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refers only to mass movements, where there is a distinct zone of weakness that separates the slide material from more stable underlying material.
-Landslides are exceptionally destructive. Homes may be destroyed as hillsides collapse. Landslides can even bury entire villages.
-they may create lakes when the rocky material dams a stream. If a landslide flows into a lake or bay, they can trigger a tsunami

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Falls are abrupt movements of masses of geologic materials, such as rocks and boulders, that become detached from steep slopes or cliffs.
-Separation occurs along discontinuities such as fractures, joints, and bedding planes, and movement occurs by free-fall, bouncing, and rolling.
-Falls are strongly influenced by gravity, mechanical weathering, and the presence of interstitial water.

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Added water creates natural hazards produced by gravity.
-On hillsides with soils rich in clay, little rain, and not much vegetation to hold the soil in place, a time of high precipitation will create a mudflow.
-Mudflows follow river channels, washing out bridges, trees, and homes that are in their path.
-A lahar is mudflow that flows down a composite volcano (figure 6). Ash mixes with snow and ice melted by the eruption to produce hot, fast-moving flows. The lahar caused by the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in Columbia in 1985 killed more than 23,000 people.

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Less dramatic types of downslope movement move earth materials slowly down a hillside.
-Slump moves materials as a large block along a curved surface.
-Slumps often happen when a slope is undercut, with no support for the overlying materials, or when too much weight is added to an unstable slope.

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Creep is the imperceptibly slow, steady, downward movement of slope-forming soil or rock. Movement is caused by shear stress sufficient to produce permanent deformation, but too small to produce shear failure. There are generally three types of creep:

1. Seasonal, where movement is within the depth of soil affected by seasonal changes in soil moisture and soil temperature.

2. Continuous, where shear stress continuously exceeds the strength of the material.

3. Progressive, where slopes are reaching the point of failure as other types of mass movements. Creep is indicated by curved tree trunks, bent fences or retaining walls, tilted poles or fences, and small soil ripples or ridges.

Curves in tree trunks indicate creep because the base of the tree is moving downslope while the top is trying to grow straight up . Tilted telephone or power company poles are also signs of creep.

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A high gradient indicates a steep slope and rapid flow of water (i.e. more ability to erode)
-High gradient streams tend to have steep, narrow V-shaped valleys, and are referred to as young streams.

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a low gradient indicates a more nearly level stream bed and sluggishly moving water, that may be able to carry only small amounts of very fine sediment.
-Low gradient streams have wider and less rugged valleys, with a tendency for the stream to meander.

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Which of the following soil compositions is a clay?
a)70 percent clay, 30 percent silt, 0 percent sand
b)30 percent clay, 10 percent silt, 60 percent sand
c)15 percent clay, 25 percent silt, 60 percent sand.
D) 30 percent clay, 65 percent silt, 5 percent sand
Answer a

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What is the texture of a soil that gives a fair ribbon and has almost no gritty particles?
Answer: Silty clay loam

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What are the characteristics of a clay loam soil?
A clay loam soil has a good water holding capacity and a good nutrient holding capacity. Its permeability and aeration may be somewhat restricted.

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A confined aquifer is an aquifer below the land surface that is saturated with water. Layers of impermeable material are both above and below the aquifer, causing it to be under pressure so that when the aquifer is penetrated by a well, the water will rise above the top of the aquifer.

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A water-table or unconfined aquifer is an aquifer whose upper water surface (water table) is at atmospheric pressure, and thus is able to rise and fall. Water-table aquifers are usually closer to the Earth's surface than confined aquifers are, and as such are impacted by drought conditions sooner than confined aquifers.

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It is the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
-The mass of water on Earth remains fairly constant over time but the partitioning of the water into the major reservoirs of ice, fresh water, saline water and atmospheric water is variable depending on a wide range of climatic variables.
-The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from the ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, surface runoff, and subsurface flow. In doing so, the water goes through different forms: liquid, solid (ice) and vapor.
-The water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes. When water evaporates, it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment. When it condenses, it releases energy and warms the environment. These heat exchanges influence climate.

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cooking
drinking
bathing
washing

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farming
gardening fisheries

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manufacturing
cooling systems

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swimming
rafting
boating

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Aging infrastructure in many cities can lead to an increase in possible contamination. Ultraviolet technology can give peace of mind, knowing that you’re protected from many of the culprits of water contamination. A UV water purification system effectively destroys 99.9% of waterborne microorganisms. In this section, we explore the advantages and disadvantages of ultraviolet, the parts of a UV system, and frequently asked questions about UV water purification.

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Ultrafiltration (UF) is used to remove essentially all colloidal particles (0.001 to 1.0 microns) from water and some of the largest dissolved contaminants. The pore size in a UF membrane is mainly responsible for determining the type and size of contaminants removed. In general, membrane pores range in size from 0.005 to 0.1 micron as shown in fig (1.4.4). UF membrane manufacturers classify each UF product as having a specific molecular weight cutoff (MWC), which is a rough measurement of the size of contaminants removed by a given UF membrane.

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anaerobic treatment uses bacteria to help organic material deteriorate in an oxygen-free environment. Lagoons and septic tanks are among the various anaerobic treatment methods. The best known anaerobic treatment is anaerobic digestion, which is used for treating food and beverage manufacturing effluents, as well as municipal wastewater, chemical effluent, and agricultural waste treatment.