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"The USA had poured in nearly 2 million fresh troops to reinforce the Allies... Germany's allies were on the verge of collapse and seeking peace. The German generals realized it  was only a matter of time before Germany was defeated".

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"There was a danger of revolution"  and the "Civilian and, in places, military morale was disintegrating".

- Sailors, soldiers, and workers started to protest the republic

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Text states that Germany's supreme  commander, General  Ludendorff,  "persuaded  the  Kaiser  to  transform  the  Second  Reich  into  a  virtual parliamentary  democracy  by  handing  over  power  to  a  civilian  government that  had  the  support  of  the  Reichstag".

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"Economic discontent and war weariness caused growing popular unrest." The German people became upset with the monarchy when "it was clear that the war was lost". The upset caused Germans to erupt and is "often described as the 'German Revolution' of 1918-19, the 'revolution from below'"

- Revolution from below creates a parliamentary republic which act as the beginning stages for the Wiemar republic (This part could be considered stability)

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"The new German government signed a 30-day armistice on II November 1918"

- Germany and its allies were exhausted. Their armies were defeated and their starving citizens were beginning to rebel. The need for the armistice from the U.S. became more urgent as Germany's allies began to drop out of the war.

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"However, opposition  was  not completely  suppressed  and  for  the  next  four  years  the  government  faced  a  series of  threats  from  the  extreme  Left.  Workers  were  angered  by  economic  problems and  disillusioned  by  the  lack  of  real  gains  from  their  revolution."

- Workers were angered by the lack of gains from the revolution which directly created economic problems

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REVOLUTION SUPRESSED: "A  communist  rising  by  the Spartacists  is  suppressed  by  the socialist  government.  (Later, in spring  1919  and  spring  1920, further  waves  of  strikes  and  risings are  suppressed.)"

- Wiemar republic used army to crush Spartacist rising

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"[It  was]  one  of  the  most  democratic  documents  in  the  world.  In  1919,  however, it  was  doubtful  whether  such  a  democratic  constitution  could  work  in  the  hands of  a  people  that  was  neither  psychologically  nor  historically  prepared  for  self-government. "

- So many varying political groups within the Wiemar Republic made it almost impossible for ideas to be formed and agreed upon

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"1919...Germany  was  wrecked  by  radical  unrest.  A  wave  of strikes  occurred  in  the  Ruhr  mines, central  Germany  and  Berlin.  The  strikers demanded  shorter  hours, the  socialisation  of  industry  and  a  government  based on  councils.  ... protests  was  uncoordinated, with  radical 'leaders'  desperately  following  rather  than  leading  the  protests.  The  KPD  had neither  strong  leadership  with  a  clear  strategy  nor  a  tightly  organised  party structure"

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"Between  1919  and  1925  Wiemar  politicians  lived  in  fear  of  assassination.  The brutalizing  effect  of  war, the  revolutionary  origins  of  the  Republic, the  political struggles  of  the  period  and  the  challenge  to  traditional  values  encouraged  some right-wing  Germans."

- referring to the dangers of the communist revolution

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"Effects  on  Germany Lost  13  per  cent  of  its  territory Lost  12  per  cent  of  its  population  (6.5  million);  half  of  whom  were  ethnic Germans.
-One  and  a  half  million  Germans  became  part  of  new  Polish state.
-Lost  48  per  cent  of  its  iron  ore;  16  per  cent  of  its  coal;  15  per  cent  of its  agricultural  production"

- Treaty of Versailles damages Republic economically and militarily

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"A  new  government headed  by  Kapp  was  proclaimed.  However, it  failed  to  gain  widespread  support, even  from  most  conservatives.  In  a  few  places, the  army  supported  the  putsch; in  most  areas, it  was  neutral. The  Left  organised  a  general  strike  in  Berlin  and  elsewhere  in  protest  at  the putsch.  Berlin  was  paralysed.  Even  civil  servants  and  bankers  refused  to recognise  Kapp's  government."

- Kapp putsch attempts to overthrow the Republic

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"The  KPD's  approach...foolhardiness and  hesitancy.  It  failed  to  exploit  the  post-Kapp  MILITANCY... Inadequate  leadership, poor  organisation, internal  divisions, lack  of  support  and government  repression  (accompanied  by  minor  concessions)  meant  that  the revolts  of  1920-5,  just  like  those  of  1919,  failed. "

- This gives communism more influenece

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- Central Germany communist rising. It threatened significant and crucial industrial areas

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Politicians from the Wiemar republic lead in fear of an assassination from the right

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Shows how the mark devalues throughout the Weimar Republic's reign

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"Germany  in  1925... Weimar  Republic  was hit  by  one  of  the  worst  inflationary  crises  in  history.  By  November  1925  the German  mark  was  worthless ... at one  stage  an  egg  cost  80  million  marks  and  a  glass  of  beer 150  million  marks. Workers  rushed  to  spend  wages  before  they  lost  even  more  value ...  food shortages, farmers  were  reluctant  to  sell  food..."

- The economic crisis was largely blamed on the republic, which damaged their reputation

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Hitlers Process of first attempting to gain power and spread Nazi ideals in germany.

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"The  inflationary  crisis, a  long  time  in  the  making, was  actually  solved remarkably  quickly. In  November  1925  the  new  Chancellor, Stresemann, took decisive  action  to  restore  confidence  in  the  currency...  the old  currency  was  replaced with  a  new  one, the  Rentenmark."

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"The  government  called  for  passive  resistance, that  no  one  should  co-operate  with  the  invaders.  ...  In  places  resistance  was  far from  passive  and  over  140  Germans  were  killed  in  clashes  with  French  troops. Revenues  to  the  government  fell  as  Germany's  industrial  heartland  was disrupted  but  expenditure  on  welfare  increased  rapidly, again  funded  by increased  printing  of  money."

-Side note: Hitler and the Nazi's during this time are slowly becoming more prominent and show that they will stop at nothing to gain more power

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Industrialist Hugo Stinnes held 20% of Germany's industries and spread the idea that a dictator was needed

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1. Pragmatic (BROWN) practical; dealing with things sensibly & realistically in a way that is based on practical rather than theoretical considerations.

2. Ideologic (BLACK) based on or relating to a system of ideas and ideals, especially concerning economic or political theory and policy.

Crisis State Aspects:

War, including the aftermath of the war (RED)

Economic Crisis (BLUE)

Political Instability (YELLOW)

Lack of Leadership (ORANGE)

Unpopular or tyrannical governments (PURPLE)

Fear of revolution (PINK)

New ideas introduced in politics (GREEN)

Nationalism, independence movements (TEAL)

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https://orbit.texthelp.com/?file=https://drive.google.com/uc?id=1lfhaeFVIe1JYO7w3o9hMSS1a3O4ueeo-&export=download&filename=Attachment:%20PDF:%20Dailey%20ch.%204%20-%20Germany.pdf&ClassroomRetUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fclassroom.google.com%2Fc%2FMzgxNzQ1MzAxMDQ3%2Fa%2FNDMwNDk5MTUwMTIx%2Fdetails