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Contre la violence des crs et de la gendarmerie 

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Contre la violence des crs et de la gendarmerie 

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Le photo montre le manifester et le "tear gas" en la rue.

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The volatile period of civil unrest in France during May 1968 was punctuated by demonstrations and major general strikes as well as the occupation of universities and factories across France. At its height, it brought the economy of France almost to a halt.

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Un poster du manifestant
http://jeanpaulachard.com/mai/pages/012.html

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Homme et Femme tous deux participer en les evenements de mai 68. -Caroline

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Un manifestant

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Un article de le greve de mai 68, apres 50 annees.
https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/patrick-eveno/il-y-a-50-ans-comment-les-journaux-parlaient-de-mai-68_a_23425087/

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La police et les manifestants

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Ils ont utilisé les arbes pour la pétition

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Andre

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Cet article de journal explique ce qui s'est passe en France en mai 68.

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May 1968: A Month of Revolution Pushed France Into the Modern World (Published 2018)

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It is hard to find a French person born before 1960 who does not recall the upheaval that changed French culture and society over the course of a few weeks of often violent protest.

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Émute police deviant de Le Rex cinema allumé Grands Boulevards en Paris. -Chloe

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Le manifester de mai 68 parfois devenir violent. -Caroline

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Ce photo montre les etudients qui ont manifeste.

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Un manifestant

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Jeff Egalon

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Il y a eu 7 morts durant ce regrettable événement.

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Il y a eu 7 morts durant ce regrettable événement.

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Les événements du mai68 provoquent la mort d'au moins sept personnes et des centaines de gens gravement blessés.

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Un poster propagande

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Un article sur 'Mai 68'

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This month marks 50 years since the events of May 1968 brought the winds of social change to France.

It started out with the students. Their protests against capitalism and consumer society soon led to general strikes, demonstrations, occupations and violent clashes with police.

President de Gaulle fled for fear of seeing the Elysée Palace overrun; despite rumours that he would resign he held on. Still, at the end of may, with half a million protesters in the streets of Paris and in order to avoid a civil war, he dissolved the government and called for an election in the following month.

Talkin' about a revolution.

The following year, 1969, those same winds continued to blow on the other side of the Atlantic. It had started in 1967 with the protests against the draft and the war in Vietnam but the unrest picked up speed that year. My parents had just moved our family from Canada to the U.S. At twelve years old, I was too young to fully appreciate what was going on in Woodstock, but I remember being riveted by the songs of revolution. And living state-side in Minneapolis as I saw first hand what it meant to be American. We had to pledge allegiance to the flag at school. I placed my hand on my heart but never bothered to learn all the words.

Half a century later, you have to wonder: have we learned anything at all? The world has surely undergone many a revolution in the past 50 years, perhaps the biggest of all being our entry into the information age. So much has changed, and yet so little. Social injustice, the waves of migrants displaced by war, the violence of governments against their people...

Perhaps one thing that has changed is that communication technology is making it harder for any one group to own the information. The change has been slower to come here in France but, as explained in this report from the BBC, it has taken the wind from the sails of the strikes this year. People are able to see which trains are running and adapt accordingly. They are increasingly allowed to work from home. The government has been able to monitor, and surely influence, the news flow.

Of course, the other side of information is mis information. The attention economy. Fake news. A new battle is being waged, and our minds are the battle field. Sadly, many wander into the war entirely unprepared. Media literacy is all too scarce. Manipulation of naïve souls is all too easy.

There is a tendency in France to think of the events of '68 as a purely French phenomenon. It was a time of profound change that brought the sexual revolution, women's liberation and workers' rights. But the times, they were a-changing around the world. And the impact of those changes is still being felt today.

Where were you in May 1968?

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This month marks 50 years since the events of May 1968 brought the winds of social change to France. It started out with the students. Their protests against capitalism and consumer society soon led to general strikes, demonstrations, occupations and violent clashes with police. President de Gaulle fled for fear of seeing the Elysée Palace...

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Des manifestants sont en greve

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Manifestion violent

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La vidéo parle de la pétition des étudiants en université

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C'est quoi Mai 68 ? (EP. 611) - 1 jour, 1 question

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Les manifestant leaders- Chloe

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Paris est deveste

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Mallory: un manifestant pour la grève

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Les Manifestants ont Protesté

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Ce photo montre des manifestants avec leur liste de demandes.

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un video

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Les étudiants étaient trés actif en le mai 68 manifester. -Caroline

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Les manifesteurs a utilisent les voitures

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Histoire vive - Emily A

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Le 6 mai 1968, rue Saint-Jacques à Paris

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Article de The Indepentent sur les manifest

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The French always celebrate 1 May with a few riots. They did so this year with added piquancy because it was the 50th anniversary of the famous " Mai 68" when, in the Latin Quarter of Paris, the Left Bank, the whole month was devoted to riotous assembly led by students. In contemplating these events, I recall Wordsworth's often quoted phrase: "Bliss it was in that dawn to be alive" - unless, of course, you were struck by a cobblestone hurled by a student demonstrator or soaked and knocked off balance by a police water cannon.

Presumably those who were demonstrating in Paris last Tuesday have now resumed their normal lives. The point about May 1968, however, is that they didn't go back to college or to work the next day, they carried on, some of them for the whole month. Why was that? After all, economic growth had been unusually strong, the country was calm, both politically and socially, inflation was weak, living standards had been rising and there was little unemployment.

Was it in a way a very 1960s thing? That question is prompted by a French historian of the period, Éric Alary, who observes that "May 68 is seen as a period when audacious moves seemed possible and during which society profoundly changed". For that is an accurate description of the nature of the 1960s, whether in Western Europe or in North America.

At the same time, there was a big rise in the sheer number of young people as a result of an increase in the birth rate in the closing stages of the Second World War and for some years afterwards. Thus, in France, the under-20 cohort rose from 30.7 per cent of the population in 1954 to 33.8 per cent in 1968. At the same time in France (1967), the school leaving age was raised from 14 to 16.

This required a massive expansion of teaching staff and building. As a result, students often found themselves being taught by hastily trained teachers in hastily built class rooms. In France, as in Britain, this was followed by a big expansion of the university sector. There was inevitably something ramshackle about it all, and students noticed. Yet the command structures of educational establishments remained unchanged.

Nonetheless, universities are never just academic establishments full stop. For their campuses and their indoor and outdoor spaces lend themselves to meetings and debates and even to organising mini demonstrations. The intellectual gods of these 1960s students were Marx, Freud and Sartre, the French existentialist philosopher. In a famous passage, Sartre wrote that "God does not exist, and as a result man is forlorn, because neither within himself nor without does he find anything to cling to". This struck home. For as Bob Dylan sang in 1965 - "How does it feel/How does it feel/To be on your own/With no direction home/Like a complete unknown/Like a rolling stone?"

One had either to start things on one's own without adult backing, or not at all. This was an unprecedented and intoxicating freedom. As the French student leader Dany Cohn-Bendit told the Paris demonstrators in May 1968: "There are no marshals and leaders today. Nobody is responsible for you. You are responsible for yourselves."

In fact, as is the way of things, Mai 68 began not in central Paris, but in Nanterre, a suburb seven miles to the northwest, and not in May but on 22 March. The construction of the university of Nanterre campus in a bleak shanty town had begun in 1962. In the spring of 1968 it was still not finished. The building were exceedingly functional and contained some 12,000 students. They were particularly shocked to find themselves living and doing their studies in what was in effect a building site. They demanded, too, the right to circulate freely between the residences of males and female students, still forbidden in what one might call pre-1960s style. There was a lot of justified discontent.

Some 150 students, including far-left groups together with a small number of poets and musicians, occupied a building. The police surrounded it. After publication of the students' wishes, they left the building without any trouble. But then they took their protest movement to the Sorbonne in the very middle of the Latin Quarter. That was how Mai 68 started.

In a drastic action, the authorities shut down the University of Nanterre on 2 May. The students who had decamped to the Sorbonne were bound to think that this was a hostile act, an outbreak of war between the university authorities and the student body. It had been natural to head to the Sorbonne, France's premier university, which had the prestige of its ancient foundation 700 years earlier. This meant nothing to the police, of course, who invaded the Sorbonne the next day.

In response, on 6 May the national students' union and the union of university teachers organised a protest march. It was one of the key events of the month. The head of the Paris police was obsessed by the need to protect the Sorbonne and its surroundings from a massive invasion by the students. He placed 1,500 officers in defence. But then came 6,000 protesters in waves. Overnight the confrontation was particularly violent. Thousands of cobblestones were ripped up and used as projectiles by the demonstrators. The police responded with teargas grenades. Dozens of gendarmes were taken to hospitals. Students were wrenched from the arms of the police by their colleagues.

The next day, students, teachers and increasing numbers of young workers gathered at the Arc de Triomphe to demand that all criminal charges against arrested students be dropped, that the police leave the university and that the authorities reopen Nanterre and the Sorbonne. But negotiations broke down. When the students returned to their campuses to find that the police were still in occupation, a near revolutionary fervour began to grip them.

The next big date was 10 May. The atmosphere became more and more tense. Left-wing students were seeking a confrontation and the force of law and order did nothing to avoid it. Senior politicians now began to fear that an insurrection was being planned that would soon set ablaze the whole country. When the Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité, a special police unit specialising in riotous situations, blocked the demonstrators from crossing the river, the crowd again threw up barricades, which the police then attacked at 2.15 the next morning after negotiations once again floundered. The confrontation, which produced hundreds of arrests and injuries, lasted until dawn.

The events were broadcast on radio as they occurred, and the aftermath was shown on television the following day. This demonstration of heavy handed police brutality brought on a wave of sympathy for the strikers. Moreover, in a highly significant move, the major union federations called a one-day strike and demonstration for Monday, 13 May. The workers were going to march with the students.

They had their own grievances. There had been sporadic industrial trouble since the beginning of the year. More than half of them put in a 48-hour week. They feared that their standard of living had ceased to improve. Unemployment, albeit from a low base, was beginning to rise. As a result this was no longer a Paris event, for workers took to the streets throughout France. Their slogan was "Ten years! That's enough!" referred to Charles de Gaulle 's long period as president.

The events the next day, 14 May, were as important. For workers began occupying factories, starting with a sit-down strike at the Sud Aviation plants near the city of Nantes. If students could occupy their universities, then workers could seize control of their factories. By 16 May, workers had occupied roughly 50 factories throughout France and 200,000 were on strike by 17 May. That figure snowballed to two million workers on strike the following day (18 May) and then ten million, or roughly two thirds of the French workforce on strike the following week (23 May).

The unions assumed that the workers simply wanted more pay. So, when they were able to negotiate substantial pay increases with employers' associations, they thought their job was done. But workers had also demanded the ousting of the De Gaulle government and in some cases demanded to run their own factories.

The demonstrations and the strikes went on. Meanwhile on the morning of 29 May, De Gaulle suddenly boarded a helicopter and left the country. He went to the headquarters of the French military in Germany and called a meeting of Council of Ministers for 30 May back in Paris. On that same day, the unions led 400,000 to 500,000 protesters through Paris chanting "Adieu, De Gaulle ". The head of the Paris police carefully avoided the use of force.

Sensibly De Gaulle responded by dissolving the National Assembly and calling a new election for 23 June. He ordered the workers to return to work immediately, threatening to institute a state of emergency if they did not. The Communist Party agreed to the holding of the election. Immediately revolutionary feelings began to fade away. The police retook the Sorbonne on 16 June. And the Gaullists won the greatest victory in French parliamentary history.

The May days of 1968, it turned out, had been a convulsive moment, nothing more enduring than that. Nonetheless in Wordsworth's words, "to be young was very heaven".

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How the student riots of May 1968 brought France to the brink of revolution

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Fifty years ago today the streets of Paris staged a battle between 6,000 student demonstrators and 1,500 gendarmes - within days it had snowballed into civil dispute that saw 10 million French workers go on general strike and brought the economy to a virtual halt.

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L’etudient a lancé plerre à policier en Paris

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Andre - Un poster pour les travailleurs

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Les etudiants

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Destruction sur les routes

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Le post- Emily A

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kenzie buffington

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Ils ont ultilisé les voitures à barricade la rue  

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Ils ont ultilisé les voitures à barricade la rue  

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Madison Allen

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Un manifestant

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Jeff Egalon

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Une banderole avec les more: "La Revolution C'est Quand L'Extraordinaire Devient Quotidien"

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Sois jeune et tais toi- cette posteur a montrez le government et les manifesteurs. Le government est colere a les personnes

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barricades en boudreaux

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La révolte libertaire de mai 68 - Zone subversives- Emily A.

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Le temps de vivre - George Moustaki // une chanson qui vient du film 'Le Temps de vivre'

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Le temps de vivre - George Moustaki // une chanson qui vient du film 'Le Temps de vivre'

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Allez voir le livre 'LA BEAUTÉ EST DANS LA RUE,' une collection de tous les posters de mai 68

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Allez voir le livre 'LA BEAUTÉ EST DANS LA RUE,' une collection de tous les posters de mai 68

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Les rues sont devenues une toile de liberté d'expression 

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Les rues sont devenues une toile de liberté d'expression 

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Meme des chansons en anglais ! // Street Fighting Man - The Rolling Stones

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Meme des chansons en anglais ! // Street Fighting Man - The Rolling Stones

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Enjoy the videos and music you love, upload original content, and share it all with friends, family, and the world on YouTube.

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Il existe plein de chansons inspirées par mai 68 // L'été 68 - Léo Ferr

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Il existe plein de chansons inspirées par mai 68 // L'été 68 - Léo Ferr

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Civil unrest rocked much of the world in 1968, but France in particular experienced a flashpoint that brought the country's economy to a halt and even led President Charles De Gaulle to briefly flee the country - and it all started with students.

The chaos that came in May 1968 in France was so great that what is simply referred to as " Mai 68 " can be hard to understand and unpack. So that you can join the discussion and appreciate the many events commemorating the 50th anniversary of Mai 68 this year, we're providing the 5-minute backstory: what caused Mai 68, who faced off, and what changed when it was all said and done.
Prologue
While President Charles de Gaulle is largely heralded as a French national hero - you may have heard of him from the country's biggest airport - his legacy is much more complicated. He and his Gaullist party were far from broadly popular in their day; the Communist and Socialist parties of France's National Assembly even formed a coalition an effort to unseat him. Generally, people weren't feeling very warmly toward the government.

Meanwhile, on March 22, 150 students occupied - aka barricaded - a building at Paris University at Nanterre. They aimed to draw attention to the arrest of several students at a Vietnam War protest on March 20. Ultimately, the students ended the barricade after learning the arrested students had been released, but they had laid the groundwork for what was to come on a national scale in May.
Phase 1: the students
On May 2, Nanterre University was shut down after students organized an "anti-imperialist" protest at the university. On May 3, with the campus closed, the protests moved to the Sorbonne in the Latin Quarter. An attempt by the police to evacuate the Sorbonne turned violent, and by the end of the day, 574 people had been arrested.

On May 6, thousands of students, teachers, and like-minded citizens came in solidarity with the movement to protest on the closed Sorbonne campus. Police laid a violent crackdown on the protesters, who responded by barricading areas of the campus and even throwing cobblestones ( pavés) at the police. Les pavés would become an important symbol of the revolution. The protestors were subsequently beaten and tear-gassed, with hundreds arrested and injured by the end of the day. On May 7, 30,000 students marched on the Champs-Elysées, and the student movement spread nationally.

Most famous of all was the night of May 10 when police used Molotov cocktails and burned cars to disperse a crowd of more than 10,000 sheltered by 60 barricades. It was the beginning of a 48-hour violent clash along the Left Bank.
Phase 2: the workers
After the Left Bank riots, factory workers joined the fight on May 13 by barricading their places of work. Unions had called for a one-day strike, but workers continued striking. Brands like Renault and Citroën, and plane manufacturers like Sud Aviation and Dassault were severely hampered with multiple plants across the country being occupied by their workers. Since the factory shut-downs were not controlled by the unions as was usual in France, leaders could do nothing to mitigate the strikes. Workers added to the student demands by calling for higher pay, an ouster of de Gaulle, and the ability to run their own factories. By May 24, ten million workers were on strike.
Phase 3: the politics
On May 25 and 26, the unions' leaders and the government crafted the Grenelle Agreements in an effort to create compromise and stop the fighting. The workers weren't satisfied with the Agreements' provisions, and continued to strike. The rejection of what the Gaullists considered a generous offering drove the country further into disarray. With the country on the brink of armed civil war, Prime Minister Georges Pompidou ordered an " armored gendarmerie " of 1,000 men to the outskirts of Paris.

De Gaulle fled France on May 29, with no one in the country - even those in his own government - knowing where he was for over six hours. Even though Pompidou was technically in charge while de Gaulle was gone, the government along with the country's economy effectively came to a halt.

On May 30, over 300,000 Gaullists descended on the French capital. Encouraged by the show of support, de Gaulle returned from the French military base in Germany to which he'd fled to dissolve the National Assembly in order to elect new officials in an effort to appease the people. Slowly but surely, things began to return to normal as strikes ended, cleanup began, and lingering tensions cooled - at least on the surface. Despite nearly being forced to resign and narrowly evading a violent coup, de Gaulle's party claimed the largest majority in French parliamentary history in the subsequent election on June 23 and 30.
Epilogue: the aftermath
Though the Grenelle Agreements were never actually agreed to, the major provisions were implemented: 35% raise in minimum wage, 10% raise in overall wages, and a 40-hour work week, among other reforms. Six months later, the Sorbonne became 13 smaller universities to handle the issue of student overcrowding.

The mini-revolution had social implications similar to the 1960s in America, such as the liberation of women from certain gender expectations and the establishment of worker rights, which lies at the heart of France's identity crisis today. More than anything, Mai 68 showed that French society - which considered (and still considers) itself one of the most advanced in the world - is capable of completely unwinding into chaos. It also revealed a certain futility to political revolutions in the modern age, given that the Gaullists emerged stronger than ever. The real question for today is how France chooses to remember, or avoid remembering, Mai 68.

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What Happened in France in May 1968, Explained

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Civil unrest rocked much of the world in 1968, but France in particular experienced a flashpoint that brought the country's economy to a halt and even led President Charles De Gaulle to briefly flee the country - and it all started with students.