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(1900 - 1934) Early American Photography

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(1900 - 1934) Early American Photography

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(1900) George Eastman (Eastman Kodak Company Founder)

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(1900) George Eastman (Eastman Kodak Company Founder)

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Eastman created the Kodak camera, named the Brownie, which was a brown box camera that was made available to the public at a cheaper price than other cameras at the time.

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The Brownie was the first affordable camera that was made for the public by the Eastman Kodak company in 1900. It allowed people to take pictures of their lives in way that couldn't be done before. People could take the Brownie and capture a slice of their life at any moment.

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For $1.00 anyone could take photos like the one shown above, with little to no experience required.

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Alfred Stieglitz was one of the photographers who created pictorialism, in an effort to break away from "commercial trash" and to make people acknowledge photography as an art form.

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Pictorialism is a type of photography where the photographer takes a picture and uses drawing utensils and other methods to make the picture look like a drawing.

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To create the "drawing" effect, photographers took their photo and used different methods to make the photo seem hand drawn. One method involves smearing Vaseline on the photo, others require certain printing materials to be used. There were multiple ways it was created.

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National Geographic is the magazine company that created what is now known as Magazine Photography. Due to their financial struggles, they were forced to create something that would help bring in more money. Their solution was to take pictures of different parts of the world and show them to Americans, many of which had no idea what other countries looked like. Additionally, they helped pioneer colored pictures.

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Gilbert Grosvenor helped bring National Geographic's popularity to what it is today. His pictures captured for the National Geographic magazine also helped bring more money and showed people what other countries looked like.

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Above is a picture used in one of National Geographic's magazines. Images like this allowed people to see foreign lands and monuments that they couldn't even imagine. Magazine photography used pictures like this and combined it with descriptions, covers, and other formats used in magazines.

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Edward Curtis was a photographer and ethnologist. His motivation to take his photos was to capture what he thought would be extinct human cultures, tribes, etc. before they were gone. With that, he created "The North American Indian" which documented 7000 pages of writing, 700 large portfolio images, and 1500 volume sized images, all of which stored the history of Native Americans that he had observed.

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The image above is one of Curtis' many examples of documentary photography. His aim was to capture the Native American lifestyle. This documented their existence so people could see what they were like, if they were to no longer exist.

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Curtis' picture above captures a Native American tribe member (noted as Indians during that time period) in a candid photo, documenting their lifestyle.

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Lewis Hine educated using photography at first. Then he decided he wanted to make an impact on society using photography, creating Social Reform Photography.

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Lewis Hine's Social Reform photography brought attention to child labor. Children were being forced to help support their families through poor working conditions, leading Hine to wanting to bring a change to that. This form of photography is also used for other subjects that people may want to change in society.

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(1906) What Social Reform Photography Has Done

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(1906) What Social Reform Photography Has Done

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Social Reform Photography motivated people to fight for what they believed was right. One example of this can be seen with Lewis Hine's child labor photography, which made people feel that child labor should be illegal, advocating for change. This succeeded, and social reform photography is still used today.

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Picture Postcards were created by the Eastman Kodak Company as a cheap and easy way of sending pictures to family members and friends. This was accomplished by using strong paper for the photo to print on and allows writing on the backside of the picture.

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Picture Postcards were also strongly influenced by the growth of Gulfport. They wanted more recognition, so they pushed for the creation of Picture Postcards.

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(1908) Effects of the Creation of Picture Postcards

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(1908) Effects of the Creation of Picture Postcards

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With their creation, picture postcards allowed the general public to be able to fulfill the functions of newspaper photographs in a convenient, less publicized way. It allowed friends and family members to let each other know what's going on in each other's lives and eventually paved the way for photo montages.

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Frank Bunker revolutionized motion studies photography. He utilized photography to find the most efficient method that workers should be taught in a factory setting.

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Motion studies photography, in Bunker's experiment, utilized a cyclograph that tracked the worker's movements. The camera took pictures of these movements and allowed Bunker to analyze what method would be the most efficient.

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(1910) Effects of Motion Studies Photography

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(1910) Effects of Motion Studies Photography

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Motion Studies photography brought more efficient solutions to working environments. The most notable one would be the surgeon and surgeon assistant method, where rather than the surgeon taking time to find their tools, they just say which one they need and their assistant hands it to them.

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(1913) Clarence Sinclair Bull and George Hurrell

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(1913) Clarence Sinclair Bull and George Hurrell

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Clarence Sinclair Bull and George Hurrell both created the form of photography known as celebrity photography. They created this in an effort to capture the "glamour" of people and make others feel more connected to their celebrity idols.

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Celebrity Photography aimed to make the person in the photo look beautiful, gorgeous, handsome, make them shine, and/or make them seem like they're a star. They did this by utilizing positioning and lighting in a way that hid any imperfections.

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Because people could not easily access photos of their idols, or look more like a celebrity, there were fans who became more obsessive than before. They began to believe they were genuinely a part of that person's life and would do anything for that person. Some people made shrines, others chased the person down, and crazy fans began to arise. People would even keep a picture of the person they idolized in their wallets or other personal storages, with soldiers even bringing them to war with them.

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President Wilson helped create propaganda photography. He wanted to motivate the U.S. citizens to support his organizations and eventually encourage enlistment into the military during WWI.

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Propaganda Photography originated from President Wilson's decision to gain support through photos. This resulted in propaganda photography being used to recruit people into WWI. Photos used typically showed the good side of the war (people smiling, looking strong, etc.) However they typically left out the bad parts.

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(1917) Effects of Propaganda Photography

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(1917) Effects of Propaganda Photography

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Propaganda photography avoided showing gruesome images of war, with more positive outlooks being shown in an effort to motivate people. It made more people gain the urge to listen to the propaganda, but some people were against it.

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The New York Daily News is often credited for the creation of Tabloid Journalism. This is a form of photography where photos are used to support claims, often written in large, bold letters. The photos make it seem more believable and allowed news papers to attract more attention.

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Tabloid Journalism utilized pictures that intensified the situation. Captions for the pictures would make the picture into something completely different, changing its meaning. In the pictures above, the images are used to describe the situation, but the captions change the true meaning into something that will catch the reader's attention.

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Overall, Tabloid Journalism manipulated the public into believing lies created to gain more readers. Their photos and captions, which are still used today, have gotten progressively more ignorant of the true context and continued using photography to make it seem more trustworthy and put emphasis on certain aspects of a situation.

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Advertisement Photography was created by companies, corporations, and other businesses in an effort to attract consumers via photography.

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Using photographs, advertisement photography made readers/viewers visually attracted to the images, built trust due to the photograph sounding more credible than just words or normal drawings, and by associating different things to photographs with other subjects (Ex: In the advertisement above, the drink is advertised with a woman holding it and emphasis on the "crush")

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Materialism Photography/Advertisement Photography took subjects for their photos and made them look more appealing. In the photo above, rather than show a car with nobody in it, they showed people enjoying the product and actively using it.

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The creation of photo transmissions was originally advocated for by the Associated Press. They wanted to transmit pictures as fast as words, and on January 1, 1935 the first photo transmission was created.

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The Plane Crash was the first photo that reached multiple cities across the U.S. simultaneously. It created an impact that no other photo could do within that timeframe.

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With the introduction of an efficient way of sending photos to multiple areas at once, the photography and news industry changed drastically. Now photos could be sent to multiple newspaper production locations to be published at once, conveying information to people faster than ever before. This eventually led to one of the most influential Wire photos to be taken, the Hindenburg Explosion.

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WeeGee, otherwise known as Arthur Fellig, was a photographer who captured gruesome scenes, crimes, and violence. The name "WeeGee" was based on Ouiji boards, as people thought he had a "sixth sense" for crimes. He would even befriend criminals intentionally, creating photos for over 5,000 murders over the course of his career.

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Using photos, WeeGee would allow people to have visuals about the story that would intrigue them. They were able to view the photo and sit with their thoughts, allowing them to understand what was going on.

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(1936) How WeeGee Helped Photojournalism

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(1936) How WeeGee Helped Photojournalism

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WeeGee helped Photojournalism by making pictures an important aspect for most, if not, all news stories. Journalists would want pictures to accompany their stories, or even use photos as their main storytelling format.

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Henry Luce created Life Magazine. This magazine contained many large photos, often taking up most of the page, if not all of the page. His creativity showed that photos could tell stories alone, given that they capture the moment.

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The Life Magazine utilized photos to tell stories. It created stories using the photo compositions.

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Photographic essays consist of mainly photos. It utilizes the photos to tell stories and give context. Henry Luce popularized the photographic essay through his Life magazine, which is a form of a photographic essay.

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Dorothea Lange was a documentary photographer who took pictures of living conditions during The Great Depression. Many of her photos were taken for the Farm Security Administration (FSA) and showcased the hard lives of farmers and their families during that time period.

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The Great Depression brought poverty to many people, especially those who remained in the farm industry. In the image above, taken by Dorothea Lange, it shows a mother of seven children in poor conditions. The image expresses the severity of the Great Depression and brings it to the attention of the public.

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By showing the inhumane living conditions imposed on many American citizens, FSA photography helped promote Roosevelt's programs and helped work towards less poverty in the country. Around a quarter of a million photographs were submitted by the FSA photographers and they were used by many different publishing companies, newspapers, etc. completely free-of-charge.

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Murray Becker was the photographer who captured the Hindenburg Explosion as it happened. Utilizing a Speed Graphic camera and the Wire, he was able to spread the exact moment that the Hindenburg exploded to the public.

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The Speed Graphic camera is held with two hands due to its large size. To take pictures "you put a holder in to the camera, full of film, you take out a slide that exposes the film to the shutter, you put the slide on the back of the camera, you cock the shutter, and you make the picture. Now you have to take the slide back out, you have to put it in the holder, you take out the holder, you turn the holder over because there’s a film on the other side, you put it in the camera, you pull the slide, you put it in the back, you cock the shutter, and you make the picture" (American Photography Documentary). This process was difficult to preform efficiently, which made Becker's camerawork impressive.

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The Hindenburg Explosion was taken by Murray Becker. Using his Speed Graphic camera he was able to take 3 shots: one of the initial explosion and two as it was burning. Many photographers were in the waiting room rather than outside ready to take photos, so Becker was one of the only photographers who captured the exact moment.

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(1937) How the Wire and The Hindenburg Explosion Affected Photography

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(1937) How the Wire and The Hindenburg Explosion Affected Photography

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The Hindenburg Explosion photo spread fast using the Wire. People were shocked and horrified at the tragedy that had occurred. The impact the photo had on people made the Wire one of the most useful assets for photographers and journalists.

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Gordon Parks was an African-American photographer who partnered with Roy Stryker to combat racism. To achieve this they wanted to use photography. The pictures Gordon took were of African-Americans and the difference in treatment between them and white people. It also showed that African-Americans were no different from white people, using photos of them doing different things.

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Social Reform Photography was a form of photography that focused on things that the photographer wanted to advocate against/for. During Gordon Parks' social reform photography, he took pictures of African-American people and their jobs and situations. It was essentially to normalize their existence.

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(1940s) Impact of Social Reform Photography

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(1940s) Impact of Social Reform Photography

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Gordon's pictures showed how much of an impact a photo could have on society. The pictures of African-Americans could be considered as indictments against America. It advocated for change, and the method is still used today.

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Ansel Adams was a photographer who believed natural environments are a major part of America. His photography captured the essence of the weather, and made people want to preserve the beauty of the natural spaces of America. He also helped develop the Zone System and inspired the creation of National Parks.

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(1940s) The Development of the National Parks

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(1940s) The Development of the National Parks

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National Parks were developed because Adams believed the environmental issues were the Yosemite National Park, the national park system, and the preservation of wilderness. He focused on what he called the spiritual-emotional aspects of parks and wilderness. It captured the natural areas in America and showed what people should think of when thinking of America, as well as helped preserve those locations.

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Adams developed the Zone System of controlling and relating exposure and development, enabling photographers to creatively visualize an image and produce a photograph that matched and expressed that visualization. His many manuals are some of the most famous, well-written sources on the subject of the Zone System.

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With the beginning of World War II, photographers began to head to the frontlines to capture photos of the war. This brought about the Big 5 photographs: Demonizing the Enemy, Pin-Up, D-Day, Iwo Jima, and Evidence.

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In the first of the Big 5, it shows an American woman looking at the skull of a Japanese soldier sent home by her significant other. This dehumanized Japanese people and promoted discrimination against them. This, of course, resulted in racist acts against all Japanese people including Japanese-Americans.

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The Pin-Up was popularized during WWII. It was used in barracks, wallets, as decals, and other things. The concept was used to add another motive for fighting the war.

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Another one of the Big 5, D-Day, played a big role in photography during the war. A photographer, Robert Capa, was sent to the frontlines to capture the war up-close. His photographs showed the world what the war looked like, despite 3 of the 4 film rolls being ruined due to them rushing to get the pictures out.

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The photo above, taken by photographer Joe Rosenthal, shows US soldiers raising the US flag on Iwo Jima. It has become one of the most iconic, important moments captured in US history. It resembled the unison of America and changed the understanding of war.

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Margaret Bourke-White was an experienced combat photographer who took photos of Auschwitz and concentration camps. The photos revealed the horror of people being held within them, giving evidence of the things people had heard about and opening their eyes to the situation.

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Richard Avedon was a photographer who specialized in fashion photography. This photography was created with the intention of showing people how they want to look; their ideal self.

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Avedon helped develop fashion photography starting with when he was assigned a job to capture the Paris fashion week. Fashion photography would capture the ideal look of people or things and showcase it to others in an appealing manner. It beautified whatever the subject was, making it seem more wanted.

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Fashion Photography made people begin to feel pressured into wanting to be like someone or purchase products that looked visually appealing on someone else. It would make pictures look beautiful compared to the reality of things, and is now seen frequently in beauty contests, fashion shows, clothing advertisements, etc.

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Spanning from 1955 to 1962, the Family of Man photography exhibit was seen by around nine million people. It used photographs and captions to show that mankind is one.

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(1955) Criticism of The Family Of Man Exhibit

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(1955) Criticism of The Family Of Man Exhibit

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The show was criticized for being simplistic. It had controversy around it, but overall helped introduce people to new things and concepts.

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The photos involved in the Family of Man exhibit were impactful. They encouraged people to visit a museum for the first time and showed that race, gender, and orientation didn't affect what made someone human. It made differences be what makes people human.

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The Black Press was a news/journalism organization for African-Americans that captured the Emmett Till murder. They were created because of racial prejudice within American society during the time, and were the only people who captured the event on a photograph.

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The Emmett Till generation began because of the brutal murder of the 14-year-old, African-American boy, Emmett Till. This event was captured and made people outraged by the tragedy. Many photos were taken that captured the uproar created by people.

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The Black Press and the Emmett Till Generation affected society by making people feel angry at the current situation. It drove them to fight for justice and change to fix what American society was at that time.

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Robert Frank was a photographer who popularized Street Photography. His photo book "The Americans" was impactful, and it captured how he thought American life was like.

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The photo book named "The Americans" was filled with Street Photography by Robert Frank. It showed Americans in their daily lives, showing outside countries what it was like and showing Americans how they were viewed.

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Street Photography, which could also be considered candid photography, captures random situations in a natural way. It shows things as they are without interfering with the subject(s).

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(1960s - 1999) The Golden Age of Photography

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(1960s - 1999) The Golden Age of Photography

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Danny Lyon was a photographer who aimed to capture the Civil Rights Movement. He believed that it would be important to capture and the impact it would have would be significant.

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Civil Rights Photography was a form of photography that brought attention to the Civil Rights Movement. It also is used to bring attention to civil rights in general, or advocating for a change in those rights. During the 60s, civil rights photography was used a lot to capture the Civil Rights Movement and preserve that history and moment.

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The Birmingham Race Riots, as partially shown in the picture above, were riots that arose due to bombings that happened prior. The bombings targeted African-Americans and caused protests for civil rights and equal treatment.

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The Vietnam War was covered the most out of any other war, especially in the photography scene. The images captured showed the true feeling of what was happening and showed the intensity of the war.

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The Big Four in the Vietnam War were Quang Duc, General Nguyen Ngoc Loan, Phan Thi Kim Phuc, and Mary Ann Vecchio. These photos showed the true nature of the war and didn't hide anything, capturing the moments as they were.

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Shot by Malcolm Browne, Quang Duc pictures a monk lighting himself on fire in public. This was to protest against the South Vietnamese government.

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Shot by Eddie Adams during the Vietnam War, the picture shows Nguyen Ngoc Loan who shot and killed a handcuffed prisoner. This was captured on camera the moment it happened, gaining attention from around the world.

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Shot by Nick Ut, Phan Thi Kim Phuc pictures a naked, young Vietnamese girl with severe burns after Vietnam was napalmed by the US. This showed the horrors of war and inhumane acts being done.

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Captured by John Filo, the picture shows 14-year-old Mary Anne Vecchio kneeling next to the dead body of 20-year-old Jeffrey Miller. Miller died in the Kent State Massacre. The photograph gained popularity, but it was discovered that it was slightly manipulated. This caused controversy, but brought more attention to the things going on in the world at the time.

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Life Magazine covered the Vietnam War weekly throughout the war. Because they were doing this and due to other decision made, they decided to create One Weeks Dead.

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One Weeks Dead, created by Life Magazine, showed people who died each week during the Vietnam War. It only showed the faces of those dead, bringing them to life and making it feel more tragic, causing people to mourn and change their opinions on the war.

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One Weeks Dead, otherwise known as One Weeks Toll, caused people to begin questioning what the point of the war was. It brought the large amount of death to public attention and made them think it was all pointless and a waste of human lives, helping begin protests against the war.

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Apollo 8 was the ship which carried astronaut William Anders and his crew mates around the moon, being the first human beings to see it from that distance and angle.

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As the Apollo 8 was circling the moon, Anders was given the opportunity to capture Earth from the angle shown above. It created the very first picture of Earth from space, showing the half-lit surface of the Earth from the surface of the moon.

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(1968) Impact of The Apollo 8 Earth Photograph

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(1968) Impact of The Apollo 8 Earth Photograph

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The photo taken by William Anders was the first time people were able to see Earth as it is from outer space. It showed the world to the world, revolutionizing the way people viewed the Earth and space.

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The Whole Earth Magazine was the start of environmental movements to try to preserve nature. It aimed to show how finite earth's resources are in an effort to make people realize we have to start treating it better in order for humans to continue living. They did so starting with showing a picture of the entire earth.

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The Environmental Movement aims to save earth's environment. This may include stopping the use of certain materials, planting more trees, cleaning the environment, etc. During that time period, the Environmental Movement focused mainly on pollution and making the earth a cleaner place.

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(1970) Impact of the Environmental Movement

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(1970) Impact of the Environmental Movement

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Thanks to the Whole Earth Magazine's photos, the Environmental Movement was able to advocate for cleaner air, water, and environments successfully. The government was forced to take action.

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Photographs were a common way of capturing evidence for crime scenes. It gave visual clues that could be referenced even after the location was no longer a crime scene.

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Evidence fell under the category of Crime Scene Photography. This form of photography focused on taking pictures of crimes, may it be a little before, during, or after a crime had been committed. It provided evidence as well as told the story and nature of the crime committed.

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(1970s-Present) New Careers in Crime Scene Photography

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(1970s-Present) New Careers in Crime Scene Photography

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Crime Scene Investigator: $44,829 - $66,358
Forensic Specialist: $52,459 - $86,669
Supervising Forensic Investigator: $70,797 - $100,034
Property/Evidence Technician: $59,244 - $72,000
Latent Print Technician: $64,813 - $75,504
Criminalist: $64,937 - $110,873
Forensic Science Section Supervisor: $69,950 - $104,416
Forensic Scientist Trainee: $46,815 - $78,319

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Photo Ops captured photos of presidents and other political candidates. They would typically be for the government or for announcements/newspapers.

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(1980s) Political Photography and Its Propoganda

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(1980s) Political Photography and Its Propoganda

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All American presidents, since photographs were created, have known the power that each picture holds. They would typically show their "good" side whenever there was a camera around, and if they showed any bad side it would be used against them in the world of politics.

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Film is still used by some photographers because many photographers go to big events and film may be easier to access in some situations where nothing else is available.