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An operating system (OS) is a critical software component that manages and facilitates the interaction between hardware and software on a computer system. It provides a wide range of essential functions to ensure the efficient and secure operation of the system.

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Common types include desktop OSs (e.g., Windows, macOS), server OSs (e.g., Linux, Windows Server), mobile OSs (e.g., Android, iOS), and real-time OSs (e.g., QNX, VxWorks).

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Operating System Market Share Worldwide - August 2023

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Operating System Market Share Worldwide - August 2023

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Android
| 39.2%

Windows

| 30.12%

iOS

| 16.48%

OS X

| 8.77%

Unknown

| 1.84%

Chrome OS

| 1.44%

Source:https://gs.statcounter.com/os-market-share

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Power Management:

1. Sleep Mode: Operating systems can put the computer or device into low-power sleep when it's not in use. Sleep mode suspends most activities but maintains the system state in memory.

2. Device Power Management: OS controls hardware power states, like turning off USB ports and reducing display brightness.

3. Task Scheduling: OS schedules tasks during low user activity to reduce power consumption during peak times.

4. Power Profiles: Users can choose profiles (e.g., "Power Saver," "High Performance") to tailor settings for their needs(efficiency or performance).

5. Battery Monitoring: OS provides battery status, remaining capacity, and estimated time to help users manage power.

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Interprocess Communication (IPC):

IPC Mechanisms: It offers methods for processes to communicate and share data, such as pipes, sockets, and message queues.

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Users commonly associated with certain operating systems

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Users commonly associated with certain operating systems

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1. Windows:

General Desktop Users: Windows is one of the most popular desktop operating systems globally and is commonly used by individuals for everyday computing tasks, such as web browsing, office work, gaming, and multimedia consumption.

Business and Enterprise Users: Windows offers a range of productivity tools and is widely adopted in corporate environments for office applications, database management, and network integration.

Gamers: Windows is a preferred platform for PC gaming due to its extensive library of game titles and compatibility with various gaming hardware and accessories.

2. macOS:

Creative Professionals: macOS is favored by graphic designers, video editors, and other creative professionals because of its robust multimedia and graphics capabilities. Apple's hardware, such as the Macbook Pro, is also popular among this group.

Developers: Many developers, especially those targeting iOS and macOS platforms, prefer macOS for its Unix-based terminal and development tools.

General Users: macOS appeals to general users who appreciate a user-friendly interface, seamless integration with other Apple devices, and a focus on design aesthetics.

3. Linux:

System Administrators and IT Professionals: Linux is widely used in server environments and by IT professionals for its stability, security, and command-line capabilities.

Developers: Linux is a preferred development environment for many programmers due to its open-source nature, extensive development tools, and customization options.

4. Android:

Mobile Device Users: Android is the dominant mobile operating system, powering smartphones and tablets. It caters to a wide range of users, from casual smartphone users to tech-savvy enthusiasts.

App Developers: Android offers a vast user base and a robust development ecosystem, making it an attractive platform for mobile app developers.

5. iOS:

iPhone and iPad Users: iOS is exclusively used on Apple's mobile devices. It appeals to users who value a polished and secure mobile experience.

App Developers: Developers targeting iOS devices benefit from the uniform hardware and software ecosystem, resulting in optimized and consistent app performance.

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User Interface:

Graphical User Interface (GUI): Many modern OSs provide a graphical interface that makes it easier for users to interact with the system and applications.

Command-Line Interface (CLI): They also offer a command-line interface for advanced users and system administrators.

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Clock and Time Management:

System Clock: The OS manages system time, which is essential for scheduling tasks, file timestamps, and network synchronization.

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Backup and Recovery:

Data Backup: The OS may offer backup utilities to protect data from loss or corruption.

System Recovery: It provides tools for recovering the system in the event of a failure or crash.

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Resource Allocation and Optimization:

CPU and Memory Management: It optimizes resource utilization to maximize system performance.

Load Balancing: In multi-processor systems, the OS may distribute tasks across processors to balance the workload.

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Error Handling and Logging:

Error Messages: The OS generates error messages and handles exceptions to prevent system crashes and inform users about issues.

Logging: It maintains logs of system events, errors, and user activities for troubleshooting and security auditing.

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Networking:

Network Protocol Support: The OS includes networking protocols and services for communication between devices and across networks.

Network Configuration: It allows users to configure network settings, such as IP addresses and DNS servers.

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Security and Access Control:

User Authentication: The OS verifies user identities through login credentials.

Access Control: It regulates access to system resources and enforces security policies.

Firewall and Intrusion Detection: Some modern OSs include firewall and intrusion detection systems to protect against external threats.

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Device Management:

Device Drivers: OS uses drivers to enable software applications to interact with hardware devices like printers, disks, and network interfaces.

I/O Handling: It efficiently manages data flow between devices and processes, handling input and output operations.

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File System Management:

File Creation, Deletion, and Manipulation: The OS provides services to create, delete, read, write, and organize files and directories.

File Permissions: It enforces access control and permissions on files and directories to protect data integrity and security.

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Memory Management:

Memory Allocation: The OS allocates and deallocates memory space to processes as needed.

Virtual Memory: It manages virtual memory, allowing processes to use more memory than physically available by swapping data in and out of secondary storage.

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Process Management:

Process Scheduling: The operating system allocates CPU time to processes for efficient execution.

Process Creation and Termination: It handles the creation, termination, and management of processes, enabling multitasking.