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Ratified in December 1865, the 13th Amendment abolished slavery in the United States, marking a monumental shift in American society and law. This amendment was a foundational step towards civil rights, fundamentally changing the Constitution by officially outlawing slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

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A landmark Supreme Court case that held enslaved individuals, even if taken to free territories, were not entitled to freedom and lacked standing to sue in federal courts. This decision deepened sectional tensions and contributed to the polarization that eventually led to the Civil War. It was a key factor leading to the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, explicitly granting citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, regardless of race.

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Adopted in July 1868, the 14th Amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former enslaved people, and promised equal protection of the laws. This significant change to the Constitution aimed to ensure that all citizens, regardless of race, received equal treatment under the law. It laid the groundwork for many future civil rights advancements.

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Ratified in February 1870, the 15th Amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that person's 'race, color, or previous condition of servitude.' This amendment was a crucial step forward in the fight for civil rights, aiming to secure voting rights for African American men.

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A series of laws that reinforced segregation. Separate dining facilities, water fountains, and movie nights (based on race) are just a few of the many Jim Crow laws that states produced during this time period.

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The Plessy v. Ferguson decision in 1896 established the 'separate but equal' doctrine, effectively upholding state laws mandating racial segregation. This Supreme Court case drastically impacted the Constitution by legitimizing racial segregation, which remained in effect until later challenged - and overturned - by Brown v. Board of Education.

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De jure segregation, exemplified by the case Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), sanctioned racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, allowing for the establishment of segregated facilities. This legal precedent was later overturned by Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, marking a significant constitutional shift towards desegregation in the United States.

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Ratified in August 1920, the 19th Amendment granted women the right to vote. This marked a significant constitutional change, expanding the democracy and ensuring that voting rights could not be denied based on sex. The amendment was a pivotal moment in the women's suffrage movement and in the broader fight for civil rights.

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A landmark case that challenged the segregation of Mexican-American students in public schools in California. The federal court ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, declaring that the segregation of Mexican-American students was unconstitutional, marking an early legal victory against school segregation. Mendez v. Westminster set a crucial precedent and influenced later cases, including Brown v. Board of Education, contributing to the broader legal momentum against racial segregation in education.

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Issued by President Harry S. Truman, this executive order aimed at desegregating the U.S. armed forces. The order declared that "there shall be equality of treatment and opportunity for all persons in the armed services without regard to race or color." This executive action marked a significant stride towards racial equality within the military, influencing later civil rights legislation and addressing discriminatory practices within federal institutions.

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In 1954, the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka overturned the 'separate but equal' doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson, declaring state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. This historic Supreme Court decision fundamentally changed the Constitution by stating that 'separate educational facilities are inherently unequal,' leading to the desegregation of schools across America.

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The Central High School desegregation crisis in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957) marked a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement when nine African American students attempted to enroll in an all-white school, facing significant opposition and violence. The event highlighted the resistance to desegregation in the South and necessitated the intervention of federal troops. This crisis underscored the challenges in implementing the desegregation mandate from Brown v. Board of Education (1954) and ultimately led to a strengthened federal commitment to enforcing school desegregation, reinforcing the evolving constitutional landscape surrounding civil rights.

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De facto segregation in the United States, notably prominent in schools and neighborhoods, refers to racial or ethnic separation arising from societal practices rather than legal mandates. Although it didn't directly alter the Constitution, acknowledging de facto segregation influenced legal decisions and policies. Initiatives like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 aimed to address systemic racial discrimination, contributing to evolving constitutional interpretations of civil rights.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a major legislative achievement in the civil rights movement, outlawing discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It significantly changed the Constitution by providing the government with the powers to enforce desegregation and prohibits discrimination in public facilities, government, and employment.

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Signed into law in August 1965, the Voting Rights Act aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment. This act represents a substantial constitutional change by ensuring voting rights protection and is considered one of the most far-reaching pieces of civil rights legislation.

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Government programs designed to promote equal opportunity to groups that have suffered from past discrimination. The Supreme Court's ruling in Bakke v. Regents (1978) allowed considering race as a factor, shaping the constitutionality of Affirmative Action and its connections to broader civil rights initiatives like Brown v. Board of Education, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

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Emerged in the late 1960s as a Native American advocacy group seeking to address systemic issues affecting indigenous communities, including land rights, treaty rights, and cultural preservation. While AIM did not lead to a direct constitutional change, its activism drew attention to longstanding injustices, contributing to a shift in public awareness and governmental policies toward Native American rights. The movement's efforts, along with the broader civil rights movements of the time, helped pave the way for legislative changes and legal considerations that acknowledged and protected the rights of Native Americans.

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The Stonewall Riots in New York City marked the beginning of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement. The spontaneous demonstrations against police raids on the Stonewall Inn catalyzed activism for LGBTQ+ rights, contributing to the ongoing fight for equality.

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The Roe v. Wade decision in 1973 recognized the constitutional right of women to make decisions about their own reproductive health, including the right to abortion. This groundbreaking Supreme Court case changed the Constitution by establishing that this right to privacy is broad enough to encompass a woman's decision whether or not to terminate her pregnancy, affecting laws across the country.

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In 1978, the Supreme Court case Bakke v. Regents of the University of California challenged the constitutionality of racial quota systems in college admissions, ruling that while race can be one of several factors in university admissions decisions, rigid quotas are unconstitutional. This case significantly altered the Constitution's interpretation in the realm of affirmative action and higher education admissions.