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Brucellosis is an infectious disease caused by Brucella bacteria. It can spread to people who have close contact with infected animals or consume contaminated products, like raw milk or undercooked meat. The illness affects both animals and humans, and people who work with animals are at a higher risk of getting it. Even though it can last a long time, brucellosis rarely spreads from one person to another.

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Caused by bacteria from the Brucella genus. Infection occurs when a person eats undercooked meat, consumes unpasteurized dairy products, breathes in the bacteria, or comes into contact with animal fluids through the eyes, mouth, or open wounds.

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BRIEF EXPLANATION- THE URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)

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BRIEF EXPLANATION- THE URINARY TRACT INFECTION (UTI)

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A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system. The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.

Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than are men. If an infection is limited to the bladder, it can be painful and annoying. But serious health problems can result if a UTI spreads to the kidneys.

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Brief explanation:

Conjunctivitis, also known as “pink eye,” is an inflammation or infection of the conjunctiva — the thin, transparent membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the white part of the eyeball.

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UTIs typically occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract through the urethra and begin to spread in the bladder. The urinary system is designed to keep out bacteria. But the defenses sometimes fail. When that happens, bacteria may take hold and grow into a full-blown infection in the urinary tract.

The most common UTIs occur mainly in women and affect the bladder and urethra.

Infection of the bladder. This type of UTI is usually caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). E. coli is a type of bacteria commonly found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. But sometimes other bacteria are the cause.

Having sex also may lead to a bladder infection, but you don't have to be sexually active to develop one. All women are at risk of bladder infections because of their anatomy. In women, the urethra is close to the anus. And the urethral opening is close to the bladder. This makes it easier for bacteria around the anus to enter the urethra and to travel to the bladder.

Infection of the urethra. This type of UTI can happen when GI bacteria spread from the anus to the urethra. An infection of the urethra can also be caused by sexually transmitted infections. They include herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia and mycoplasma. This can happen because women's urethras are close to the vagina.

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UTIs don't always cause symptoms. When they do, they may include:

A strong urge to urinate that doesn't go away

A burning feeling when urinating

Urinating often, and passing small amounts of urine

Urine that looks cloudy

Urine that appears red, bright pink or cola-colored — signs of blood in the urine

Strong-smelling urine

Pelvic pain, in women — especially in the center of the pelvis and around the area of the pubic bone

In older adults, UTIs may be overlooked or mistaken for other conditions.

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Treatment for urinary tract infections involves the use of antibiotics or antifungal medications (medicines used for fungal infections). Generally, treatment begins empirically with antibiotics that are commonly effective against community-acquired bacteria.

Urine cultures and antibiograms should always be reviewed to assess whether a change in treatment strategy is necessary. Increasing water consumption to the amount recommended by your healthcare professional is important to help dilute urine and eliminate bacteria. In cases of severe infections, especially those affecting the kidneys, hospitalization may be necessary.

It is essential to seek medical attention if you suspect a urinary tract infection, as appropriate treatment is crucial to prevent complications and ensure resolution.

Whenever possible, a follow-up urine culture is recommended to ensure the infection has been completely treated.

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https://www.einstein.br/n/glossario-de-saude/infeccao-urinaria

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) - Symptoms and causes

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Learn the symptoms that may occur if there’s an infection in the urinary tract. Also find out what can cause a UTI and how the infection is treated.

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Enrique Real Martinez de Castro

Maria Eduarda Macedo

Maria Fernanda Garcia

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Brief explanation: Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.It occurs when the bacteria enter the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).There, they multiply and release toxins, causing inflammation of the meninges.The swelling raises brain pressure and produces meningitis symptoms.

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Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by pneumococcal bacteria, which often live harmlessly in the nose and throat (carriage). Many children, especially in low- and middle-income countries, carry them without illness. The bacteria spread through coughing, sneezing, or close contact. In some people, they overcome the body’s defences and cause disease, from mild infections to serious conditions like pneumonia, meningitis, or sepsis.

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Anna Carollina, Ana Clara, Thuanny e Servero.

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Tonsillitis means that your tonsils are inflamed. These glands make antibodies that help fight infection.

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Caused by an infection. Bacteria, fungi or other germs get into the bloodstream and attach to damaged areas in the heart.

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Both bacteria and viruses can cause tonsillitis.

Here are some of them:

- Streptococcus, or strep, bacteria. These germs are the most common cause.

- Adenoviruses

- Epstein-Barr virus, which causes infectious mononucleosis

- Herpes simplex virus

- Cytomegalovirus

- Measles virus

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Each person may have slightly different symptoms. These are the most common symptoms of tonsillitis:

Swollen, red tonsils. They may look yellow, gray, or white.

Blisters or painful sores on the throat

Sore throat that happens suddenly

Pain when swallowing or difficult to swallow

Snoring

Foul breath

Headache

Loss of appetite

Tiredness

Chills

Fever

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Aching joints and muscles; Chest pain when; you breathe; Fatigue; Flu-like symptoms such as fever and chills; Night sweats; Shortness of breath; Swelling in the feet, legs or belly; A new or changed whooshing sound in the heart (murmur).

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Many people with endocarditis are successfully treated with antibiotics. Sometimes, surgery may be needed to fix or replace damaged heart valves and clean up any remaining signs of the infection.

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Pneumonia is an infection of one or both of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi. It is a serious infection in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid.

Lobar pneumonia affects one or more sections (lobes) of the lungs.

Bronchial pneumonia (also known as bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lungs.

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Tonsillitis caused by a virus is treated differently from tonsillitis caused by bacteria. Your healthcare provider may give you antibiotic medicine for tonsillitis caused by bacteria. He or she may give you antiviral medicine to treat tonsillitis caused by a virus.

If your tonsillitis comes back again and again, your provider may recommend surgery. The surgery will remove your tonsils.

You may need treatment right away if you develop a peritonsillar abscess. This is because the abscess may block your airway.

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Septic arthritis, also known as infectious arthritis, is a serious and painful condition that occurs when a joint becomes infected. This infection is most commonly caused by bacteria, but it can also be due to viruses, fungi, or parasites.

The infection typically travels through the bloodstream from another part of the body, such as a urinary tract infection, or from a penetrating injury directly to the joint. Once inside the joint, the infection can rapidly damage the cartilage and bone, leading to severe pain, swelling, redness, and fever.

While any joint can be affected, septic arthritis most often occurs in the **knee** and **hip**. It is considered a medical emergency because if left untreated, it can lead to permanent joint damage or even a life-threatening condition called sepsis. Treatment involves draining the joint fluid and administering antibiotics or other medications to kill the infecting organism.

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There are more than 30 different causes of pneumonia, and they’re grouped by the cause. The main types of pneumonia are:

• Bacterial pneumonia

•Viral pneumonia

•Mycoplasma pneumonia

•Other pneumonias

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Septic arthritis is most often caused by a bacterial infection, but can also be caused by viruses, fungi, or other germs.

Here's how the infection typically happens:

• From the Bloodstream: The most common cause is when germs from an infection elsewhere in your body travel through your bloodstream and settle in a joint. For example, a urinary tract infection or a skin infection could lead to septic arthritis.

• Direct Entry: Less commonly, germs can enter a joint directly through a penetrating injury, such as an animal bite or a puncture wound.

• From Surgery: In some cases, the infection can be a complication of joint surgery, where bacteria are introduced during the procedure.

The most common culprit is the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus (staph), which often lives on healthy skin. Certain factors can increase a person's risk, including a weakened immune system, pre-existing joint conditions like arthritis, and having an artificial joint.

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Bluish color to lips and fingernails

Confused mental state or delirium, especially in older people

Cough that produces green, yellow, or bloody mucus

Fever

Heavy sweating

Loss of appetite

Low energy and extreme tiredness

Rapid breathing

Rapid pulse

Shaking chills

Sharp or stabbing chest pain that’s worse with deep breathing or coughing

Shortness of breath that gets worse with activity

Early symptoms of viral pneumonia are the same as those of bacterial pneumonia, which may be followed by:

Headache

Increasing shortness of breath

Muscle pain

Weakness

Worsening of the cough

Mycoplasma pneumonia has somewhat different symptoms, which include a severe cough that may produce mucus.

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Treatment depends on the type of pneumonia you have. Most of the time, pneumonia is treated at home, but severe cases may be treated in the hospital. Antibiotics are used for bacterial pneumonia. Antibiotics may also speed recovery from mycoplasma pneumonia and some special cases. Most viral pneumonias don’t have specific treatment. They usually get better on their own.

Other treatment may include eating well, increasing fluid intake, getting rest, oxygen therapy, pain medicine, fever control, and maybe cough-relief medicine if cough is severe.

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Symptoms:

-Fever.

-Vomiting.

-Severe headache.

-Stiff neck (less common in young children).

-Dislike of bright lights.

-Seizures (fits).

-Confused / delirious.

-Very sleepy / vacant /difficult to wake.

Symptoms in babies and very young children can be slightly different. Their symptoms may include:

High temperature (warning: could be normal or low in babies under three months old).

-Irritability.

-Vomiting / refusing to feed.

-A high-pitched cry.

-A stiff body with jerky movements or else floppy and lifeless.

-Very sleepy / staring expression / too sleepy to wake up.

-Tense or bulging soft spot on the top of their head.

Not everyone with meningitis will get all these symptoms.

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Acne is a disorder of the hair follicles and oil glands (sebaceous glands). The oil glands secrete oils (sebum) to keep the skin moist. When the glands get clogged, it can lead to pimples and cysts.

Acne is very common. People of all races and ages have acne. In fact, most people in the U.S. between ages 11 and 30 will be affected by it. Even people in their 40s and 50s can have acne. But acne most often starts in puberty. During puberty, the male sex hormones (androgens) increase in both boys and girls. This causes the glands to make more oil.

Normally, the oil made travels through the hair follicles to the skin. But dead skin cells can plug the follicles. This can block the oil.

Severe acne is a type of acne in which numerous breakouts occur on the face, chest, back, jawline, or buttocks.

These breakouts feature two types of lesions: cysts (which contain pus) and nodules (which do not contain pus). These lesions tend to be deep, tender, and painful, says S. Tyler Hollmig, MD, the director of laser and cosmetic dermatology at Austin Dell Medical School at the University of Texas

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Rising hormone levels during puberty may cause acne. Also, acne is often found in families. Other causes of acne may include:

Hormone level changes during a woman’s menstrual cycle

Hormone changes during pregnancy

Starting or stopping birth control pills

Certain medicines (such as corticosteroids, lithium, and barbiturates)

Oil and grease from the scalp, mineral or cooking oil, and certain cosmetics

Diet may also play a role.

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Brief explanation

Cause

Symptoms

Treatment

Fonte

(Nomes)

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Treatment: Pneumococcal meningitis must always be treated urgently with antibiotics. Meningitis can kill quickly, so if you suspect that you have this disease you should seek immediate medical care. Prompt recognition and hospital treatment offer the best chance of a good recovery.

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Treatment: Pneumococcal meningitis must always be treated urgently with antibiotics. Meningitis can kill quickly, so if you suspect that you have this disease you should seek immediate medical care. Prompt recognition and hospital treatment offer the best chance of a good recovery.

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Pneumonia is an infection of one or both of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or chemical irritants. It is a serious infection or inflammation in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid.

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Acne can appear as pimples without abscesses. Or it may appear as pus-filled cysts that break open (rupture) and result in larger abscesses. These may be painful or look unappealing. It can happen anywhere on the body, and it can be superficial or deep. But acne most often appears in areas where there is a high concentration of sebaceous glands, including:

Face

Chest

Upper back

Shoulders

Neck

Acne may look like other skin conditions. Always see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis if you're not sure or need advice about treatment.

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It can seem like an endless journey to get from severe breakouts to clear skin, but with the right treatment, you can heal your acne and prevent new acne from forming.

Over-the-Counter Medications

There are many over-the-counter (OTC) topical medications for treating acne. Medications typically one or more of the following active ingredients:

Salicylic Acid Salicylic acid helps clear debris from pores and reduces swelling.

Benzoyl Peroxide Benzoyl peroxide kills the C. acnes bacteria that contributes to acne.

Retinol or Retinoids These chemical compounds are derivatives of vitamin A. They slough off dead skin cells to prevent them from clogging pores and reduce risk of acne scarring.

OTC topical medications that contain these ingredients may help with cystic acne. Unfortunately, they aren’t effective for nodular acne.

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https://www.everydayhealth.com/skin-conditions/how-to-manage-severe-acne/

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Acne affects teens and adults of all ages. It occurs when oil secreted by sebaceous glands clogs the hair follicle. Bacteria infect the clogged follicle and cause pimples.

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The main symptoms of septic arthritis are:

• Sudden onset of severe pain in the affected joint. This is often the first and most noticeable symptom.

• Significant swelling and warmth around the joint. The area may feel hot to the touch.

• Redness of the skin over the joint.

• Limited range of motion. It becomes difficult or impossible to move the affected joint.

• General signs of infection, such as fever, chills, and fatigue.

In infants and very young children, who may not be able to verbalize their pain, symptoms might include irritability, not wanting to use the affected limb, and fever.

The most common joints affected are the knee and hip, but any joint can be infected. Because the condition can cause rapid joint damage, it's crucial to seek immediate medical attention if these symptoms appear.

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The treatment for septic arthritis is a medical emergency and typically involves two main goals: eliminating the infection and protecting the joint from permanent damage.

The primary treatment methods are:

1. Drainage of the Joint: The infected fluid and pus must be removed from the joint. This can be done in a few ways:

• Needle Aspiration: A needle is inserted into the joint to draw out the fluid. This may need to be repeated daily.

• Arthroscopy: A minimally invasive surgical procedure where a thin tube with a camera (arthroscope) is inserted into the joint to clean out the infection.

• Open Surgery: In some cases, such as with an artificial joint or if the infection is difficult to drain, traditional open surgery may be necessary.

2. Antibiotics: After the joint fluid is drained and analyzed to identify the specific germ causing the infection, antibiotics are given to kill the bacteria. Treatment usually begins with intravenous (IV) antibiotics in the hospital, followed by oral antibiotics for several weeks once the patient's condition improves.

3. Physical Therapy: After the initial treatment, physical therapy is crucial to restore the joint's function and strength. Early and careful movement helps prevent stiffness and maintain the range of motion.

It is critical to start treatment as soon as possible, as a delay can lead to irreversible joint damage.

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Julia Nannetti

Miryã Souza

Émili Ribeiro

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Adam Camargo Silva

Felipe Augusto Pires Zerbini

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https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/endocarditis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20352582#treatment

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Grupo: Luisa Ananias, Marcela Elisabeth, Nicole Alciatti e Giselle Martinelli.

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Grupo: Luisa Ananias, Marcela Elisabeth, Nicole Alciatti e Giselle Martinelli.

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Enzo Milan Moreti

Livia Martins

Sarah Nucci

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https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/tonsillitis?authuser=0

Nomes:

Alexandre Zanetti

João Vitor Teixeira Muniz

Raphael E.G.Pichutti

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Cause:

It can be caused by viruses, bacteria, allergens, or irritants such as smoke and chlorine. Viral conjunctivitis is the most common type and is highly contagious.

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Symptoms:

Common symptoms include redness in the white of the eye, itching, tearing, swelling of the eyelids, a gritty feeling, and discharge that can form a crust during sleep.

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Treatment:

Treatment depends on the cause.

Viral conjunctivitis: usually clears on its own; cool compresses and artificial tears help relieve symptoms.

Bacterial conjunctivitis: treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments.

Allergic conjunctivitis: managed with antihistamine or anti-inflammatory eye drops and by avoiding allergens.

Good hygiene, such as washing hands and not sharing towels, prevents spreading.

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Fonte:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pink-eye

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): https://www.cdc.gov/conjunctivitis

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Names:

Julia Castilho Alves

Maria Augusta Poveda Balarini

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Brucellosis can cause mild to severe symptoms that may come and go over time. The most common ones include:

Fever and sweating

Headache

Muscle and joint pain

Fatigue (feeling very tired)

Loss of appetite or weight loss

Back pain

Feeling generally unwell

In more serious or long-lasting cases, it can also lead to:

Arthritis (joint inflammation)

Swelling of the liver or spleen

Infection of the heart (endocarditis)

Problems with memory, mood, or concentration

Depression or irritability

Because these symptoms are similar to other illnesses, lab tests are necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

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Brucellosis is treated with antibiotics, usually a combination of doxycycline and rifampin, for at least six weeks. If the infection is caused by the B. abortus RB51 strain, doctors use other antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ), since this strain is resistant to rifampin. It’s very important to finish all prescribed medication, even if you start feeling better, to prevent the disease from becoming chronic. Recovery can take several weeks or months, but deaths are extremely rare — less than 2% of cases.

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https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/about/index.html?authuser=1

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Learn more about brucellosis, including who’s at risk, signs and symptoms, and how to prevent it.

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Leonardo Tiense Lourenço