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Resultant from external forces or selfishly inflicted for the Good of some

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Self-inflicted, and harmful for everybody

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Irrational Behaviour refers to actions not guided by logic or reason, which often occurs when people cling to deeply held beliefs, resisting change even when the same values are no longer relevant or beneficial

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1. Deeply held beliefs

2. Cognitive biases

3. Fear of Change

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1. Nostalgia for Past Successes

2. Confirmation Bias with State-controlled Media

3. Fear of Political Instability

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Deep-seated loyalty due to their role in transforming Singapore from a third to first world nation.

SMU's Centre for Research on Successful Ageing (ROSA) survey results show that older Singaporeans have strong emotional ties to the PAP

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Confirmation Bias with State-controlled Media

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Confirmation Bias with State-controlled Media

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Favouring state media or selectively absorbing information that confirm their beliefs.

According to the IMDA and SMU's ROSA, the older generation tends to prefer traditional forms of media such as Mediacorp's Free-to-Air TV channels and print sources

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Fear that political opposition could destabilise Singapore.

The Council on Foreign Relations suggests that older Singaporeans worry that changes in governance could lead to instability, affecting Singapore’s economic prosperity and social order.

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Impacts:

1. Stifling Political Competition and Innovation: Lack of robust policy debate leaves little room for alternative policies to be seriously considered.

2. Intergenerational Tension: A survey conducted by the Institute of Policy Studies found that voters aged 21-35 showed a greater desire for more opposition presence. The conflict in priorities can lead to political stalemates and deepen divides within communities.

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Would you still stay to watch this Concert?

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"People have a greater tendency to use a good or service when they’ve invested money into it" - Richard Thaler (Economist).

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Concorde - Supersonic Air Travel                      

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Concorde - Supersonic Air Travel                      

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World’s first scheduled supersonic passenger service, 1976 (British Airways & Air France)

Fast, but with too many complications

Governments continued investing despite projections of impracticality

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Joseph Tainter’s Theory of Diminishing Returns

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Joseph Tainter’s Theory of Diminishing Returns

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High initial popularity - Novelty

Increasingly complex to sustain

Returns diminish as complexities increase

Super-Sonic Air Travel Industry Collapse