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KEY TERM: Public school is essential for democracy and must serve everyone.

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KEY TERM: Public school is essential for democracy and must serve everyone.

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Horace Mann’s 19th-century reforms established universal, compulsory education.

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For most of history, education was a privilege for elites at first.

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By early 20th century, all states had free primary schools funded by taxpayers.

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In China, all people are required to complete nine years of compulsory education. After that there also have assistance to help they complete their studies. This shows how public schools shaped the society into a modern nation, not just in learning but in building society.

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COVID-19 school closures broke the compact: many students left public schools.

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Wealthier families hired tutors or let their kids learning in private schools, while poorer students were left behind.

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Teacher burnout and staff shortages worsened the crisis.

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It is hard to rebuild after the public education system broken.

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I think they should maintain the balance between the two schools, such as give the lower limit of all schools.

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Segregation in past showed dangers of breaking common education.

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Without public schools will lead to students grow up isolated then they will unable to negotiate differences.

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Mann’s principle: “citizens cannot sustain both ignorance and freedom.”

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Covid-19 lead the split between public & privacy school