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To complete the CREATE assignment I decided to choose Russia as my HerpetoArea (just like my BioArea) because it's my home country and I miss it. Plus, there's already too much padlets about Greece ;) But because I live in Greece now that's the reason I can't actually go to any of russian museums like it suggested in some of assingments.
Credits for the padlet background image:
https://feldherpetologie.de/allgemein/herpetofauna-russland/

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The predominant type of vegetation is taiga. The climate of the South of Eastern Siberia is extracontinental.
Image: https://oko-planet.su/pogoda/newspogoda/425841-rossyp-rekordov-na-yuge-vostochnoy-sibiri.html

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Pseudepidalea raddei (Strauch, 1842)
Image: https://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?enlarge=0000+0000+0511+0907

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Most of the territory of Yakutia is located in the middle taiga zone, which to the north is replaced by forest tundra and tundra zones. The soils are mainly frozen-taiga, sod-forest, alluvial-meadow, mountain-forest and tundra-gley. Forests cover about 4/5 of the territory. In the river valleys and on the alas, meadows are common.
Image: https://ru.depositphotos.com/41268499/stock-photo-autumn-tundra-on-the-background.html

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Salamandrella keyserlingii (Dybowski, 1870). The only amphibian species that is well adapted to life in the permafrost zone
Image: http://www.naturalhistoryonthenet.com/Amphibians/SiberianSalamander.htm

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Cedar-deciduous forests
Image: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjtg6nKpNTgAhVN2qQKHU7uAG4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drive2.ru%2Fb%2F2121189%2F&psig=AOvVaw0e8GIw6OqUbsG1XfZ0OBiD&ust=1551094796576749

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Bombina orientalis (Boulenger, 1890)

Image: By Vassil - Own work, CC0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36459305

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Pelophylax nigromaculatus  (Hallowell, 1861)
image: By Alpsdake - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=27312735

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Palaeobatrachus Tschudi 1839 (frog)

Osteichthyes - Salientia - Palaeobatrachidae
Subtaxa: Palaeobatrachus occidentalis Palaeobatrachus robustus

Ecology: amphibious carnivore

Distribution: Miocene of France (1 collection), Hungary (6), Romania (2), the Russian Federation (2)
https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=37447

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Phylogenetic tree for ID card: amphibian fossil

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Phylogenetic tree for ID card: amphibian fossil

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Cladogram showing the hypothesized phylogenetic relationships of major lineages of archaic anurans

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New, highly unusual pliosaurid from the Early Cretaceous shows close convergence with the cranial structure of polycotylids: Luskhan itilensis gen. et sp. nov.
Reptilia - Sauropterygia - Pliosauridae

Type specimen: YKM 68344/1_262, a partial skeleton. Its type locality is Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation, which is in a Hauterivian offshore shale/siltstone.

Ecology: aquatic carnivore

Distribution: found only at Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation.

text: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982217304979
https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=354124

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Phylogenetic tree for ID card: reptile fossil

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Phylogenetic tree for ID card: reptile fossil

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Proposal:
To dicrease the wood harvesting in the area because it causes the habitat degradation and non-timber crops was the most pervasive threat. Maybe it would be better to put some limits on the amount of woods that could be produced by this region or if  there are already exist such a limit maybe makes sence to reduse this limit, so to stop the degradation of the reptile habitat. Also, it makes sense to ban the international trade of these species. Unfortunately I think it's impossible to ban the consumption reptiles by human but the educational programm about the environmental and scientific values of these endemic species of reptiles would be good start to change people's minds.

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Habitat loss and degradation is one of the greatest threats to amphibian and reptile populations and occurs from a variety of sources, including urban/suburban development, aquatic habitat alteration from water withdrawals and stream diversions, water pollution, and off-road vehicle use in terrestrial habitats. Development can negatively affect habitat by destroying sites or degrading their quality, and by creating barriers or hazardous zones (e.g., a road) between important habitat features. Loss and degradation of habitat can disrupt population connectivity, diminishing the rate of dispersal and recolonization, such that local populations are unable to persist through natural catastrophes or population fluctuations.

Diseases like chytridiomycosis (that is caused by a recently identified species of parasitic fungus and known as the amphibian chytrid fungus), ranavirus (that causes disease in amphibians, reptiles and is especially considered a global threat to amphibian populations) and reptile upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) (that is caused by the bacterium ) are also ones of the crusios threats to amphibians and reptiles.
Invasive species are another threat to amphibian and reptile populations. Non-native reptile and amphibian species may act as predators of or competitors with native species. Also, non-native fish compete with or eat native fish that are needed by the herpetofauna species. Non-native fish may also prey upon native amphibians and reptiles.

The introduction of non-native plant species threatens some reptiles. Alteration of habitat (e.g., changes in habitat structure and native plant community composition) has negatively affected some of them.

Chemical contaminants come from many sources and include locally applied herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers, wastewater, and unintended releases of sewage, fuels, solvents, and other chemicals used for maintenance or construction. Such pollutants can have direct and indirect effects on both amphibians and reptiles

Because pollutants have reduced the thickness of the protective ozone layer in the atmosphere, increasing amounts of UV-B are reaching the earth’s surface. Amphibians may be more vulnerable to harmful effects of UV radiation than other kinds of animals due to their “naked” skin and shell-less eggs.

Amphibian and reptile populations are sensitive to fluctuations in the amount and timing of precipitation. Drought has been implicated as the cause of drastic declines in frog populations. In addition to direct effects on survival and reproduction, drought can adversely affect amphibians by interacting with other factors, such as disease, UV-B radiation, and exposure to contaminants. Although drought is a natural phenomenon, climate changes including drought could be occurring faster than organisms can adjust.

Increased temperatures resulting from climate change could affect some reptiles and amphibians.

In addition to the threats from non-native, invasive species domestic animals, such as dogs, may also threaten some reptile species.

https://www.nps.gov/articles/reptiles-and-amphibians-threats.htm

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Buisness plan of a local voluntary organisation

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Buisness plan of a local voluntary organisation

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Our mission:
To protect the local herpetofauna, by educating the local population about the role of reptiles and amphibians in nature.

To cope with the threats to the local herpetofauna and help people achieve positive changes in their thinking, we will:

· Educate and inspire future generations through the experience of communicating with the local herpetofauna, providing them with an understanding of the role they can play in its preservation and the role that reptiles and amphibians play in the wild, as well as an understanding of the fragility of the nature.

· Conduct various civic actions in order to raise awareness of the local population.

· Inform the local population about the problems that herpetofauna faces in the area and about possible solutions based on scientific research and experience.

· Consult with stakeholders from local municipalities and discuss the possibility of creating local reserves (in this case, it will help not only the herpetofauna, but also other local animals that need protection);

· Create both possible municipal and private programs for the restoration of threatened species and offer these programs to the various public and private structures that have the means he means and capabilities to implement them.

For all these matters, our organization needs to have not only volunteer staff (even if they’re experienced people), but also several scientists-biologists (preferably herpetologists), as well as a good manager (an essential link in communication with public, municipal and private structures) , and, of course, a technical developer, because at this time of high technology all ideas should be presented online (apps, website, etc.)

As for financial issues, our organization will use a sponsorship from individuals and organizations that have a sustainable business, or a crowdfunding mechanism, because we believe that there are enough people in the world who have a desire to support nature conservation organizations, even local ones ​​and with a narrow focus.

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Threats to the Common European viper by degradation in its HerpetoArea 

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Threats to the Common European viper by degradation in its HerpetoArea 

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Common European viper (Vipera berus) lives in Russia in the Murmansk region. The northern limit of its distribution does not extend beyond the forest zone. The northernmost find is the Greasy Tundra. It is often found on rocks and seaside meadows (O. Velikiy), in the coastal part of Porya Bay, on the Terya Cape, where it breeds. Habitat conditions in the north themselves severely limit the numbers of the species. However, in Russia the north is a promising development zone (especially industrial). In this regard, human activities change the natural ecosystems and destroy the habitats of Common European viper. Open spaces and forests are disappearing in favor of industry, roads and cities. Even in existing forest areas, preferred reptile breeding areas are steadily declining, for example, by cutting down forests. There are numerous cases of the intentional killing of snakes by man due to its venomousness. These data have led to the fact that the Common European viper is given the status of a rare, in a state close to the threatened, although recently this reptile had a sufficient population.
image: https://gurkov2n.jimdo.com/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F/%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F/

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I think that's the right answer:
The effect of climate change on organisms in Europe is a combination of all the previous first 4 options (1-4) but it is mainly driven by the second one.

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Vipera magnifica TUNIYEV & OSTROVSKIKH, 2001

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Vipera magnifica TUNIYEV & OSTROVSKIKH, 2001

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Vipera magnifica is a species of viper in the family Viperidae. This species is endemic to the Caucasian part of Russia. It is venomous. It's a small viper of the Eurosiberian group. Coloration is not bright. Number of ventral shields and number of crown shields are the biggest for all representatives of "kaznakovi" complex.
Vipera magnifica was called due to miracle combination of pattern and coloration. Endemic for Russia
text: http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Vipera&species=magnifica&search_param=%28%28taxon%3D%27Viperinae%27%29%29
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipera_magnifica
image: https://viperacaucasica.wordpress.com/magnifica/

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Long-Tailed Clawed Salamander, Fischer's Clawed Salamander. No lungs. Vomerine teeth in two arch-shaped continuous series; premaxillary fontanelle large. Parotoids developed moderately. Costal grooves well-developed. Tail long, cylindrical at the base and slightly compressed at the end, slightly longer than the body with head. Toes five. Coloration brown or brown-greyish, with dark points and obscure dorsal golden or brownish band which may be divided into large spots. Males have a relatively shorter tail and relatively longer forelegs than females, and a lateral fold on the hind leg between the 5th toe and tibia. Male's vent is longer and more swollen, tail tip acute in female and rounded in male. Completely developed larvae with distinct, acute, blackish claws; larvae of rheophilous type. Endemic for Russia.
text and image: https://amphibiaweb.org/species/3905

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Threats to some amphibians by degradation in its HerpetoArea

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Threats to some amphibians by degradation in its HerpetoArea

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Another example of habitat loss and degradation is an absolute extinction of the populations of tritons and the common toad in the Volga-Kama region. The reason for this disappearance was deforestation and uprooting of shrubs, drainage of wetlands and backfilling of small water bodies during agricultural reclamation, changes in the hydrological regime, and hence the microclimate.
image: Karamell - собственная работа, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=4117056

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CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1122527

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A new species of reptile - Mediterranean house gecko (Hemidactylus turcicus) also known as the Turkish gecko - was discovered by scientists in Sochi. These lizards did not live on the Russian Black Sea coast before. Most likely, reptiles were brought from Turkey with building materials. These lizards inhabit the walls of buildings and rocks, the climate of the drier and rocky places of the Mediterranean - the coast of Turkey, Italy, Greece, Sicily - is ideal for them. In connection with the specific nature of the vegetation of the Sochi coast, the reptile has no opportunities for further settlement, the scientist said. I's one of the examples how animals can be threatened by the change of their usual habitat.
text: https://news.ru/obshestvo/sochi-stal-mestom-obitaniya-novogo-dlya-rossii-vida-reptilij/
image: CC BY-SA 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=633458

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Vipera orlovi TUNIYEV & OSTROVSKIKH, 2001

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Vipera orlovi TUNIYEV & OSTROVSKIKH, 2001

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Vipera orlovi is a species of snake in the family vipers. It is listed as critically endangered by IUCN. Species is named after the Russian herpetologist — Nikolay L. Orlov, who made an im-portant contribution to the study of Caucasian vipers. A medium-size viper of the Eurosibe-rian group. Head has more light coloration than body. Canthals and labials are white. Number of ventral shields and number of crown shields are the least for all representatives of "kaznakovi" complex. Endemic for Russia.
text: http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Vipera&species=orlovi
https://eol.org/pages/462400
image: https://sites.google.com/site/viperacaucasica/orlovi

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STEP 4 for Themes 1 and 2. Comparison with HerperoAreas of my co-learners

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STEP 4 for Themes 1 and 2. Comparison with HerperoAreas of my co-learners

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My HerpetoArea is much larger than most of HerpetoAreas of my co-learhers, due to the fact that Russia is larger in area than European countries. However, due to the cold climate, the richness and endemicity of herpetofauna in Russia is less than in countries with warm climates. Also, herpetology in particular is not so popular science direction in Russia, and it is much easier for European countries to find articles on this topic.

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The Caucasian toad (Bufo verrucosissimus) is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae.

Distribution:

The species inhabits the Caucasus (former USSR and Turkey) and Northwestern Iran (Elburz Mountains). The range is highly fragmented. Bufo verrucosissimus turowi inhabits a narrow territory in the foothills of the northern slope of the Main Caucasian Ridge (Russia) from the confluence of the Rivers Urushten and Malaya Laba to Yatygvart Town the canyon of the Bolshaya Laba River. Bufo verrucosissimus circassicus inhabits a narrow territory at the northwestern of the Great Caucasus: from Krepostnaya Village on the northern slope of the Main Caucasian Ridge towards Gelendzhik Town on the shore of the Black Sea.

Habitat: The Caucasian Toad lives in mountain coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests upward to the subalpine belt. The toad prefers wet, shaded sites in forests, bushlands, their edges and glades. Holes under logs and stones are used as hiding places. Some specimens were found in hollows of slantwise staying trees. Reproduction occurs in clear, flowing or semi-flowing water, mainly in brooks, springs and small rivers, but also in puddles, ponds, lakes and seepage pools.

Physiology: Large size (ranging from 70-190 mm snout-vent lenght). Males do not have a resonator, or a tarsal fold. In addition, the Caucasian toad has 2nd and 3rd toes with paired subarticular tubercles.   The male differs from female by a considerably smaller body size and other characters similar to those involved in the sexual dimorphism of B. bufo. However, there is no sexual dimorphism in coloration.
text: https://amphibiaweb.org/species/309
image: © 2008 Philip de Pous

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https://garynevillegasm.com/novosti-i-obschestvo/71543-glavnyy-kavkazskiy-hrebet-opisanie-parametry-vershiny.html

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Distribution of Caucasian toad in Russia

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Distribution of Caucasian toad in Russia

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http://berkeleymapper.berkeley.edu/index.html?tabfile=https://amphibiaweb.org/tmpfiles/777968&configfile=https://amphibiaweb.org/tmpfiles/bm_config_136454.xml&ViewResults=tab&sourcename=AmphibiaWeb+Species+Map:+Bufo+verrucosissimus&amphibiaweb=true&label=1&opacity=0.50&pointDisplay=pointMarkers

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Northern Chinese softshell turtle

(Pelodiscus maackii), commonly known as the Amur softshell turtle[2] or the northern Chinese softshell turtle, is a species of turtle in the family Trionychidae.

Distribution: Russian Far East (Amur, Ussuri, Sungari and Liao-che River systems in the Far East) NE China, Democratic Republic of Korea, South Korea (Chkhikvadze 1987), Kyrgyzstan

Habitat:  Still waterbodies, such as ponds, lakes and marshes, as well as slow-flowing, lowland rivers. Rivers south of the Amur River, namely Sungari and Ussuri Rivers and course of the Amur River between the Sungari and Ussuri Rivers.

Physiology: This aquatic species may attain a straight oval in shape carapace length of 32.5 cm (1.1 ft). Carapace lacks horny scutes (scales). The neck is long and thick with leathery skin, and the snout is pointed. Males have longer tails than the females. Sex of the hatchlings is not determined by incubation temperature.
text: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Chinese_softshell_turtle
https://www.ecologyasia.com/verts/turtles/chinese-soft-shell_turtle.htm
image: © Kim, Hyun-tae

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CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=15945253

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My co-learners did really amazing work with business plans. Maybe because we don't all fully understand what business plans mean in this context, some of them make very inspiring things like from the part "About us " on some website of the environmental organisation, some of them (me too) describes the purposes of the organisation and also try to include the economic and human resources aspects that they're going to need to create this organisation. I think all ways are right when you want to create something that can really help the people to save our nature regardless of if the organisation is Greenpeace or if it's small and local and tries to protect only the herpetofauna of the local region. We all do the big thing and every effort matters.

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Russian Journal of Herpetology (founded in 1993) is an international multi-disciplinary journal devoted to herpetology. Russian Journal of Herpetology accepts original papers on ecology, behavior, conservation, systematics, evolutionary morphology, paleontology, physiology, cytology and genetics of amphibians and reptiles.

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STEP 4. Comparison with the other reports about Threats.

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STEP 4. Comparison with the other reports about Threats.

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As I can see from many reports of my co-learner we all have pretty the same threats for our HerpetoAreas - the threats that are actually well-known all over the world. The main difference is that some threats have high prevalence in tropical or subtropical countries than in countries with temperate or cold climate. Such as in countries like Greece there are more threats like fires or like bacterial and fungus infections in tropical countries because there is a more beneficial environment for their development.

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What I can say is only that I didn't know that so many physiologic adaptations exist in nature. Ampibians and reptiles have very much diversity in physiology and ecology (some of the cases so wierd that you are just very surpeised). All regions have their own hardships for herpetofauna but animals somehow find a way to live there anyway. I'm really happy that we had such theme in our course, it's amazing!