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Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The image above is The T900 Ultra Smart Watch, It represents a significant advancement in wearable technology, revolutionizing how individuals interact with time and technology in today's digital age.

The T900 Ultra Smart Watch caters to a diverse audience seeking functionality and style in an era of rapid technological growth. With its advanced features and more accessible price point, it stands out in a market dominated by premium brands. The 2.09-inch display provides easy access to fitness tracking, messaging, and social media notifications, while supporting wireless charging and integration with multiple fitness apps. This innovative design enhances user interaction and overall user experience, transforming the way individuals interact with their smartwatches.

he T900 Ultra Smart Watch stands out in technological innovation exhibitions due to its innovative design, comprehensive features, and user accessibility. With a sleek aesthetic and budget-friendly price, it appeals to style-conscious consumers. While its health tracking capabilities may not be as precise as premium models, it still provides practical tools for monitoring wellness. Featuring an intuitive interface, it makes advanced technology more accessible to a wider audience, promoting the adoption of smartwatches in daily life. Overall, the T900 Ultra Smart Watch showcases how wearable technology can improve personal productivity and health management while shaping the future of accessible and functional technology for all.

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The image above is a basketball ring found in Grade 12a class. Basketball is played using a ball and shooting into the ring. In basketball, there are many athletes that play at an international level. Most people will claim that Lebron James is the best basketball player in the world, however there may be evidence that can doubt the claim.

Lebron averaged 27.1 points every game. This stat is very impressive and it really shows why people claim that he is the best basketball player. However, players like Kareem Abdul Jabbar actually have more total points than Lebron and John Stockton has more assists than him. Evidence like this may make people shift their beliefs because people may value some stats over the other. What makes Lebron the best according to people is his impact and versatility. His combination of scoring, rebounding and assists is what makes people claim that he is the best, however other people can also claim that only some stats are more important than the others.

People also interpret the word "best" differently. People claim that "best" refers to being the greatest in a specific stat and others claim that "best" refers to having the greatest overall stats. This is a factor that can influence someone's claim and beliefs. My friend, for example, believes that Lebron James is the best because he thinks that scores are more important than overall statistics. However when I told him that Kareem has more total scores than him, he started doubting himself.

Ultimately, new evidence and justifications are capable of doubting a claim. In the world of basketball, statistics and consistency are crucial evidence that can doubt a claim. A basketball ring can open up a wide variety of debate about players and their skills, deciding what qualifies as best.

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In this picture we see a standard pen used by students worldwide. The pen is one of the most fundamental writing tools used by mankind. And is also the universal object for writing.

The pen is also a symbol of power. The person with the pen could change society for the good but could also start wars. This is proved multiple times in the last 100 years with the peace treaty after the Second World War as an example. The person with the pen can also make claims that the rest of the world might or might not believe.

This object correlates with the prompt as we as a society might not know when to doubt the one writing with the pen, and we might need to find our own evidence to counteract the claim given. As seen in the USA during the election period between Kamala Harris and Donald Trump, a lot of misinformation has been written, and a lot of people believe these claims, regardless of how ridiculous they sound.

The object also supports the prompt as it shows how easy it is to believe the written claims made by a person who has high status in a society. As evidence, I would point to the treaty of Versailles, where the German empire was punished for leading the First World War. At that time no one doubted the claim made in the treaty, even though it was extreme for Germany. However now, a lot of historians point to the treaty for causing World War 2. The fact that no doubted the punishments written by pen in the treaty, may has well caused the near extermination of a religion.

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Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The object I chose is my friend's Cambodia Flower Clip, it helps hold her hair up in a way that makes it look effortlessly beautiful. This claw clip was bought in a market in Bali from an old lady.

The frangipani flower, also known as the Cambodia flower, holds symbolic meanings in many different cultures. The flower is often associated with beauty and calmness, which might contrast with the idea of doubt, that something beautiful might not be truthful.

First, what the clip looks like could deceive us into thinking it is something it is not. Looking at the clip, you might assume that it’s made from an organic material like resin or glass. This is a claim that can be doubted. Without proper inspection or evidence, this assumption can be wrong. We often doubt claims when they base only on appearance without any supporting information, which shows that this claim must be confirmed through testing. Without evidence, any claim about its material can be doubted. Our perspective of it being beautiful can mislead us into overestimating its value.

A common claim associated with objects is that they are handmade. However, these days things are usually made by factories and not by hand because it is tedious. It becomes harder to tell if something is crafted by hand or manufactured in a factory. If the clip is presented as a handmade piece, you would doubt this claim due to the difficulty in distinguishing handcrafted work from factory made objects.

The choice of a decorative object like a flower clip also shows that things can have multiple purposes. It might seem ornamental, but it also has functions. One could claim that the cambodia flower clip is only for aesthetic purpose, but it might also has a practical function. While it seems ornamental, it could serve multiple purposes, such as holding hair up or being worn as a brooch. Is it made for beauty alone or does it have an additional function?

In conclusion, doubt can arise from visual deception, not enough evidence, or uncertainity in claims. The kamboja clip's beauty might lead to assumptions, but deeper investigation and testing can determine the truth of any associated claims. This shows that initial perspectives doesn't show real meaning.

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A universal screwdriver and normal screwdriver. 

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Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The image above displays two standard screwdrivers that are commonly used in workshops, as well as a universal screwdriver with replaceable keys based on the screw that needs to be unscrewed. Although there may be some who disagree, the universal screwdriver was designed to be a more convenient and superior tool than a standard screwdriver.

This item is related to the exhibition because the original intent behind the creation of the universal screwdriver was to displace hand screwdrivers. Some may claim that because it is smaller, it is less robust, and that there are standards for screwdrivers that should be used, there is no need for a universal screwdriver. The difference in use and practicality of the screwdriver can alter one's perception of the claim. Because it is impractical to carry all the different keys while using just one screw, a typical worker who only uses standardized common screws does not require a sophisticated universal screwdriver. On the other hand a medical engineer working on an MRI machine with complexed and uniquely shaped screws would require the universal screwdriver.

Each person has distinct needs, experiences, and perspectives on objects, hence there are numerous reasons why we might question a claim. If it is accepted that each screw is different and there isn't a standard screw, then the claim that it can replace regular screwdrivers is objective. However, doubts may arise from different interpretations as there are standardized-screws thus it is not generally accepted by every worker.

Concluding this prompt, the grounds where doubts may arise for a claim is different for each person. Doubts may arise from the objectivity of the claim, the interpretation and unique perspective on the subject of the claim.

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On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The picture I have here is a projector. It is a device used to display images or videos onto a surface, typically a screen or wall. It works by using light to project an enlarged version of the input image. Projectors are commonly used for classrooms, lessons, and entertainment purposes.

A projector displays images that are subject to interpretation. Different viewers might perceive the same image differently, leading to doubts about the claim being presented. For instance, in a presentation, if the projector's image is unclear or distorted, the audience may question the validity of the data being shown. The data or image displayed, may have been cherry picked in order to emphasize certain subjects instead of others, this could possibly lead to misleading conclusions, this invites skepticism about the completeness and fairness of the claims. Another factor is the quality of the projector, as it could lead to how it is perceived and interpreted. Poor lighting or poor resolution could lead to missing obscure details which can yet again, lead to misleading conclusions about the displayed image.

This object correlates with the prompt as images that are displayed by the projector are perceived or interpreted differently by the viewers of it, therefore providing a ground where we are able to doubt the claim. This is because not everybody views the displayed image equally. This is subject to doubt as it makes us wonder if the images that are being displayed are getting across the message as intended. If no evidence was provided as to what the image being displayed represents, there are many claims that could be made, someone could claim that the image has no meaning, and someone else could claim that it represents many things, all of this going against the intended meaning of the image displayed.

In conclusion, this provides a ground where we are able to doubt the claim as the evidence claims, and the justification of the correlation of the object to the prompt is provided.

Thank you.

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Object: Indonesian flag within the 12A classroom.

The image above shows the picture of the Indonesian flag, located in the 12A classroom. The flag represents Indonesia’s independence and embodies a rich history. Despite this, the design origin of the Indonesian flag has been questioned numerous times due to its striking similarity to thr flag of Monaco.

This raises the question of on what grounds may we doubt a claim. One such ground is interpretation. Although there are striking similarities between Indonesia and Monaco's flag, Indonesia’s flag is deeply rooted in its own historical context, with the red symbolizing bravery and the white representing purity. These colors hold distinct meanings specific to Indonesian culture and history, reflecting the nation's journey to independence from colonial rule. In comparison, the red in Monaco's flag refers to the flesh of the body, with the white referring to the purity of the soul.

Furthermore, it is essential to consider the evidence that supports these claims. Claims may be doubted when substantial evidence indicates that they are unfounded. In this case, the lack of direct evidence linking the Indonesian flag to Monaco, along with the strong historical and cultural contexts of Indonesia, reinforces doubts regarding the claim that the design was influenced by Monaco.

Referring back to the prompt, claims may be doubted through personal interpretations, as well as when substantial evidence indicates that the claim is unfounded. This illustrates the importance of critical thinking in order to negate claims that could potentially prove harmful towards us.

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The image above shows my personal wallet from the brand of Michael Kors, which I use everyday in my daily life.  Michael kors is an American fashion brand founded by designer Michael Kors in 1981. The brand is known for its luxury accessories, clothing, and footwear, particularly focusing on handbags, watches, and wallets. This wallet was bought by my brother in a market in Japan, which features brown, yellow, and tan colored materials with zigzag stitching.

The idea that designer goods are constructed with premium components and skill is a popular one. One argument for the Michael Kors wallet in the picture would be that it's a real luxury item crafted from fine leather. However, a lot of things are mass-produced in factories these days, making it difficult to tell the difference between real luxury goods and fakes. If the wallet exhibits poor craftsmanship, such as irregular stitching, low-quality materials, or variations in the logo design, you may question the true nature of the Michael Kors piece if it is offered, thus doubting the retailers’ claim of authenticity.

Wallets are more than just stylish accessories, they have several uses. Although it's apparently a fashion accessory purpose, it serves functional purposes as well, such storing cash, credit cards, and identity. It is possible to argue that this wallet is only a fashion accessory, but it also serves a practical purpose by keeping needs accessible and well-organized.

In conclusion, claims that are unclear and poor evidence can all give rise to questions. Although the wallet's eye-catching design and branding can make people wonder about its quality and realness, further investigation is required to verify its validity. To find out if the wallet is a high-quality Michael Kors item or a fake, it's important to consider factors including the seller's credibility, any proof of origin documents they may have provided, and comparisons with known legitimate products.

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Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

This is my item I have chosen, it is my juice box that i bought in the school canteen. It is natural mango flavored juice which is supposed to provide nutrition and vitamins. Mango juice is full of potassium and magnesium, the two compounds that regulate blood pressure in the body. Consuming Mango juice daily can help one keep fit and maintain blood pressure and keep hyper tension in check. Drinking Mango juice also makes sure there is enough fluid in the body to keep it balanced. Knowing this information there are many claims to this point, for example- "These beverages are considered sugar-sweetened beverages, meaning there's sugar added to them – duh. If you take a second to look at the nutrition label on the juice or juice box and it has added sugar, that's what you want to avoid. On average, kids consume more than 30 gallons of sugar-sweetened beverages per year". As well as doubts that include "Are juice boxes made from 100% fruit juice, or do they contain added sugars and artificial ingredients?"

"How does the nutritional value compare to whole fruits?" In exploring claims about mango juice boxes, skepticism can arise from several grounds. First, the source of the claim is crucial. If a claim about the health benefits of mango juice is made by a brand, we might question its objectivity. Are the claims supported by independent research, or are they primarily promotional?

Second, scientific validity plays a role. For instance, if a juice box claims to be "100% mango," we should investigate whether it truly contains that amount or if it includes additives or other juices that dilute its authenticity. Such discrepancies can significantly affect our understanding of the product's nutritional value.

Additionally, we might consider the context of consumption. While mango juice can be healthy in moderation, its sugar content raises questions about its suitability for daily consumption, particularly for children.

Lastly, cultural perceptions influence our interpretations. In some cultures, fruit juices are seen as healthful, while in others, they may be viewed with skepticism due to potential added sugars and processing methods.

By examining these factors, we can critically evaluate claims about mango juice boxes and make informed decisions regarding their consumption.

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This picture shows a classroom with over 50 students. A classroom can be found in any kind of school. A classroom may play a key role in education for most students, as they can learn and interact with each other, gathering knowledge daily.

A classroom is also a symbol of knowledge or critical thinking; a classroom is a space where knowledge is shared and built through teaching, discussion, and collaboration, helping students think critically about the questions. Teachers guide while students explore ideas and ask questions, making it a key place for learning.

In relation to the prompt, A classroom connects to the prompt "On what grounds might we doubt a claim?" because it's where students learn to think critically. Teachers help students question claims by looking at the evidence, checking if the sources are reliable, spotting contradictions, and seeing if the reasoning is clear. In this way, students learn to doubt claims that aren't well-supported, building their skills in questioning and understanding.

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stainless steel water bottle from a brand called Lululemon

Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The image shows that black stainless steel water bottle that was taken in a classroom, with a screw-on lid, and a rigid handle, the bottle exudes practicality for day-to-day use. Its modern look is contributed by a sleek matte finish, while the handle allows easy carriage to school, work, or on the go. This probably means that the insulated feature would allow drinks to stay hot or cold for several hours, which is convenient for those who need their drink at a certain temperature for most of their day.

This bottle represents the rising tide of sustainability. As awareness of plastic waste is growing, people are shifting towards this kind of reusable bottle to have a lesser impact on the environment. Reusable bottles have become a norm at schools, workplaces, and other places to eliminate plastic bottles that harm the environment. I have found that small things such as this contribute to reducing plastic pollution, and this is one step that many of us are taking toward sustainable living.

It is also associated with being fit and hydrating oneself. Similarly, when people have a water bottle by their side, it reminds them to drink water throughout the day. Water consumption is relevant to maintaining focus and energy. Many students, workers, and athletes find such bottles necessary; they make sure they drink enough water with their help, keeping them productive and fresh.

It is more than a simple practical object in that sense, it represents the transition towards health and planetary consciousness. Then, the little act of choosing a reusable bottle over time becomes larger and reflects both positive changes in our personal environments and within nature itself.

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IA Prompt #4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The image above shows my personal Theory Of Knowledge notebook that I used to write notes during Theory Of Knowledge class. I always have a notebook that I use to write notes for each subject in school. I think that writing notes helps me in studying and understanding the subject deeper to obtain better grades for that particular subject.

If there is no information whatsoever about this notebook, there are many claims that could be made. For example, someone could claim that this is their notebook or that this notebook is not used for the Theory Of Knowledge class. These claims would rebuke the statements that I have stated before, regarding this notebook.

Therefore, this object correlates with the prompt as it provides people with a ground to doubt a claim. Claims could be doubted without proper evidence and factual observations about the object in question. However, when the concept of evidence is on the table, the doubt regarding claims will fade, resulting in a change to the knowledge that we could have regarding the object.

I can confidently say that this notebook is mine due to the fact that in the top left corner of the book, there is a sticker with my name on it. The knowledge and truth present inside the notebook might also be doubted, however we can be certain that the knowledge inside the book is correct with relevant proof and evidence to support the knowledge.

Due to the fact that I own the book and I have evidence that I own the book, the doubt regarding my claims would be resolved and so will the claim regarding the truth present inside the book. Ultimately, we might doubt a claim that is not supported by evidence and we might not doubt claims supported by evidence.

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The image shown above is a plushie of the pokemon Charmander. This plushie is considered to be made in Japan. This is because the Pokemon franchise was made in Japan, on the 27th of February, 1996. Due to this a lot of people would assume it was made in Japan, as it has a legitimate brand tag from Japan.

This object correlates with the exhibition and prompt, as evidence that we can doubt where a claim lies. In this case, we can doubt if it truly came from Japan or if its tag is real. What evidence and justification does someone have to claim that it's legitimate, as there is a lot of fake merchandise around. This can cause someone who has a biassed perspective to think that it's real even though they don't have concrete evidence and justifications for that evidence. On the other hand, someone who doesn’t think that it's real, can be given hard evidence with concrete justifications to prove that it's real.

In conclusion, the grounds to doubt a claim are the evidence provided, the justification attached to it, and the perspective on it that can lead to biases.

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Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

1. A white wall-hung analog clock, which is late for approximately 40 seconds.

This is an image of an analog clock hung on my classroom's wall, with the clock hands pointing towards 10:28:34. This clock is essential to knowing the current time in the classroom, and becomes major evidence in suggesting the current time when digital clocks are unavailable.

Although it is strong evidence that this clock can determine the current time in the day, analog clocks are known to be manually calibrated and timed according to the person installing the clock, which reduces the accuracy of judgement due to human error and coordination. Digital clocks such as clocks which are present on mobile devices displays the time according to Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). This allows these digital clocks to be correct with universal time within the timezone to the exact milisecond.

Although this analog clock's 40-second delay might seem insignificant, this could create doubt within claims as there is a 40-second period where the time would appear a minute off compared to digital clocks, causing minor confusion in situations where every minute matters.

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Airpods

Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

doubt: crystal clear sound quality in any environment

This is an image of airpods. The primary purpose of airpods is to listen to audio, including music, videos and more. Additionally, they are utilised for hands free communication, phone conversations, and virtual assistant Siri.

It is used for It's important to view promises made by businesses about their products, such as the claim that Apple's AirPods have "crystal-clear sound quality." This is particularly true when it comes to consumer electronics, where marketing frequently distorts the facts to provide an interesting image and view to customers. Although AirPods are well-liked and generally thought to have good sound quality, the term "crystal-clear" is ambiguous and subjective.

The claim should be questioned in part because of the vagueness of the term "crystal-clear." This description lacks evidence or industry standard. Many factors such as the listener's surroundings, the quality of the audio source, and even personal hearing capacity, can influence sound quality. For example, regardless of the product's built-in capabilities, using AirPods in a busy public place may reduce sound quality. Marketing terms like "crystal-clear" often ignore these possible drawbacks

It's also important to keep in mind that various users could perceive sound quality differently. One person's crystal-clear sound could not be the same as another's. Furthermore, although they are rarely discussed in marketing brochures, technical parameters like distortion, soundstage, and frequency response are more reliable measures of audio quality. Rather, businesses use exaggerated descriptions that might overstate the product's potential

In conclusion, even if AirPods might provide high-quality sound, the term "crystal-clear" might not be really true because it lacks the specificity required to confirm.

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Prompt #4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

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The object I have chosen above is my sister’s blue light glasses, which I borrowed for school due to my frequent laptop use. These glasses contain lenses that are claimed by its company to reduce the amount of the blue light that reaches the eyes, therefore helping in reducing eye strain during prolonged usage of the laptop. However, I personally have doubts about this claim due to the lack of scientific evidence of its effectiveness, and due to subjective experience.

This object supports the exhibition as research has claimed that blue light glasses are unable to improve or protect the health of the eyes. There is no research which shows that these glasses can significantly improve one’s vision performance or sleep quality. In addition, the level of blue light in electronic devices such as smartphones, laptops and televisions is significantly lesser than the levels of blue light from natural sunlight, proving that the use of blue light sunglasses is redundant. Therefore, based on the grounds of lack of scientific evidence, the claim that blue light glasses are able to protect one’s eyesight can be doubted upon.

Furthermore, this object strongly supports the prompt due to my subjective experience. Based on my personal experience, the blue light glasses did not alleviate my eye strain, as I still felt discomfort after comparing their use with not using them while staring at electronic screens. Alternatively, my sister’s personal experience with the blue light glasses had indeed alleviated her eye strain after using the glasses for more than a year. In conclusion, the grounds of doubts in the effectiveness of the blue light glasses to the user’s perception on whether there is an improvement to one’s eyesight from its usage ultimately depends on one’s personal factors including lifestyle, eyesight health, sensitivity to light.

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IA prompt: On what grounds might we doubt a claim? 

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This is the item I have chosen as my specific object for this prompt. Here I have a photo of someone's Casio fx-GC50 calculator. This is the standard issue graphic calculator model required to perform necessary higher-level calculations and other type of functions in any mathematical formulas done in the IBDP classes. Calculators and computers are now in every facet of life, often that people do not question the solution produced from an inputted equation by the calculator.

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Glasses

Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The picture above shows the item that I have chosen to answer the prompt, which is my friend's Clarensia's glasses. She wears glasses to correct her blurry eyesight. Glasses claim to perfectly correct vision, improve perception, or are the best solution for blurry vision. On what grounds might we doubt the claim that glasses provide an ideal or fully effective solution to vision problems?

It is a widely accepted claim that glasses restore vision from blurry to near perfection for those with refractive errors such as myopia (nearsightedness), hyperopia (farsightedness), and astigmatism. Glasses are designed to adjust the path of light entering the eye, allowing it to focus properly on the retina. The corrective lenses compensate for imperfections in the eye's natural lens, supposedly providing clarity of sight. The underlying assumption being that glasses can restore vision to what it would be without any visual impairments, essentially returning a person to "normal" vision. According to my friend, Clarensia, she has no memory of sight of what "normal" vision looks like, as she was prescribed glasses at an early age. But she personally feels comfortable wearing glasses as she has an easier time seeing with clearer vision.

A factor that raises doubts is that glasses cannot fully replicate "normal" vision. Glasses help correct vision by compensating for the eye's inability to focus light properly. However, they cannot fully replicate the experience of natural vision. For example, people with conditions like astigmatism (where the cornea is irregularly shaped) may still experience some level of distortion, blurriness, or visual discomfort even when wearing corrective lenses. This is because glasses can only adjust for refractive errors to a certain degree. These lenses are used to correct multiple focal points (for near and distance vision) but can create issues like peripheral distortion, which affects the clarity of vision at the lens's edges. Another factor that can raise doubts about the effectiveness of glasses is the variation in lens quality and prescription accuracy. Let's take a look at lens quality, not all lenses are created equal. Differences in the materials used, coating quality, and the precision of lens manufacturing can affect the performance of the glasses. Prescription accuracy, minor errors in prescription measurements, or changes in vision between eye exams, can leave wearers with glasses that do not perfectly match their current visual needs, leading to less than ideal correction.

In conclusion while glasses are effective for vision correction, there are still clear grounds for doubt. They cannot fully replicate natural vision, especially for people with conditions like astigmatism, and visual distortions challenge their claims of perfection. Additionally, they alter perception and may not always be the best or most convenient option, given alternatives like contact lenses and surgery.

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Ia prompt #4: On what grounds can we doubt a claim?

Object: Sonny Angel Hippers

The advertisement of this object claims that this figurine can bring you happiness. This claim

is distrusting, and we can doubt it on several grounds.

Firstly, subjectivity plays a significant role in doubting this claim. Happiness is ussualy deeply depending on a person’s perspective and experience, hence making this claim subjective. This basically means that due to people’s different experiences, this claim might not be true for everyone. This also relates to the Tok concept perspective. Different people have different responses on what can bring them happiness. What brings happiness to one person may not bring happiness to another.

Secondly, we can doubt this claim based on the emotions of this figurine. As an object/figurine, it cannot express any emotional feelings. Thus, the tok concept objectivity, plays a role in doubting this claim. As the figurine has no ability to express emotions, the claim that this object can bring you happiness remains to be uncertain.

Furthermore, the lack of evidence is another significant reason to doubt this claim. The Tok concept of evidence emphasizes that this claim is not supported by any reliable data or studies. Meaning that there is no certain evidence that prooves this object can bring you happiness. This means that the Tok concept Certainty is also another critical aspect in doubting this claim. Without any absolute certainty that this object can bring you happiness, the claim may be more untrustable.

Lastly, The figurine has the potential of giving many different interpretations among many people. Each person’s emotional response is influenced by their personal evidences, memories, and clutural backgrounds which is also related to the tok concept of culture. People’s backgrounds affect significantly on people’s perception on if this figurine can bring them happiness.

These concepts highlights the importance of different perspectives, evidences, and interpretations when doubting a claim.

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prompt 4: on what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The image above shows the theory of knowledge textbook. The theory of knowledge is a really important subject in the IB diploma program.

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The image above shows the Theory of Knowledge textbook. The Theory of Knowledge is a really important subject in the IB Diploma Program. This object correlates with the prompt, "On what grounds might we doubt a claim?" because we can question whether or not this book can be believed. For instance, we might doubt if the author is reliable—is the author an expert in TOK, or do they lack the necessary background to write about this subject? Additionally, we can question the accuracy and methods used to compile the information. Was the content based on rigorous research, or does it lack proper verification and scholarly support? Another factor to consider is the presence of biases, whether the author's personal, cultural, or institutional biases might have shaped the way the information is presented. By evaluating these aspects, we apply the principles of TOK, critically assessing the validity of the knowledge claims made in the textbook and considering the grounds on which we might doubt its authority.

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Jonathan, Monash University Change It Challenge Poster

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Jonathan, Monash University Change It Challenge Poster

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The image above displays a poster for Monash University that invites individuals to participate in their Change It Challenge from all over the world. In essence, the "Change It Challenge" by Monash University highlights the possibility of positive change through higher education, especially at Monash University. Students are encouraged to identify local issues and suggest solutions in order to motivate them to take action on climate change. Typically, the challenge entails students creating projects or presentations that highlight their ideas on how to "Change It" regarding climate concerns in order to raise awareness and encourage future action. Participants in this process will express varying claims and opinions about the problem of climate change, as well as possible solutions to that problem. But frequently, individuals contend that there isn't a feasible answer to this specific problem, or if there is, they don't think it will be implemented right away and with any seriousness.

Nevertheless, despite the skepticism that exists, a large number of people are still involved in the campaign and have invested because they understand the importance of climate change and want to do their part to protect the environment in which they live. Even after thousands of global campaigns and innumerable partnerships with governments or well-known environmental organizations, one of the most pressing issues we currently face is climate change. The question, "What is the significance of having and participating in a campaign?" has been posed by many.

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We can doubt a claim for several reasons based on the IB learner profile. If a claim lacks evidence or clear reasoning, contradicts known information, or fails to encourage curiosity and research, we have grounds to question it. Claims that ignore multiple viewpoints or seem dishonest and unethical should also be doubted.

Being willing to challenge widely accepted ideas is important when evaluating claims. These factors, drawn from the IB learner profile, guide us in thinking critically, ethically, and openly.

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Hair roller

Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

Claim: The bangs roller can easily creates voluminous, salon-quality bangs for all hair types without the need for heat or extra products.

Doubt: The claim that a bangs roller can easily create voluminous, salon-quality bangs for all hair types without the need for heat or extra products raises several doubts. First, hair type plays a significant role in how well styling tools work. Its true that straight hair might achieve volume more easily, but thicker or curlier hair often requires more effort and the application of heat or styling products to hold a shape. Expecting a single tool to provide consistent results across all hair types, without other tool , just sounds kind of unlikely.

Achieving "salon-quality" bangs usually needs professional techniques, such as blow-drying, sectioning, and applying specific products to brings out volume and shape. Professional hairstylists usually use different types of tools, including round brushes, curling irons, or straighteners, as well as products like mousse or hair spray to make a polished, long-lasting look. It's hard to believe that a simple roller, without heat or product, could replicate and create this level of styling.

Also, many people have problems with their bangs falling flat or losing shape through the day, especially in humid conditions or after doing a very tiring movement. Without the use of products like texturizing spray or heat tools to lock in the style, the bangs roller may not give the durability required for all-day wear.

However, those products are usually inconsistent in their effectiveness, as would be seen through user reviews. While some have good results, others find the bangs roller ineffective with their kind of hair. Generally speaking, thick, or curly hair would need more intense ways to stay in place, which again raises doubt that this product will have a satisfying results universally in every hair types . In other words, a claim that this bang roller works easily for every hair type without heat or products is an unrealistic statement.

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Sir Davis

Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

Doubt: "All students can succeed with the right guidance."

This statement reflects a belief often expressed by my teacher, Sir Davis. As an educator, he emphasizes that personalized support can help students achieve their potential. However, there are several grounds on which we might doubt this claim:

1. Individual Differences: Each student is unique, with varying learning styles, backgrounds, and personal circumstances. While Sir Davis provides valuable guidance, some students face barriers, such as learning disabilities or personal issues, that can hinder their success regardless of the support they receive.

2. Meaning of Success: The definition of "success" differs among students. For some, it may mean excelling academically, while for others, it could mean gaining confidence or improving certain skills. This subjectivity makes it challenging to assert that all students will succeed solely based on guidance.

3. Influence of External Factors: Success is often influenced by factors beyond a teacher's control, such as family support, socioeconomic status, or mental health. These external influences can undermine the claim that guidance alone ensures success for every student.

4. Evidence of Outcomes: While Sir Davis may have examples of students who thrive with his support, anecdotal evidence isn't enough to universally apply this claim. We should critically assess outcomes and consider whether success stories represent the full range of student experiences.

5. Cultural Perspectives: As a Filipino male teacher, Mr Davis brings a unique perspective that may differ with some students but not with others. This cultural context can influence how guidance is received, leading to different levels of success among students.

By examining these grounds for doubt, we can better understand the complexities of claims made in educational settings and recognize that while guidance is essential, it may not be a one-size-fits-all solution.

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Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The image above shows a water bottle that is filled with tea, 1/3 full. It is known to be owned by Frances of class 11A. The picture dates back to the 9th of October 2024. Tea is a beverage that dates back to 2737 BC. Tea is derived from the Camellia sinensis plant.

Claim:

The origin of Tea is still debated today but according to legends, a herbalist was boiling water to purify it to make it safe for consumption, then a few leaves from a nearby plant fell into the pot.

Out of inquiry, the herbalist drank the boiled leaf water and found that the substance was particularly invigorating. Thus the consumption of tea began, it's accuracy isn't guaranteed as this was one of those stories that have been passed down by words rather than actual pieces of text, so it's credibility might be low, however it's still a beloved story for tea lovers.

Doubt:

Since the “origin” of tea was a tale that was passed down by word of mouth. It's credibility significantly decreases as tea itself is centuries old. Each person throughout generations would have rephrased it again and again to fit their word palette. The chances of the actual tale being accurate word-by-word is low as humans aren't constant, and so are memories.

This object supports the exhibition as it displays how the pursuit of knowledge is constrained by the lack of consistency amongst humans. Every time a human recalls a memory, it is what they have last remembered it as, therefore their mind would fill it's gaps with other matters that may be unrelated to the key subject in order for fluency in telling the story.

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Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?, adam ipad 11a

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Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?, adam ipad 11a

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In this picture, it includes a 13 inch apple Ipad air, this is the latest and most advanced ipad made by apple so far. Most people when seeing an ipad in school would think, “oh its for taking notes or reviewing material”, , but that what the newer generation says, but when an adult sees this in a school situation, they would mostly think that its not for school but for playing games or goofing around with friends, making the students lose focus in their studies.

This object, is a correlation from the younger generation to the older generation, seeing that most older gens who used paper and pens to write their work, so the older gens are stating that it’s wrong to use ipads to write notes for school, mainly because of the distractions which can be caused by misuse of the ipad in school, this claim can be true, but to a extent, This is because, of the use of bias, since some studies state that the older gens are more familiar to pen and paper making the use of ipads weird to them, and the fear of technophobia, which means the lack of experience to the new technology, may make it scary to use it, then there is the lack of evidence support the claim, just because the older gens says that its bad to use ipad for school, doesn’t mean students should,t use it, this is because of the benefits of it, ipads will make the need for paper less, making population lesser, then the efficiency of an ipad is better, and the quick access to the internet can benefit schools in need.

But overtime, paper may be obsolete due to the increase percentage in deforestation, making ipad superior. so this claim will be useless, since the only reason why it is stated is because of the bias and the lack of evidence helping the claim, this will make everyone doubt it in the end

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The image above shows the book “Percy Jackson and the olympians - the lightning thief”. In this book, Zeus, the king of the Olympian gods, claims that Percy Jackson, a 12-year-old boy, has stolen his lightning bolt. Zeus suspects that his brother, Poseidon, plans to use Percy to overthrow him. However, as a reader, you know that Percy is only 12 years old, has just discovered the existence of the Olympian gods, and has no clear motive or means to carry out such a theft.

From the start, the lack of convincing evidence makes this claim doubtful, and it's clear to the readers that Zeus's accusation is based on speculation rather than facts. Zeus himself has no evidence as there were no witnesses, clues or any physical proof whatsoever linking the theft to Percy. The bias that Zeus has towards Poseidon might change his judgment, leading him to make rash accusations. Bias is a common reason to doubt claims because it disrupts objectivity and can result in baseless assumptions. This story shows that the amount of evidence and bias can affect our decision to be suspicious about somebody’s claims.

To summarize, claims that lack evidence or are influenced by bias are often reasons to doubt a claim. In “The Lightning Thief”, Zeus’s claim is questionable on all these grounds, which causes the readers to evaluate his accusation and make their own decisions and perspectives..

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The image above shows my water bottle, a common object found in classrooms today. This object raises important questions about the claim that it holds clean drinking water. There are several reasons why we might doubt this claim. First, the water may not be safe if it comes from a bad source or hasn’t been filtered properly. Many people don’t realize that drinking unsafe water can cause health problems. This shows that we need to think about where our water comes from before believing it is safe.

Second, the material of the bottle can make us question the claim. Some plastic bottles can leak harmful chemicals into the water, especially when they get hot. If this happens, the water can become unsafe to drink. This raises doubts about whether we can trust the bottle to keep our water safe.

Third, labels on water bottles can be misleading. A bottle may claim to contain pure or spring water, but that might not always be true. Companies sometimes exaggerate what’s in their products to sell more, making us question the truth of these labels.

In conclusion, my water bottle represents the need to doubt the claim that it holds clean drinking water. We should consider factors like the source of the water, the materials used in the bottle, and the truthfulness of the labels. By doing this, we can better understand the safety of what we drink and remind ourselves that not everything is as simple as it seems.

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This is the item I have chosen as my specific object for this prompt. Here I have a photo of someone's Casio fx-GC50 calculator. This is the standard issue graphic calculator model required to perform necessary higher-level calculations and other types of functions in any mathematical formulas done in the IBDP classes. Calculators and computers are now in every facet of life, often that people do not question the method that a solution is produced from an inputted equation by the calculator.

How this item contributes to the prompt is that calculators are improbable to malfunction due to its own design; straightforward devices that processes inputs given by a human operator smoothly with next to no issue. So the solution, the “claim”, presented by the calculator is not inherently wrong as it is simply following the data and producing a feasible answer. Any actual invalid solution outputted by the calculator is likely to be due to a faulty equation given with, or how the settings of the calculator were calibrated.

The underlying issue that is questioned is what and how the human inputted that information. The problem is human error. People tend to doubt the person behind the calculator rather than the calculator itself, why? As said previously, calculators are credible, surefire tools that are manufactured in a way that technical errors are to be at the lowest possibility. Humans can lie and tell false information, calculators are clear and structured.

Concluding as, the point of this is that calculators are not the highlighted cause of the doubted data, showcasing the fallible nature of humans. Despite this, it is still wise to question the accuracy of the calculator as well as the human operator’s key inputs, as ToK is all about going through different viewpoints.

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The iPad is an important device that has changed how we use technology in our daily lives. It makes it easy to access information, learn new things, and stay connected with others. By combining different functions in one device, the iPad has become a valuable tool

Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

‘The iPad help me study better’

Distraction: The iPad can give me other unrelated notifications since there are other apps that can distract me from doing what I intended to do. It is also easy to access games and videos which can break my algorithm and causes longer break times.

Out-of-date/false information: The resource could sometimes be inaccurate or outdated which can cause misunderstanding about the concept.

Bias in information: Sometimes the resource can also be influenced by bias which affects understanding since the information will be more reliable for one side of the argument.

Limitations: There are limit on the capabilities of the ipad which can also limit your full potential to study.

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The image above is the object I have chosen for the prompt: “On what grounds might we doubt a claim?”, a novel called “The Kite Runner” written by Khaled Hosseini. It is a book about the friendship between 2 boys, Amir and Hassan, where betrayal causes them to drift apart. After years of living in the United States, Amir decided to come back to Afghanistan to make amends and redeem himself. In the trailer of a movie adaptation from this book, it is stated that The Kite Runner is one of the most beloved stories of our time and that the movie is one of the most anticipated ones. With this claim, there may be some doubt behind it.

Authors can make claims, such as “#1 New York Times Best Seller”, even though they're self-published, or “one of the most beloved stories”, or any statements that can boost up their sales. And it may seem special at first. But now that so many authors use these claims, the “#1 New York Times Best Seller” and other related statements do not seem legitimate anymore. How can one be sure that they are real with concrete evidence?

The truth is, they are most likely fake claims, to grab potential buyers’ attention. And most of the time, the content of their books does not justify their claims. Claims should be supported by valid arguments and concrete evidence, not just a blatant lie. In conclusion, to doubt a claim, we need to know about its context, the presence of a strong argument, and whether the evidence supports the claim or not.

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The image above shows a notebook labelled with the owner's name and grade labelled, representing an everyday item, but one that challenges our assumptions about possession. This object links directly to the prompt, “On what grounds might we doubt a claim?”, by illustrating how easily a name can be used to assert ownership, while still leaving room for uncertainty and doubt.

The notebook’s contribution to the prompt lies in its ability to question the reliability of evidence we often take for granted. A name inscribed on an object seems definitive, but this evidence can be misleading. For instance, notebooks can be transferred between people, borrowed, or falsely labelled, calling into question the authenticity of the claim. The simple label serves as fragile evidence, illustrating how even basic claims must be examined critically, especially when ownership or rights are contested.

The context of school or work environments, where personal items frequently change hands, deepens the relevance of the notebook as an object. The name may represent a past owner or an aspirational claim, suggesting that this evidence is not always clear-cut. Returning to the prompt, the notebook exemplifies how a seemingly solid claim can be doubted based on context—there’s ambiguity in assuming that a name guarantees ownership without further evidence.

The notebook’s second contribution to the exhibition highlights our reliance on surface-level evidence in everyday life. We often trust labels and names, yet we overlook the potential for manipulation. As such, the object encourages viewers to reflect on how much evidence is needed to truly validate a claim, directly addressing the TOK inquiry into grounds for doubt.

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NEW Jonathan, Monash University Change It Challenge Poster

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NEW Jonathan, Monash University Change It Challenge Poster

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The image above displays a poster for Monash University that invites individuals to participate in their Change It Challenge from all over the world. Participants in this process will express varying claims and opinions about the problem of climate change, as well as possible solutions to that problem. But frequently, individuals contend that there isn't a feasible answer to this specific problem, or if there is, they don't think it will be implemented right away and with any seriousness. Nevertheless, despite the skepticism that exists, a large number of people are still involved in the campaign and have invested because they understand the importance of climate change and want to do their part to protect the environment in which they live.

From this particular issue, many claims had been raised such as the question, "What is the significance of having and participating in a campaign?" has been posed by many. To a certain extent, these claims are not fully wrong because it is based on what they know and their understanding. However, the lack of evidence and understanding of the issue when addressing their complaints may be classified to be biased. These baseless assumptions could lead into rash accusations which may not be true.

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On what grounds might we doubt a claim?

The item I have chosen is a screen projector. A screen projector displays images or videos on a larger surface so more people can see them. It is usually used in classrooms, conference rooms, and home theaters. The items needed to make the screen projector

functional is a projector, an example would be the epson brand

Claim: A screen projector claims to display images and videos from a source device onto a larger surface, making it easier for audiences to see and engage with the content. It is designed to enhance presentations, movies, and visual content by providing a larger viewing area, often with adjustable settings for brightness, resolution, and screen size.

We might doubt this claim because of the lack of evidence used to show how effective and great it is. If users report poor image quality, low brightness, or inadequate resolution, it raises questions about the projector's effectiveness. If the projector struggles to connect with various devices or formats, its claim of versatility may be questionable. And most importantly, If it doesn’t perform well in different lighting conditions, the claim of enhancing visibility could be doubted.

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Prompt 4: On what grounds might we doubt a claim

This is the object I chose, it is a mango juice box that was bought from the canteen. This drink is to supposedly give energy with flavor or to replace a regular meal.

To break it down, it is a mango flavpred juice, Mangoes symbolize various things depending on cultural context. In many places, they represent sweetness, tropical abundance, and summer. In some cultures, mangoes are associated with love, fertility, and prosperity. They are also seen as a symbol of hospitality and are often included in celebrations and festivals. Overall, mangoes convey a sense of joy, indulgence, and the richness of nature.

linking back to the prompt, "On what grounds might we doubt a claim?" Someone might doubt the claim that mango juice symbolizes sweetness and abundance by arguing that the experience of drinking it can vary widely. They could point out that not everyone enjoys mango juice, and some might find it overly sweet or artificial, especially if it’s from a carton. Additionally, they might argue that while mango juice is celebrated in many cultures, it could be seen as a processed product that lacks the authenticity of fresh fruit, leading to a different interpretation of its symbolism. They might also emphasize that not everyone has access to mango juice, which could challenge the idea of it representing abundance universally.