.

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A lighting pattern used in portrait photography where the key is placed above and pointing down on the subject's face. This creates a dramatic shadow under the nose and chin that looks like a butterfly.

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A type of lighting photographers use primarily for portrait photography. Light illuminates the broad side of the subject's face in front of the camera.

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A lighting technique used primarily in portrait photography in which the far side of a subject's face is lit relative to the camera. This leaves the near side of the face darker or entirely shadowed.

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An old style of photography that creates a photographic image on a thin sheet of metal or iron that has been coated with a dark lacquer or enamel.

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A shot that is devoid of camera movement. The frame can be filled with the movement of vehicles, characters, props, weather, etc., but the frame itself does not move in a static shot.

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The visual impact of elements in your composition. The stronger an element's visual weight, the more it draws in the eye.

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The application of algorithms to a digital image file which convert the image information contained within the file into a viewable format on a viewing device.

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A technique that uses the space between your subjects to create an interesting or unusual relationship between them. This photography trick manipulates the viewer's perception of the space and distance between two objects, creating an optical illusion.

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More commonly referred to as scanner photography, scanography is the process of capturing digitized images of objects for the purpose of creating printable art using a flatbed "photo" scanner with a CCD (charge-coupled device) array capturing device.

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A single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. This consistency is usually found within the subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject.

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A group of American photographers whose pictures had a similar banal aesthetic, in that they were formal, mostly black and white prints of the urban landscape.

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The practice of creating solargraphs; creating photographs of the path of the Sun across the sky using a pinhole camera and exposure periods measured in days or months.

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The temperature of light directly correlated with the color of the burning carbon at that temperature. When shooting in "kelvin", you are manually adjusting the camera's white balance to match that of Kelvin temperature in the room.

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The blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside. The tools used to block unwanted light are called gobos or flags.

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The comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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A set of data that characterizes a color input or output device (or a color space) according to standards promulgated by the International Color Consortium.

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A style of even lighting that produces very little depth and contrast. Flat lighting is generally not considered a good thing but there are reasons why it may be preferable in a specific context. A scene can wind up with flat light intentionally or by accident.

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A colloquial term used in digital photography to describe the habit of checking every photo on the camera display immediately after capture.

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A fast 50mm lens. The 'nifty' part comes from a very wide aperture, under f/1.8. the 'fifty' refers to the focal length. A fast 50mm lens is the closest you can get to the human eye. This means low amounts of distortion and a similar field of view.

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Short for "photographer". A street tog is slang for a street photographer.

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A person who loves to put a lot of layers (Photoshop) without naming them properly.

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Appearance of print in which tone reproduction is low in contrast, lacking deep blacks or brilliant whites.

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Often dust particles or, especially in the Spring and Summer months, pollen. If static charges build up, dust bunnies can become attracted to each other, resulting in large "super" dust bunnies. These can collect on the sensor glass of your camera and result in dark blobs when you image.

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A result of capturing or processing an image where the intensity in a certain area falls outside the minimum and maximum intensity which can be represented. An area an image having no information.

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A less powerful light that sits opposite the primary key light in a traditional three-point lighting. A light used to eliminate or soften shadows caused by the main source of illumination.

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The first and usually most important light that a photographer will use in lighting set up. The purpose of the key light is to highlight the form and dimension of the subject. This primary light source is often placed in front of your subject, at an angle, and thus illuminates one section of your subject.

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The process of capturing images while your camera is connected to your computer, which allows your photos to instantly upload to the computer. This allows you to check your images on a large screen while shooting.

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A special type of photography using films or sensors that have infrared light sensitivity. By using infrared light, one can add special effects, like false colors. It has an emulsion that is sensitive to infrared light, enabling it to be used in misty weather, in darkened interiors, or at night.

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The use or combination of two or more different images to create a new one.

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A style of portrait/people photography which aims to capture and document real-life events, situations, or milestones in an artistic manner and the art of the everyday.

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(urbanex for short) The art of finding old and abandoned buildings and locations, exploring them, and taking photos as you go.

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Also known as astronomical imaging, is the photography or imaging of astronomical objects, celestial events, or areas of the night sky.

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Also known as ND filters, a filter that reduces or modifies the intensity of all wavelengths, or colors, of light equally, giving no changes in hue of color rendition.

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Stands for circular polarizer/linear; a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces.

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Also known as color fringing; a color distortion that creates an outline of unwanted color along the edges of objects in a photograph. Often, it appears along metallic surfaces or where there's a high contrast between light and dark objects.

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Cameras that capture images without the use of a mirror in the camera body. This is different from DSLR cameras, which reflect images into viewfinders via mirrors. Instead, mirrorless cameras often use electronic viewfinders (EVF) to display images digitally.

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A logo, piece of text or signature superimposed onto a photograph.

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When the photographer uses two frontal light sources to illuminate the subject, helping to minimize shadows and often giving a glowing effect. Though usually achieved by using studio strobes, it can also be achieved using constant studio lights.

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A creative two-light setup that helps to emphasize shadows which adds angles to the face and body.

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Lighting that reduces the lighting ratio in the scene, meaning there's less contrast between the darker tones and the brighter areas.

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A type of lighting style used in photography, film, and television that accentuates shadows, high contrast, and dark tones. The visual aesthetic of low-key lighting is usually achieved by using hard sources or key lights with minimal to no fill light.

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A focused, often bright light that casts harsh shadows and draws attention to a specific part of a photo.

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An optical effect which limits the total resolution of your photography - no matter how many megapixels your camera may have. It happens because light begins to disperse or "diffract" when passing through a small opening (such as your camera's aperture).

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IPS monitors or "In-Plane Switching" monitors, leverage liquid crystals aligned in parallel to produce rich colors. IPS panels are defined by the shifting patterns of their liquid crystals. These monitors were designed to overcome the limitations of TN panels.

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A lens designed with additional glass elements that squeeze the image horizontally, allowing filmmakers to capture a wider field of view than the film or digital sensor would ordinarily allow.

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Stands for "all the gear, no idea". This refers to a person who has all the camera equipment you can think of but has no idea how to use it.

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Changes or transitions in a characteristic or quality of a part of an image (ex. its lightness, texture, density).

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A technique used to portray multiple objects in focus on various focal planes in one sharp image where everything is in focus, essentially mimicking a greater depth of field without any loss of definition.

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A rule that states that, on sunny days, at an aperture of f/16, your shutter speed is the inverse of your ISO value.

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A term used to describe any non-traditional photographic printing process. Some of the processes include cyanotype, salt prints, photograms, and pinholes.

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A term coined by Henri Cartier-Bresson, one of the most influential photographers of the 20th century. It refers to the moment when all the elements in a photograph come together perfectly to create a meaningful image.

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To have your camera set up in a fast burst mode, shooting several photos per second, and then to simply hold down the shutter button, hoping to capture the perfect image within the sequence.

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An inexpensive camera made almost entirely out of plastic, including the lens.

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A style that typically features apparently banal everyday subject matter and off-centered framing.