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This video gives a great and simple understanding as to what this era was, and its primary goals.

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The PROGRESSIVE Era [APUSH Unit 7 Topic 4] Period 7: 1898-1945

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The working class, often referred to as blue-collar workers, encompasses individuals who perform manual labor or work in industries such as manufacturing, construction, and service sectors. Who constitutes the working class includes factory workers, tradespeople, and service staff. What defines them is their reliance on hourly wages rather than salaries. Where they are found can be in urban, suburban, and rural areas, often in regions with industrial or service-based economies. When the term "working class" gained prominence was during the Industrial Revolution, reflecting the rise of industrial labor. Why they are essential lies in their role as the backbone of economies, driving production, and providing essential services.

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The new consumer class in the Progressive Era emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Who made up this class included middle-class Americans who benefited from increased wages and improved working conditions. What characterized them was their increased purchasing power and desire for consumer goods such as appliances, clothing, and entertainment. Where this class was primarily located was in urban areas, where industrial growth and economic opportunities were most concentrated. When this shift occurred was during the Progressive Era, roughly from the 1890s to the 1920s. Why this class became significant was due to their role in driving economic growth and influencing market trends, leading to the rise of consumer culture in America.

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The Panic of 1873 was a significant financial crisis that had widespread effects. Who were affected included banks, businesses, and workers across the United States and Europe. What triggered the panic was the collapse of Jay Cooke & Company, a major American bank, due to overinvestment in railroads and insufficient returns. Where the panic had its greatest impact was in the United States, but it also affected Europe, leading to a global economic downturn. When this crisis occurred was in September 1873, marking the beginning of a severe depression that lasted for several years. Why it happened can be attributed to speculative investments, inadequate financial regulations, and the sudden withdrawal of European investment in American enterprises.

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Scientific management, also known as Taylorism, was a significant development in the Progressive Era. Who pioneered this approach was Frederick Winslow Taylor, an American mechanical engineer. What scientific management involved was the application of scientific principles to optimize labor productivity and efficiency, focusing on time studies, standardized tasks, and worker training. Where this approach was primarily implemented was in industrial settings, particularly in factories and manufacturing plants in the United States. When scientific management gained prominence was during the early 20th century, specifically in the 1910s. Why it became important was due to its potential to increase productivity, reduce labor costs, and improve overall economic efficiency, aligning with the Progressive Era's goals of reform and modernization.

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The Knights of Labor was a significant labor organization in the late 19th century. Who founded it was Uriah Stephens in 1869, and it later grew under the leadership of Terence V. Powderly. What the organization aimed for was to promote the rights and interests of workers, advocating for an eight-hour workday, equal pay for equal work, and the abolition of child labor. Where the Knights of Labor were active was primarily in the United States, but they also had members in Canada and other countries. When the organization reached its peak was in the mid-1880s, particularly around 1886. Why the Knights of Labor were important lies in their inclusive approach, welcoming workers of all trades, races, and genders, and their role in advancing labor reforms during a crucial period of industrialization.

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The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a key labor organization in American history.

1. Who: The AFL was founded by Samuel Gompers and other labor leaders.

2. What: The organization focused on improving working conditions, wages, and hours for skilled workers, using collective bargaining and strikes as primary tools.

3. Where: The AFL operated throughout the United States, with numerous local and regional affiliates.

4. When: The AFL was established in 1886 and became a dominant force in the labor movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

5. Why: The AFL was created to provide a more effective and organized approach to labor advocacy, focusing on the needs of skilled workers and aiming to secure better economic conditions and workplace protections.

The AFL played a crucial role in shaping labor policies and improving the lives of American workers during its time.