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The Mughal Empire was founded by Babur, a descendent of Tamerlane and Genghis Khan, following his victory against Ibrahim Lodi in the First Battle of Panipat on April 21, 1526. This marked the beginning of a new era in India, introducing gunpowder warfare, comprehensive administrative systems, and a flourishing of arts and culture.

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After consolidating his power, Babur’s son, Humayun faced adversity but ultimately expanded the empire's territory. His major contribution included the introduction of Persian culture and governance models into the Mughal administration.

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Akbar the Great, known for his administrative genius and commitment to cultural integration, ascended the throne in 1556. Under his reign, the empire expanded to include much of the Indian subcontinent. He is particularly remembered for his policy of religious tolerance and the establishment of a centralized government.

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Jahangir, Akbar's son, continued expanding the empire and is best known for his contributions to art, architecture, and the natural environment. He significantly promoted Mughal painting and established meticulous gardens that reflected Persian influence.

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Shah Jahan, Jahangir’s son, took Mughal architectural achievements to unprecedented heights, notably with the construction of the Taj Mahal, a monument built in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal. His era is often considered the golden age of Mughal architecture.

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Aurangzeb ascended the throne after imprisoning his father, Shah Jahan. His reign, which lasted until 1707, was marked by territorial expansion but also by increased internal strife and religious intolerance, leading to the eventual decline of the empire.

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The empire's control weakened significantly after Aurangzeb’s death, leading to the rise of regional powers and the eventual establishment of British control over India. This period saw the Mughal emperors becoming largely ceremonial rulers under British dominion, marking the end of effective Mughal rule.

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In a bold but ultimately futile effort to regain independence, the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, supported the Indian Rebellion of 1857 against British rule. Following the rebellion’s suppression, he was exiled to Rangoon, where he died in 1862, symbolically marking the end of the Mughal Empire.