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<<Question 1>>
● 1      two examples of animals with a predator-prey relation;

<< From the researchers' point of view, the relationship between wolves and moose gives the best picture of predator-prey relationships, as moose are almost the only prey for wolves on some isolated territory. After studying their relationship for decades, researchers have realized that the food shortage resulting from wolves eating too many moose, keeps a check on the wolf population as well.>>

<< In the freshwater biome, an osprey catching a fish will be a perfect example of predator and prey in action. This bird is found nearly everywhere where it can find fish to prey upon. With its exceptional eyesight, the osprey can see any movement in the water. It strikes at a lightning speed and pulls the fish out of water, thanks to its opposable claws and the sharp spiny scales on its toes. As for fish, their best defense is to avoid shallow water.>>

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<<Question 2>>
● 2      two parasitic organisms;

<< Although the term ectoparasites can broadly include blood-sucking arthropods such as mosquitoes (because they are dependent on a blood meal from a human host for their survival), this term is generally used more narrowly to refer to organisms such as ticks, fleas, lice, and mites that attach or burrow into the skin and remain there for relatively long periods of time (e.g., weeks to months). Arthropods are important in causing diseases in their own right, but are even more important as vectors, or transmitters, of many different pathogens that in turn cause tremendous morbidity and mortality from the diseases they cause.>>

<< Malaria (Paludismo) is a life-threatening mosquito-borne blood disease. The Anopheles mosquito transmits it to humans. The parasites in mosquitos that spread malaria belong to the Plasmodium genus. Over 100 types of Plasmodium parasite can infect a variety of species. Different types replicate at different rates, changing how quickly the symptoms escalate, and the severity of the disease.>>

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<<Question 3>>
● 3      the ecological niche of two characteristic animals;

<< For example, Spitting fish (Archer Fish) spit out water to hit insects flying above the water's surface. The Archer fish is using the ecological niche of the " air above water " and has adapted to this niche by being able to spit water at flying insects.>>

<< Dung Beetle - As the name implies, dung beetles eat dung, both as adults and as larvae. They live on all continents except Antarctica. Dung is plentiful throughout the world, and over time, the dung beetle has learned to exploit it as a resource, and create its own niche. Dung beetles are known for the way in which they roll dung into a ball before transporting it. These balls area buried in an underground burrow to either be stored as food or used as brooding balls. The female lays eggs in the brooding ball and the larvae hatch inside. When they reach adult size, the beetles dig out of the ball and work their way to the soil surface. The actions of dung beetles serve several important functions in their habitat. Digging burrows and tunnels turns over and aerates the soil. The buried dung releases nutrients into the soil that benefits other organisms. In addition, the beetle’s use of dung leaves less available for flies to breed on, thus controlling some of the fly population.>>

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<<Question 4>>
● 4      two organisms that share the same food (niche partitioning) and the way that they manage it;

<< As an example of niche partitioning, several anole lizards in the Caribbean islands share common food needs—mainly insects. They avoid competition by occupying different physical locations. For example, some live on the leaf litter floor while others live on branches. Species who live in different areas compete less for food and other resources, which minimizes competition between species.>>

<< In the Galapagos Islands, finches with small beaks are more able to consume small seeds, and finches with large beaks are more able to consume large seeds. If a species' density declines, then the food it most depends on will become more abundant (since there are so few individuals to consume it). As a result, the remaining individuals will experience less competition for food.>>

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It's really admirable how you developed the project from conception to completion. I liked the organization, the clarity and above all from the perspective.
Congratulations.
Your BioArea is looking excellent!

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DOCUMENTATION
BIBLIOGRAPHIC references:

Topic n.º (1)

Bolen, Eric, and William Robinson. Wildlife Ecology and Management. New York: Benjamin Cummings, 2008.

Topic n.º (2)

Garcia, L. S. (1999). "Classification of Human Parasites, Vectors, and Similar Organisms" (PDF). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 29 (4): 734–746.

Poulin, Robert (September 1995). "Evolution of parasite life history traits: myths and reality". Parasitology Today. 11 (9): 342–345

Topic n.º (3)

https://www.zooportraits.com/ecological-niche-different-species/

Robert Bear, David Rintoul; Principles of Biology

Online: <http://legacy.cnx.org/content/col11569/1.24>

Topic n.º (4)

Armstrong, R.A., McGehee, R. (1980). "Competitive exclusion". American Naturalist. 115 (2): 151–170.

Leibold, M.A. (1995). "The niche concept revisited: mechanistic models and community context". Ecology. 76 (5): 1371–82

Topic n.º (5)

https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/food-web-concept-and-applications-84077181

Hui, D. (2012) Food Web: Concept and Applications. Nature Education Knowledge 3(12):6

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Your BioArea is looking excellent!

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THEME 3 [Wildlife overexploitation in our BioArea for the pulp industry]                 The pulp and paper industry comprises companies that use wood as raw material and produce pulp, paper, paperboard and other cellulose-based products. The main public discussion around wood trees – eucalyptus – it is about the high volume of plantations.

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THEME 3 [Wildlife overexploitation in our BioArea for the pulp industry]                 The pulp and paper industry comprises companies that use wood as raw material and produce pulp, paper, paperboard and other cellulose-based products. The main public discussion around wood trees – eucalyptus – it is about the high volume of plantations.

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THEME 3 [ IUCN Red list of Threatened Species]

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THEME 3 [ IUCN Red list of Threatened Species]

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AMPHIBIANS 40%
CONIFERS 34%
BIRDS 14%
The 19% of reptiles threatened with extinction

Real invasions of alien species in our BioArea during the last decade = vespa-asiática (Vespa velutina)

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THEME 3 - Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation

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THEME 3 - Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation

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Biodiversity loss

Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC); also known as land change) is a general term for the human modification of Earth's terrestrial surface.

Biodiversity is often reduced dramatically by LULCC. When land is transformed from a primary forest to a farm, the loss of forest species within deforested areas is immediate and complete. Even when unaccompanied by apparent changes in land cover, similar effects are observed whenever relatively undisturbed lands are transformed to more intensive uses, including livestock grazing, selective tree harvest and even fire prevention. The habitat suitability of forests and other ecosystems surrounding those under intensive use are also impacted by the fragmenting of existing habitat into smaller pieces (habitat fragmentation), which exposes forest edges to external influences and decreases core habitat area. Smaller habitat areas generally support fewer species (island biogeography), and for species requiring undisturbed core habitat, fragmentation can cause local and even general extinction. Research also demonstrates that species invasions by non-native plants, animals and diseases may occur more readily in areas exposed by LULCC, especially in proximity to human settlements.

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<<Question 5>>                              'Relationship of organisms in ecosystems', make an analogous slide (trophic pyramid found in slide 6 of the resource topic 2.1) one with plants and animals

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Biotopes_Caceres, La Aldea del Obispo, Rio Tozo 1, Saxifraga-Jan van der Straaten

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THEME <>  [Protected Area                             There is a protected área: Serra de S. Mamede Natural ParkCoordinates 39 ° 18 ' 47  "N 7 ° 21 ' 35 " O · Altitude, 1 027 m (3 369 ft). Prominence, 661 m. Insulation, 75.65 km.      Location, Distrito de Portalegre, Alentejo. Country, Portugal. The Serra de São Mamede is an elevation of mainland Portugal, with 1025 meters of altitude

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THEME <>  [Protected Area                             There is a protected área: Serra de S. Mamede Natural ParkCoordinates 39 ° 18 ' 47  "N 7 ° 21 ' 35 " O · Altitude, 1 027 m (3 369 ft). Prominence, 661 m. Insulation, 75.65 km.      Location, Distrito de Portalegre, Alentejo. Country, Portugal. The Serra de São Mamede is an elevation of mainland Portugal, with 1025 meters of altitude

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THEME 1 - Biotic characteristics of our BioArea.                                - Existence of olives trees, produce fruits that feed the birds   - Snails and slugger are the preferred food of snakes and frogs                 Abiotic characteristics of our BioArea.                                           - Our heavy soils favour wild plant growth                                               - The river Sever watershed remains pollution-free and this can be seen as an excellent habitat for small amphibian animals

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THEME 1 - Biotic characteristics of our BioArea.                                - Existence of olives trees, produce fruits that feed the birds   - Snails and slugger are the preferred food of snakes and frogs                 Abiotic characteristics of our BioArea.                                           - Our heavy soils favour wild plant growth                                               - The river Sever watershed remains pollution-free and this can be seen as an excellent habitat for small amphibian animals

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Theme 2: Q1: Reason for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park...Answer: The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

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Theme 2: Q1: Reason for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park...Answer: The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood.

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Theme1- HOTSPOT              There are no hotspots on the Portugal east region, because there are no regions there that meet the two criteria necessary to be designated as a hotspot. As indicated in the scientific centres, there need to be 1,500 endemic species of plants, and more than 70% of the original habitat lost. The vicinity of water is not directly related to these criteria. However, it is possible that in the rest of the world, proximity to water helps, say, to boost the number of endemic plant species. Note, too, that many of the hotspots are very far away from water, particularly on the Asian continent.

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Theme1- HOTSPOT              There are no hotspots on the Portugal east region, because there are no regions there that meet the two criteria necessary to be designated as a hotspot. As indicated in the scientific centres, there need to be 1,500 endemic species of plants, and more than 70% of the original habitat lost. The vicinity of water is not directly related to these criteria. However, it is possible that in the rest of the world, proximity to water helps, say, to boost the number of endemic plant species. Note, too, that many of the hotspots are very far away from water, particularly on the Asian continent.

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Marvão, despite this is a very humanized and ruralized area, also contains a remarkable set of natural habitats with the species that are of its own, which will scarce or no longer exist in more planed areas and subject to greater human pressure. Thus, it is still possible to find all the communities of the natural successions of the Black Oak and the Sobreiro, which are distributed, preferably, by the north and south slopes, due to the differentiation of the ecological conditions mentioned.

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Ponte da Portagem
Olhos de Água

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The quartzitic crests of the Marvão region are responsible for imposing reliefs of hardness, which go well beyond this region. The figure illustrates very closely one of these quartzitic outcrops (seen from Marvão Castle) which, because they are more resistant to erosion than the surrounding rocks, are responsible for hardness reliefs that are available in lines that sometimes reach several Miles. See the contrast between a lively relief in quartzitic outcrops and a planed area around Marvão, whose castle is precisely one of the highest points of these crests.

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Água do Rio Sever

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Geologia
Crista quartzítica de Marvão

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Azeite
Ouro do Alentejo

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AlexSousa
Choupos
Estrada "Marvão - Castelo de Vide"

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Flora Silvestre
Oliveiras