# data[].attributes.body
Born on July 12, 1854, George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak Company in 1888. He was also the maker of The Brownie camera which changed the way of photography. Eastman allowed photography to be mainstream and for the general public to enjoy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Picture showing the Brownie camera and the box.

# data[].attributes.body
Kodak introduced the first camera called the Brownie. This camera was released to the public in 1900 for only a dollar. After the first year, it made about a hundred thousand dollars in sales.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Snapshot taken by the Kodak Brownie camera

# data[].attributes.body
As the Brownie became accessible, it allowed people to take pictures with rolls of film however they like. This let people share photos with family, friends, etc. and connect with each other. The pictures taken are called "snapshots" because any shot can be taken with one snap.

# data[].attributes.body
Alfred Stieglitz was born on January 1, 1864. He was an American photographer who started using photography for art and expanded the skills of photography art.

# data[].attributes.body
The people that started Pictorialism challenged critics who claimed photography could never be art. Led by Alfred Stieglitz, the Pictorialists, as they called themselves, used tricks like putting vaseline on lens or putting chemicals on photographs to make it look like paintings.

# data[].attributes.body
This meant to break away. Alfred Stieglitz helped break away from commercial photography use and amateur art photography. This movement was the overall process of turning photography into fine art.

# data[].attributes.body
Gilbert Grosvenor was born on October 28, 1875. He was the first full-time editor of The National Geographic Magazine. In 1905, he wanted to increase circulation of the magazine so he decided to publish pictures from Tibet.

# data[].attributes.body
National Geographic was founded on January 13, 1888, with the goal to increase geographic knowledge. They started off by selling magazines and were one of the first organizations to have images in their magazines. This caused magazine subscribers to rise. They were one of the first people to print colored images as well.

# data[].attributes.headline
Significance of Photography in Magazines

# data[].attributes.subject
Significance of Photography in Magazines

# data[].attributes.body
After the first images of Tibet were published in National Geographic, the people loved it and wanted more. It allowed people to see wonders, people, and places from all over the world. It also depicted Natives and Africans always happy which formed false opinions to the American public.

# data[].attributes.body
Lewis Hine was born on September 26, 1874. He was an American sociologist and muckraker photographer after being trained in Chicago and New York. In 1906, Hine was hired by the National Child Labor Committee to support their campaign.

# data[].attributes.body
After Lewis Hine was hired in 1906, the committee hope they could get powerful images to support their campaign to make child labor illegal. They educated the public about the need for Legislation and that the children's future would not make an intelligent working class.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Significance of Social Reform Photography

# data[].attributes.subject
The Significance of Social Reform Photography

# data[].attributes.body
The pictures that Hine produced both moved and outraged the public. With the power of photographs, the Nation Child Labor Committee eventually were successful and child labor laws were created. Hine as well as others realized that pictures can become an essential tool in social change.

# data[].attributes.body
Edward Curtis was born on February 19, 1868. He was an American photographer who focused on documenting the lives Natives and the American west.

# data[].attributes.body
Edward Curtis published a 20-volume set of photographs. These images displayed the lives of Native Americans for people to look at. It greatly influenced peoples views on Natives by the way they were depicted. A lot of Natives in North America had pictures taken by Curtis as well. This started the journey of documentary photography.

# data[].attributes.headline
Significance of Documentary Photography of Natives

# data[].attributes.subject
Significance of Documentary Photography of Natives

# data[].attributes.body
The images that Edward Curtis captured displayed the lives Natives wished they had. They were highly glamorized which led people to believe that their lives were beautiful and hid the horrors they had to deal with. This left a special legacy in photography that we continue to look back on to this day.

# data[].attributes.body
Printed postcards were relatively small and had a design on the front and an area on the back to write messages or notes on. People often used these to send messages to other people and have been used before the 1900s.

# data[].attributes.body
Around 1908, the Eastman Kodak Company started printing postcards for people as picture taking had become more common. They could print out any photo they would like free of charge.

# data[].attributes.body
People would use these to send to family and friends from long distances. This keeps them up to date on life events. The cost to mail them out was cheap as well.

# data[].attributes.body
Gilbreth was born on July 7, 1868.  He was an American engineer, consultant, and author. He was known as an early advocate of scientific management and a pioneer of time and motion study.

# data[].attributes.body
In the first couple decades of the century, motion studies helped the industrial world grow with the help of Frank Gilbreth. Time-motion studies are essentially studies done in business settings. He used motion studies in a factory to examine workers. He did this to teach maximum efficiency. Some people opposed this thinking that it turned workers into robots.

# data[].attributes.body
The cyclograph technique was a type of motion study done by Frank Gilbreth. He used this to teach his workers about time efficiency. What he did was attach flashing lights to a worker’s fingers to indicate the length of time a motion would take. He would then examine the photos and go on from there. He found that surgeons spent more time looking for their tools than actually operating on the surgery.

# data[].attributes.body
Paul Strand was born on October 16, 1890 in Brooklyn, New York. Strand was an American photographer and filmmaker who, along with fellow modernist photographers like Alfred Stieglitz helped turn photography into true art.

# data[].attributes.body
Straight photography was a term for the modernist art movement in photography. It was an abstract style art started by Paul Strand. It involved taking pictures utilizing shapes and forms while being clearly focused and sharp. This was done while setting up and capturing images, not after in editing.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Significance of Modernism Photography

# data[].attributes.subject
The Significance of Modernism Photography

# data[].attributes.body
It distinguished the romantic art style of the Pictorialists with something new like "straight photography." It became the staple aesthetic in the twenties. It also allowed people to work on the image while shooting rather than manipulating them in the darkroom. It also gave the camera a new kind of vision.

# data[].attributes.body
Woodrow Wilson was born on December 28, 1856, in Staunton, Virginia. Wilson was a politician and academic who won the 1912 election. He became the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

# data[].attributes.body
After President Wilson entered the United States into war, the citizens did not support the war and believed America shouldn't be involved. Wilson began the first propaganda agency to rally cause and raise morale for the war. These photographs strictly did so. People were not allowed to take pictures up on the front lines during the war.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Significance of Propaganda Photography

# data[].attributes.subject
The Significance of Propaganda Photography

# data[].attributes.body
Photographs were in fact taken during the battles in WWI. In the 1930s when the tension started rising in Europe, America’s antiwar lobby published censored photos that were taken during WWI. This showed the truths of war and that it wasn't as glorious as it seems.

# data[].attributes.body
Tabloids were first published in 1919 by The Daily News. They called this new form of media the Illustrated Daily News because of the large poster-like images they plastered onto them. Tabloids were made to get people's attention which is exactly what they did. There were other tabloid companies as well like the Daily Mirror and the Evening Graphic.

# data[].attributes.body
The Daily News was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson. It was the first U.S. daily printed in tabloid format. It reached its peak circulation in 1947, at 2.4 million copies a day.

# data[].attributes.body
Tabloids were a new way to get the reader's attention with captivating images. This also was a way for exaggerated and fake news to spread around. This allowed publishers to make higher profits.

# data[].attributes.body
Advertising became really popular in the 1920s. This was a way sellers could advertise their products to get more sales. The advertisement would be a picture of the product with a description.

# data[].attributes.body
Paul Strand used the camera to explore the shape and form of a car fender. Paul Outerbridge took a closeup of a telephone. Edward Steichen captured a cigarette lighter. Each used modernism which made people want the item even more.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Significane of Advertising Photography

# data[].attributes.subject
The Significane of Advertising Photography

# data[].attributes.body
Advertising was a new way sellers could make more money. Photographers would capture a product in a way where if someone saw that image, they would be more inclined to buy the product.

# data[].attributes.body
For the first time in history, sports players started to become famous celebrities simply by pictures. Babe Ruth became the most photographed person on earth. He turned into a celebrity and earned millions of dollars.

# data[].attributes.body
People like Clarence Sinclair Bull and George Hurrel invented a new way of publicity. They created fame through photographs. People could keep photographs of famous celebrities and sort of idolizing them. It also caused people to care about how they looked and how "pretty" they were.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Significance of Celebrity Photography

# data[].attributes.subject
The Significance of Celebrity Photography

# data[].attributes.body
As photography grew, so did the fame of up and coming celebrities. Celebrity photography really focussed on the beauty of celebrites which caused the public to awe and love them. People were able to relate to these celebrites in a way. It alss allowed more people to become stars just with images alone.

# data[].attributes.body
The Associated Press was founded in 1846. It became a non-profit American news agency in New York. They wanted a new way to transport images so they figured out a way to do so. It was called wire journalism.

# data[].attributes.body
Wire photography was a way photos were sent to others. This particular system required a network of high-fidelity telephone lines. It was really expensive to have but useful during this time for newspaper companies. However, Roy Howard (the head of Scripps-Howard newspaper) believed that it was useless because the pictures taken aren't that important.

# data[].attributes.body
A picture of a plane crash really set the stage for wire journalism and proved its success. On January 1, 1935, there were many pictures circling among newspapers that were interesting. Later on, pictures of taken at events were often the same pictures. It made America feel like one community.

# data[].attributes.body
Arthur Fellig known by Weegee, was a photographer and photojournalist known for his black and white street photography in New York City

# data[].attributes.body
Weegee often took photos in black in white at New York City. Some of his pictures included fires, explosions, railroad wrecks, gang wars, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
WeeGee was and will forever be known for his nighttime images of crime and early Mob violence in New York City. These types of images always captivated people and left many wanting to know more.

# data[].attributes.body
Born on February 20, 1902 in San Francisco, Ansel Adams was an American landscape photographer and known for his black and white images of National Parks. He often took pictures of mountains, peaks, and focused on the environment and promoting conservation.

# data[].attributes.body
Thanks to Ansel Adams images, National Parks received a lot of help in promoting the importance of nature. Many people were able to appreciate nature because of his work.

# data[].attributes.body
The Zone System is a photographic way for determining film exposure and development. This was created by Ansel Adams. This is used when capturing black and white images and helps the photographer figure out which tones and exposure work for the image.

# data[].attributes.body
Henry Luce was born in China on April 3rd, 1898. He was a publisher and was the lead in launching Life magazine. He helped transformed journalism and the reading habits of millions of Americans with large pictures and stories.

# data[].attributes.body
On November 23, 1936, the first Life magazine was published. It featured something that captivated everyone's eye. On the large and shiny magazine, stories were told through pictures unlike any newspaper company. It was something shared among everyone. Anyone could pick up a magazine and read about the stories going on at the time.

# data[].attributes.body
In order for Luce to get Life magazine out to the world, he wrote an essay. This essay he wrote described the many powers of photography. He wrote about how the joys, discoveries, events of life, etc. can all be seen with this magazine. The magazine contained what is called "photo essays" which was a way of storytelling.

# data[].attributes.body
The Hindenburg explosion was another news story that was also a wire photo. A man named Lloyd Becker was there when the Hindenburg exploded. Just at the right time, he snapped a shot when it had blown up using a speed graphic camera

# data[].attributes.body
Murray Becker was born in 1909. He was an Associated Press photographer. He took one of the best shots in journalism. The pictures showing the explosion on the Hindenburg was practically on every newspaper. He managed to get three shots with a speed graphic camera. That was pretty impressive.

# data[].attributes.body
The speed graphic camera was first invented in 1912. It is a large camera that must be held with two hands. What was special about it was that it has a shutter of about 1/1000 sec. There are some steps to be done just to take a picture with this camera. You take out this slide and put it on the back of the camera which exposes the film to the shutter, then snap the picture, and put the slide back.

# data[].attributes.body
The depression started in 1929 and lasted all the way to about 1933. The government intervened to help out Americans needs which was called the New Deal. President Roosevelt released various programs and agencies as well as the Farm Security Administration. The pictures taken during this time showed how people were suffering. The people in the pictures were also showed as strong, courageous, and determined to survive tough times.

# data[].attributes.body
Because of the Great Depression, the government established an organization called the Farm Security Administration. This was a propaganda agency run by Roy Stryker that would use the power of photographs to sell Roosevelts programs.

# data[].attributes.body
Dorothea Lange was born on May 26, 1895 in New Jersey. Lange was an American documentary photographer and photojournalist. She was known for here "Depression-era" work for the FSA. Lange as well as other FSA photographer really influenced documentary photography.

# data[].attributes.body
Gordon Parks was born on November 30, 1912 in Kansas. Parks was an American photographer, musician, writer and film director, who became prominent in American documentary photojournalism.

# data[].attributes.body
Gordon Parks was a photographer who worked in Social Reform with pictures. After working with Roy Stryker, the image he captured of Ella Watson was a powerful way to protest against discrimination, poverty, civil rights, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
This was the image Gordon Parks captured of Ella Watson. This image was inspired by Grant Wood’s picture American Gothic. This shot symbolizes the American black worker who was promised something better that what she ended up getting which was the reality of America.

# data[].attributes.body
World War II caused a great numbers of photographs to be shared through magazines and newspapers. The Wire was really useful during this time as well. WWII photography really shaped public opinion as well. Photographers were very eager to get to the front lines and get images of the war.

# data[].attributes.body
The big five photographs from the war really shaped WWII. Every photographer longed to be on the front lines to get good shots. One of the most popular images was the raising of the flag on Iwo Jima. This was practically on every newspaper and magazine known in America.

# data[].attributes.body
This photo was taken by Ralph Crane on Life Magazine as picture of the week on May 22, 1944. It is one of the big five photos of WWII. This was a type of propaganda that dehumanized Japanese. The caption on the magazine said, "Arizona war worker writes her Navy boyfriend a thank-you note for the Jap skull he sent her."

# data[].attributes.body
Fashion photography really grew popular after the war. The camera was able to create desirable looks that people were intrigued by. The clothes photographed looked amazing under the camera eye. Fashion photography even turned into an art.

# data[].attributes.body
Richard Avedon was born in New York on May 15, 1923. He was an American fashion and portrait photographer. Avedon's photographs with Vogue or Harper's Bazaar captured beautiful images with models and clothing.

# data[].attributes.body
Fashion photography was a big turnout after the war especially how clothing standards for women changed over the past couple of decades. This type of photography created something unique that will capture the viewers eye which will stick to the viewer.

# data[].attributes.body
Street photography was the opposite of what photography at the time was like. The aesthetic consisted of blurred, out of focus, and night time shots that were seen as "imperfect."

# data[].attributes.body
Robert Frank was born in Switzerland on November 9, 1924 who moved to America. He was a photographer and documentary filmmaker who created a very influential photobook called The Americans. He created multiple shots of street photography that started a new genre of photography with a purpose and feeling behind each photo.

# data[].attributes.body
Franks images created images an emphasis on feeling above all else through a new way. A lot of his shots symbolized about America by being dark, alienating, and foreign. Critics thought of his art form as sloppy and lacking technique.

# data[].attributes.body
Edward Steichen was a photographer, painter, and curator. He is seen as a very influential person in the history of photography know for making photography art. He created the famous exhibit "The Family of Man."

# data[].attributes.body
The Family of Man was an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City on January 24th, 1955. This exhibit displayed 500 photographs from 68 different countries. It's overall message was mankind is one. After the war, this was a way to build back humanity.

# data[].attributes.body
When the exhibit went public, not everyone took it well. Over time, more and more people have found these images controversial. Some believed that Steichen was silencing other photographers narrative by making his own. Others though it was cultural colonialism and even outraged some visitors.

# data[].attributes.body
The Black Press were news publications for African American communities. It was written by and for African Americans often talking about racial issues and news like Emit Till.

# data[].attributes.body
Emmett Till was a 14 year old African American. He was accused of flirting/whistling at a white woman. After being wrongly accused, he was murdered.

# data[].attributes.body
There was a photo taken of Emmett Till of him beaten badly. The only people to cover this was the Black press. This was the time where the "Emmet Till generation" started to fight and stand up for racial and segregated issues.

# data[].attributes.body
Crime scene photography was an effective way of studying crimes by taking photos and using them for further research. They are able to formulate a story of the crime through photos as well. Autopsy photography has also been important when examining crimes.

# data[].attributes.body
People realized that pictures can be used to prove a point. Soon, they have been used in court to prove and show the truth.

# data[].attributes.body
Photography has introduced new job opportunities in criminal justice. Crime scene photographers, forensic photographer, etc. all have special jobs and duties to do when taking photos. Overtime, they have been proven useful and needed in the age of technology.

# data[].attributes.body
Robert Rauschenberg was born on October 22, 1925. Rauschenberg was an American painter and graphic artist whose early works anticipated the Pop art movement.

# data[].attributes.body
Andy Warhol was born on August 6, 1928. Warhol was an American artist, film director, and producer who was a lead in the art movement that started pop art.

# data[].attributes.body
In the '60s, pop art really became popular. Artists like Warhol and Rauschenberg would create art pieces using photographs and bold colors.

# data[].attributes.body
Danny Lyon was born on March 16, 1942, in New York. He was a photograph and filmmaker who is known for capturing some of the most significant shots during the Civil Rights Movement such as segregated places, demonstrations, etc.

# data[].attributes.body
In the south, as racism and segregation grew more and more, people began to speak out against it. One of the ways they did so was through photography. Pictures during this movement really exposed the cruelty and inequality of African Americans. This made it so that people around the world could see what was going on in hopes of putting an end to these horrible acts.

# data[].attributes.body
During the Birmingham Race Riots, police would let their dogs loose to attack the civil rights demonstrators. Even hoses were being sprayed on people and children when they were peacefully protesting. The photographs taken circulated around the world and started to turn public opinion against the south.

# data[].attributes.body
Photography during wars over time has been used many times. Pictures greatly impact opinions and feelings towards wars and did with the Vietnam War as well. The pictures taken were not censored which made a greater impact. There were four specific images taken during the war that won Pulitzer prizes.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1963, Thích Quang Duc burned himself to death at a busy intersection in Saigon. Malcolm Brown shot this image just when it happened. The New York Times wouldn't print this image because it was offensive.

# data[].attributes.body
June 8, 1972: This is a picture of Kim Phúc running down a road naked near Trang Bang after a South Vietnam Airforce napalm attack. This was shot in 1972 by Nick Ut.

# data[].attributes.body
In this shot, a South Vietnamese General named Nguyen Ngoc Loan shoots a Vietcong officer named Nguyen Van Lem, also known as Bay Lop, on a street in Saigon in 1968. This was shot by Eddie Adams.

# data[].attributes.body
The Whole Earth magazine was an American magazine and product catalog published by Stewart Brand that started in 1968. They started the environmental movement and showed the first picture of Earth by Nasa.

# data[].attributes.body
The Environmental movement was set off by Whole Earth magazine. It was a way to promote the protection of Earth and the environment. Pictures really influenced this like the first image of Earth. They also helped start the first Earth day.

# data[].attributes.body
The photo of the Earth helped change the trajectory and constituency of the American environmental movement by bringing together a new community of thinkers and advocates who invented "sustainability."

# data[].attributes.body
This image shows a 14-year-old girl named Mary Ann Vecchio screaming and kneeling over the body of Jeffrey Miller, shot during the Kent State Massacre. This image was taken by John Paul Filo in 1971

# data[].attributes.body
On Christmas Eve in 1968, astronaut William Anders and others were circling the moon in Apollo 8. This was where the first shot of Earth from space was taken.

# data[].attributes.body
This shot was taken on the Apollo 8 mission by astronaut William Anders on December 24, 1968. This picture was called Earthrise.

# data[].attributes.body
Helped the environmental movement and inspired other photos to be taken in space. These photos either inspired people or made people more curious about Earth.

# data[].attributes.body
In June of 1969, Life magazine published a section that honored the 242 young men that died because of the Vietnam war. This was the average amount of deaths per week while the war was going on.

# data[].attributes.body
This section of Life magazine was a way to honor dead Americans. Every name and picture was shown. There were many opinions that surrounded the One Week's Dead article.

# data[].attributes.body
Many thought this was a great way to honor the dead but others found it controversial. It really allowed people to feel for the people who died and for their families.

# data[].attributes.body
A photo op is an opportunity to take a photograph and is popular for political photography. This way politicians and presidents had control over what photos were out in the public. It was started during US President Richard Nixon's run.

# data[].attributes.body
Photo ops in politics have been used to reassure people's feelings towards politicians and their actions. It can be used in a reinforcing or negative way.

# data[].attributes.body
In 1984 when Ronald Reagan ran for reelection, people thought he would bring America into war. Since many jobs depended on the B-1 bomber, they draped a sign that said: "Prepared for Peace." The speech Reagan did in front of the banner really had an impact making him sound a lot more sure and makes the people feel better about themselves.

# data[].attributes.body
These pictures are altered to help find missing children. Cheryl Morrien was seven years old when she was kidnapped by a stranger and they used a picture of her and her sister to make her appear older.

# data[].attributes.body
The Gulf War was a major marketing scheme for the government.  To take photos of the war, you had to join a press pool where you will be with a public affairs officer. This made it hard to capture casualties.