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In the summer of 1867 Jefferson Davis instructed General Pierre G.T. Beauregard to rush the main Confederate army to Manassas Junction. Lincoln hoped that the Union would be able to overrun the Confederates and push to Richmond. The Army of the Potomac defended Washington, DC during this time but put constant pressure on Richmond, which was considered a Confederate Capital. Then during the Second Bull Run, General McClellan ordered his Army of the Potomac to go back to Washington, DC and join General John Pope to assault Richmond again. Finally in 1862, General Lee weakened the Army of the Potomac and commander George McClellan left Northern Virginia and this relived the pressure on Richmond.

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New York City (July 1863): Fear erupting to violence because of Lincoln's proclamation of freeing enslaved people and fear of them taking their jobs.

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The Mississippi River played a significant role in transporting items. When the Union gained control of it, they were able to split the Confederacy into two. Control of the Mississippi River was important for invasion routes.

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Kentucky was an important state to keep within the Union, if they lost Kentucky to the Confederacy, the rest of the border slave states would follow along. In 1862, a Confederate army was defending Kentucky but the Union would make them surrender. This ensured that Kentucky would stay in the Union.

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In Tennessee, Whites were poor and enslaved and in support of the Union. However, the outbreak of fighting led to Tennessee joining the Confederacy. Tennessee took a step in 1865 by abolishing slavery.

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McClellan moved his army of 120,000 men on 400 ships through the Chesapeake Bay. This is related to the Civil War because McClellan was able to move his army of men all the way to James River at the tip of Yorktown peninsula. This would result in residents fleeing the city out of panic but McClellan was too slow to attack.

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Fort Sumter National Monument, South Carolina

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This was the beginning of the Civil War (April 12, 1861). Confederates demanded that Fort Sumter would be surrendered and after refusal, they started firing. This would result to the Confederates winning the attack.

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On September 17, 1862, Union and Confederate soldiers went into battle and if the Union soldiers didn't discover Lee's battle plans wrapped around a cigar before the battle, they would've lost. At the end of the battle, 23,000 were killed and wounded on both sides, including some missing. Lee's army was forced to retreat, however it was a draw.

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Joseph Hooker with a force of 130,000 men attacked the Confederates but lost, however this victory was costly for the Confederates. On the second day of battle, shooting erupted at night and Confederates accidentally opened fire on Jackson's group. Stonewall Jackson would need to amputate his arm but despite recovery, he contracted an infection and died.

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On December 13, Union soldiers began assaulting Lee's positions and later, 12,600 Federals were killed/wounded. The Union was defeated at Fredericksburg in 1862, this was the worst Union defeat of the war. Northern morale plummeted after this defeat and democrats began calling for negotiated peace.

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Battle where the Union won and surrounded the Confederate fortress, forcing them into starvation. The Confederates would then surrender on July 4, 1963. Vicksburg was the only rail and river junction between Memphis, Tennessee, and New Orleans; this was an important capture.

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On July 21, 1861, 37,000 Union recruits went to battle the Confederates but fled and lost when hearing Thomas Jackson's nickname, Stonewall Jackson. There was a Second Battle of Bull Run that was another victory for the Confederates. These two losses shocked the Northerners and left Lincoln depressed.

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John Brown led a raid on October 16, 1859, on Harpers Ferry. This would be in an effort to end slavery and his men were able to kill four townspeople and wound another dozen. In the end, ten of Brown's group were killed, five captured and five escaped and a rise of fear.

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In Hebrew, it means "Place of Peace," but the first day of the battle was the bloodiest in American History at that point. 100,000 men who participated had a quarter of them killed/wounded and seven times the casualties at Bull Run. Shiloh contained missed opportunities and lucky accidents.

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In June of 1864 the James River was used as a safety path for Grant's injured forces during the Battle of the Wilderness. Grant used this path to get around General Lee's troops in order to proceed to Petersburg. Then during the Civil War it was an obstacle to the movement of the Union that was on land but it was also used by the Union Navy to plan and do attacks.

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During the Civil War the Rappahannock River served as boundary to the North and South. For instance, when Burnside was trying to capture Richmond again they positioned 122,000 men from the Army of the Potomac east of the Rappahannock River. It also served as a a guide a transportation to get around when planning attacks. For example, in May of 1864 General Grant had a army of about 115,000 men and moved them across the Rappahannock River and the Rapidan Rivers during the Battle of Wilderness.

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During the Civil War the Potomac River was the border between the Union and the Confederacy. Not only did it serve as a border to them but it also served as a way of transportation for troops and supplies to get around. In addition to that, the Union army took the Potomac name and called one of their armies the Army of the Potomac.

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During the Civil War the Ohio River served as a boundary between slave states and slave free states. In addition, it was a route to freedom from slavery and it was the longest slavery border. Many slaves during this time would go here to escape slavery to be free but there were some part in the slave free states where freedom was blurred.

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On July 1, 1863 about 65,000 Confederates and 85,000 Federalists clashed and the Battle of Gettysburg broke out. At first the Confederates forced the Federalists to retreat but Union groups became stronger after regrouping to stronger positions. Then on July 2nd the Confederates continuously assaulted Meade's army, which pushed the Federalists back. Then the next day General Lee went against his senior general and both sides bombarded each other. Then that afternoon each side stopped but three infantry divisions with about 12,500 men came together from the woods and rushed in to the top of Cemetery Ridge on the Union's side. There they opened fire and due to this half of the Confederates were killed or wounded, only a few were able to make it to the top of Cemetery Ridge to fight back. After this charge a total of about 42,000 soldiers were dead, wounded or missing and many horses died. This many casualties affected them deeply and this was a turning point for them during the Civil War.

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In the summer of 1862 General Lee invaded Maryland and forced the Army of Potomac to leave Northern Virginia. He also planned to separate Maryland from the Union so that he could gain their farms, crops, and livestock. So on September of 1862, General Lee led 40,000 troops into Maryland. On September 17 the Battle of Antietam broke out and since General McClellan's troops were twice as big as General Lee's troops, General McClellan's troops were able to make General Lee's troops regroup at Sharpsburg, Maryland, and between Antietam Creek and the Potomac River. Baltimore, Maryland also is what allowed troops to get to Washington, D.C.

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On January 18, 1815 New Orleans lost the Battle of New Orleans to the Union. Due to this the Union denied the Confederacy main trades and industries, gained control over the Mississippi River, and exploited the Mississippi River. New Orleans was a big Confederate city at the time and after losing almost everything from the Union, they helped and provided troops supplies to the Confederates during the Civil War to win back what they once had.

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During the Civil War On September 9, 1863 the Union army took Chattanooga and chased General Braxton Bragg’s forces into the north Georgia mountains, by doing this they clashed with Chickamauga. After about 35,000 soldiers were killed or wounded on both sides and the Union army almost lost the battle when rushing troops the second day. By doing this the Confederates gained strategic advantage and it made a way for them to storm through, by doing this the Union had to go back to Chattanooga. Soon after, General Bragg who was leading the Confederate side felt they may be falling into a trap so he stopped their pursuit, however by doing this the Union rushed in their reinforcements and dislodged the Confederates from Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. After doing this the Union gained control of Tennessee and won the Battle of Chattanooga.

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During the time of the Civil War on November 15, 1864 General Sherman's army began a 300 mile March to the Sea, from Georgia to Atlanta and to Savannah. During this time they destroyed plantations, barns, crops, warehouses, mills, bridges, and rail lines. Then on December 24, 1864 General Sherman offered Abraham Lincoln Savannah but by the time the Union troops arrived to Savannah they freed 40,000 slaves, burned scores of plantations, and destroyed the railroads.

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Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, National Park Drive, Appomattox, VA

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On April 4, 1865 General Lee decided to surrender and go to the Appomattox Court House after General Grant begged him to surrender. During the meeting the two men came to peaceful terms and General Grant allowed the Confederates to keep their pistols, horses, and mules, and he promised that none of them would be tried for treason. Soon after General Lee signed to surrender and this began the transition into a more peaceful country after surrendering from the Civil War.

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During the Civil War Washington was the Union Capital and served as it's home base. During the First Bull Run the Union beat the Confederates at the start but soon after, more Confederate reinforcements came in. When finding this out the Union Army panicked and some soldiers fled Washington, due to this the Confederates won.

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South Carolina (Dec. 20, 1860)

Mississippi (Jan. 9, 1861)

Florida (Jan. 10, 1861)

Alabama (Jan. 11, 1861)

Georgia (Jan. 19, 1861)

Louisiana (Jan. 26, 1861)

Texas (Feb. 1, 1861)

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Original Capital of the Confederacy.

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Second Capital of the Confederacy.

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California (Sept. 9, 1850)

Kansas (January 29, 1861)

Pennsylvania (December 12, 1787)

New Jersey (December 18, 1787)

Illinois (December 3, 1818)

Indiana (December 11, 1816)

Minnesota (May 11, 1858)

Wisconsin (May 29, 1848)

Ohio (March 1, 1803)

Michigan (January 26, 1837)

Iowa (December 28, 1846)

New York (July 26, 1788)

Maine (March 15, 1820)

Rhode Island (May 29, 1790)

Connecticut (January 9, 1788)

Vermont (March 4, 1791)

Maryland (April 28, 1788)

Oregon (February 14, 1859)

New Hampshire (June 21, 1788)

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The four Confederate States that joined after Fort Sumter

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The four Confederate States that joined after Fort Sumter

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Virginia (April 17, 1861)

North Carolina (May 20, 1861)

Tennessee (June 8, 1861)

Arkansas (May 6, 1861)

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Border States that had slaves but did not secede

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Border States that had slaves but did not secede

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Delaware

Kentucky

Maryland

Missouri

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Abraham Lincoln was born in Larue County, Kentucky on February 12, 1809. His birth in Kentucky is important because he became a self-made man and had determination considering the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

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Jefferson Davis was born in Fairview, Kentucky on June 3, 1808. His birth place is significant to him because he would soon graduate from West Point and have his life set on from there.