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According to The DSM-5, Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by deficits in social communication and social interactions which can range from poor social-emotional reactivity, poorly integrated non-verbal or verbal communication, and difficulty developing, understanding and maintaining relationships (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Also, to be diagnosed two or more of the following is needed in regards to repetitive behavior or restricted interests in certain activities: repetitive speech, movement, or use of objects, strong rituals or routines, intense fixations, and atypical sensory reactivity (APA, 2013).

I found this show on Netflix called Atypical and used a video clip from YouTube as an example (Netflix, 2017). The show follows a teenage boy named Sam who is diagnosed with Autism. In this clip, Sam is at school and wants to learn more about how to get girls. This is the first indicator of Sam's Autism because he has trouble developing and understanding how relationships work. He proceeds to call the girl he's trying to get information from a skank, which is due to his poor social-emotional reactivity when communicating. The guys then proceed to tease him because of his lack of social skills. Sam lacks basic social cues and has difficulty responding and interacting with the guys. He goes off on the subject of animals in response to being teased, which can be a part of his fixations on animals (which is apparent when watching the show). He knows he is being teased, but he doesn't know what for, which stems from his difficulties in communicating. Sam then has over-reactivity to the sensory input (him being teased, everyone laughing, the light buzzing in the background). This meets the criterion for atypical sensory reactivity.

I think Sam meets the criteria required to be diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder based on this video clip, although the show depicts more of certain criterion listed in the DSM-5 that he meets. He displays deficits in social communication and interactions by meeting all the criteria under that umbrella. He also displays his fixations on animals and has a atypical reaction to sensory input, which meets at least two of the criteria in repetitive behavior and restricted interests. In this video clip alone it can be inferred that Sam does in fact have Autism. The APA (2013) recognizes that Autism is on a spectrum and can range from mild to severe. In this video clip, it appears Sam has a milder form of Autism since he is able to speak and communicate even if it done poorly.

There are a couple stereotypes that emerge from this video clip, however, I think it does a good job of portraying what it is actually like for a teen with Autism. A stereotype that is easily identifiable is the fact that Sam is carrying headphones with him. Kids with Autism are sensitive to sound, and that is pretty well known. Headphones help block out the sounds and are often needed for kids with Autism, but very stereotypical. Another stereotype in the clip is the fact Sam is depicted as stupid because he doesn't know what the boys are talking about when they tease him. Yes, he lacks basic social cues and he has issues communicating, however, many people with Autism are incredibly smart and gifted. Other than these two apparent stereotypes, Sam's character seems to be depicted quite accurately, showing what life is like for someone on the spectrum.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(5th Ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Netflix. (2017, August 11). Retrieved    October 10, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bT4xuTTLy9E

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Atypical | Clip: Research on How to Steal a Woman | Netflix

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According to the DSM-5, Schizophrenia is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and negative symptoms. One of the following has to be present to be diagnosed: delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There needs to be a significant disturbance in levels of functioning when it comes to work, relationships, and/or self-care and symptoms need to be present for at least one month, and disturbances need to persist for at least six (APA, 2013). Schizophrenia follows a spectrum in regards to positive and negative symptoms. Positive symptoms include delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking (Sue, Sue, Sue, & Sue, 2016). Delusions are false personal beliefs that are held consistently contrary to evidence or logic. Hallucinations are hearing voices that aren't actually there (Sue et al., 2016).

The song The Monster featured on Eminem's album The Marshall Mathers LP2 released in 2013 alludes to schizophrenia. The song's chorus, sung by Rihanna, goes like this "I'm friends with the monster that's under my bed, Get along with the voices inside of my head, You're trying to save me, stop holding your breath
And you think I'm crazy, yeah, you think I'm crazy" (Eminem & Rihanna, 2013). The rest of the song focuses on Eminem's struggles with fame, his past, and his mental illnesses. Not saying Eminem has schizophrenia, however, in the song he mentions his OCD and alludes to his depression and anxiety. After doing some research on Eminem, he appears to have had a traumatic childhood, full of abuse and he almost died due to drug overdose in 2009. Applying the multi-path model to schizophrenia, psychologically, childhood trauma and depression can be factors that cause schizophrenia, and socially, abuse and poor family relations are factors (Sue et al., 2016). It does not appear outside of this song or even within the song that Eminem or Rihanna struggle with schizophrenia, but the song's chorus itself brings up some ties to schizophrenia.

I think this song does accurately represent schizophrenia, but there is not enough criteria within the song for it to be diagnosable according to the DSM-5. The first line of the chorus "I'm friends with the monster that's under my bed" can meet the criterion for delusions, considering monsters are not real and it is not normal to be friends with them. The second line of the chorus "get along with the voices inside of my head" definitely meets the criterion for hallucinations, considering one is hearing voices. There does not seem to be any disorganized speech, but that can be apparent because this is a song not a person. There could be significant disturbances in functioning but it can't be seen with a couple lyrics from this song. There is also no way we can tell if it is persistent for at least a month and that the symptoms are present for six. Schizophrenia does fall on a spectrum, so in this case the song could be describing a milder form of schizophrenia. Also, a lot of people have mentioned that when Eminem wrote this song he was talking about his personal demons (whatever they may be), not alluding to schizophrenia. Either way, it's hard to make a claim, even though the song's chorus is heavily infused with schizophrenic-like symptoms.

There are a couple stereotypes that are apparent within the chorus. One stereotype that is easily identifiable is the line "you think I'm crazy, yeah, you think I'm crazy". A lot of people do not understand schizophrenia and can quickly pass judgement that a person with schizophrenia is in fact, crazy. Another stereotype emerges from the line "You're trying to save me, stop holding your breath". A lot of people think that they can save someone who is a schizophrenic (or any other mental illness), however, for someone with schizophrenia, it is a long road to recovery. There are other dimensions of schizophrenia, but a lot of people think schizophrenia is just delusions and hallucinations, which is what this song portrays. The chorus can be stereotypical in and of itself. I think it is an accurate representation of those aspects of schizophrenia, but overall lacks the bigger picture.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(5th Ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Sue, D., Sue, D. W., Sue, D., & Sue, S. (2016). Understanding abnormal behavior. Stanford, CT: Cengage Learning.

The Monster by Eminem feat. Rihanna, The Marshall Mathers LP2 (2013). Retrieved from
https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/eminem/themonster.html

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According to the DSM-5, Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by (a) restriction of choleric intake, leading to significantly low body weight (BMI), (b) intense fear of gaining weight, and (c) distorted view of one's body (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). There are two subtypes of Anorexia: restricting type and binge/purge type. The restricting type describes weight loss accomplished by dieting, fasting, and/or exercising. The binge/purge type describes a person that uses compensatory behaviors (laxatives, self-induce vomiting, etc) to keep weight off (APA, 2013).  A person can either be in partial or full remission. Partial remission is someone who meets criterion b and c, but not a (low body weight). Full remission refers to someone who has met the full criteria (APA, 2013). Anorexia severity is based on body max index (BMI).

This picture from getty images, portrays a women who appears to struggle with Anorexia. In this picture, a women, who appears to be very thin stands before a mirror, but the reflection is distorted as she appears to be overweight. It is hard to tell in this picture if this women meets criterion a, because there is no given BMI or weight, she just appears to be very thin. By this picture alone, you cannot tell if she meets criterion b. However, in her reflection, her mouth is wide open, almost in shock. The assumption then could be made that she does have an intense fear of gaining weight. This picture screams distorted body image, which meets criterion c. The women is actually thin but all she sees in the mirror is that she is overweight. There is also no way to tell by this picture if she is the restricting type or the binge/purge type. It can be said this picture does accurately depict someone who has Anorexia, but only one or two aspects of the disorder. You can tell she is thin like someone who has Anorexia and that she has a distorted view of herself. In this case, she would be in partial remission since she is missing criterion b.

There are a couple of stereotypes that can be seen in this picture. There is a stereotype that the only way Anorexia can be depicted, picture wise, is by a woman standing in front of a mirror with a distorted body image. Distorted body image is more than just starring at a mirror thinking one is overweight. It is a very terrifying thing for someone who actually suffers from Anorexia. Another stereotype is the contrast between thin and heavy. Not every person who suffers from Anorexia is super thin, although that is a major criterion. Someone who is very normal in weight could have the same distorted body image. Other than these two stereotypes, this picture is pretty accurate in depicting Anorexia. Many women struggle with this in a very real way. Also, many women struggle with feeling bloated or pregnant even though they are super thin. It is much more than just looking in the mirror and thinking one is overweight. Anorexia takes over one's psychological functioning and worst of all, their physical functioning.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(5th Ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

Retrieved from https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/illustration/illustrative-image-of-woman-looking-in-royalty-free-illustration/494330255

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According to the DSM-5, Dissociative Amnesia is characterized by the sudden inability to recall information of specific events or one's life history (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Dissociative Amnesia results from a severe life stressor or a traumatic event. Dissociative Amnesia can become chronic if severe enough (APA, 2013). Many people with Dissociative Amnesia can remember how to do things such as drive, read, write, clean, etc. However, an individual may be unable to recall names, dates, address, times, etc. If memory loss is psychological it may be retrievable, however, if it is from a traumatic event such as a car accident it can become chronic. There are five main different types of amnesia; localized, systematized, selective, generalized, and continuous. There is also retrograde and anterograde.

The movie 50 First Dates, follows a girl named Lucy and a guy named Henry who precedes to win her over each day because she does not remember who he is. Lucy was in a horrible car accident and lost her short term memory as a result of it. In this clip from YouTube, Henry precedes to pick up the conversation with Lucy that they had the day before, only she does not remember who he is. He then finds out why when one of the restaurant workers tells him what happened. Lucy can remember everything up until the day of the accident. However, Lucy wakes up every morning thinking it is the same day as the accident, so she does the same routine she did the day of the accident. Lucy meets new people and the next day she does not remember them because to her it is the same day as the accident, however, she does not remember the accident. She does not know she has amnesia because her father sets it up like it was the day of the accident, until Henry comes into her life. Lucy has no ability to form new memories. Lucy realizes her condition is chronic when the doctor said there was no recovery from it, but then she meets ten second Tom, who only remembers people and situations for ten seconds.

By this video alone you can tell Lucy suffers from Dissociative Amnesia. After her accident she had a sudden inability to recall information. She could remember he name, her family, those that she had met before, and all the days leading up to the accident, but she cannot remember the accident or what happened after. Her amnesia is due to a traumatic event. Her brain is continually stuck on the same day. This type of amnesia is anterograde and continuous. Her amnesia is chronic because of the severity of her brain injury.

There are a couple stereotypes that emerge from this movie. One major stereotype is that this movie is very romanticized and dramatized for Hollywood's sake. With Lucy's condition being chronic, I don't think anyone would be able to stay in her life like that. I don't think a person like Lucy would be able to maintain a relationship, at least not a functional one. I don't think Lucy is an accurate representation of someone with dissociative amnesia. She meets the criteria, but if she was a real person, I'd imagine life would be very difficult for her. Difficult things include having to wake every day with no new memories, stuck on the same day, hearing the news, etc. Hollywood makes it look so easy for Lucy and Henry to fall in love. The movie also gives the appearance that it is easy for her family and friends. Lucy's character is displayed well, however, the movie makes life and love for someone with that condition easy when in reality it is not.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(5th Ed.) Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

50 First Dates (2004). Retrieved From https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehtk3NfnX4A

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According to the DSM-5, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity must be atypical for a child's age and developmental standpoint.  A diagnosis requires the symptoms to be present before age 12 , present for at least 6 months, and present in at least two settings(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Hyperactivity can be classified as excessive moment and/or talking. Impulsivity can be classified by acting without considering the consequences. Those with ADHD are easily distracted and tend to have wondering thoughts and frequent daydreaming (APA, 2013).

As child, I loved Anne of Green Gables. I read the entire series and watched the movies. I'm using the book as a point of reference to Anne's preposed ADHD. Lucy Maud Montgomery wrote Anne of Green Gables in 1907, before the DSM even coined the characteristics or term for a diagnosis. However, Anne, the protagonist, in all her quirks, now exhibits many characteristics of ADHD. The story follows an 11 year old orphan girl, Anne Shirley, who is mistakenly adopted by Matthew and Marilla Cuthbert, who happened to be two older siblings. They originally wanted to adopt a boy to help them on their farm in Prince Edward Island. After a while, Anne grows on them and the story follows her through school, the town, and beyond. Anne's hyperactivity can be seen in her excessive talking. Anne's impulsiveness can be seen through her hot-headed temper when someone or something strikes her the wrong way. Anne is constantly distracted, daydreaming and making up stories in her head - and out loud because of her lack of a filter. Anne constantly makes careless mistakes throughout the story.

I think Anne meets the criteria required to be diagnosed with ADHD. Anne is 11 years old when the story first starts, meeting the criterion for age. We see Anne through years and years of her life and her "quirks" do not seem to waver, meeting the criterion for duration of 6 months for a diagnosis. Her problems are seen in every possible setting in the book, whether at home, school, or roaming around Prince Edward Island, which meets the settings criterion. Anne is constantly talking. This quote from the novel is a prime example of that: "But am I talking too much? People are always telling me I do. Would you rather I didn't talk? If you say so I'll stop. I can stop when I make up my mind to it, although it's difficult" (Montgomery, 1908). This could meet the criterion for hyperactivity. Anne is very impulsive, getting her into situations where she gets in trouble. A prime example of this is when Gilbert Blythe calls her "carrots" and then precedes to tug on her braid. Anne is a fit of rage takes her chalkboard and smashes it over his head. This example and many others through the book can meet the criterion for impulsivity. Anne is constantly distracted by daydreaming and forgets simple tasks. "I was so harrowed up in my mind last night that I didn't think about my clothes at all. I'll fold them nicely tonight. They always made us do that at the orphanage. Half the time, though, I'd forget, I'd be in such a hurry to get into bed and quiet and imagine things" (Montgomery, 1908). This could meet the criterion for inattention. An example of one of Anne's careless mistakes is when she mixes up wine and grape juice and gets Diana Barry (Anne's best friend) accidentally drunk. Someone with ADHD are more susceptible to these kinds of mistakes.

There are a couple of stereotypes that can be seen throughout the book. One stereotype that is easily identifiable is her excessive talking. At first glance, it is easy to dismiss Anne as very annoying, however, many people ignore factors of ADHD in people that cannot be controlled. In this case, Anne cannot control her excessive talking. Another stereotype is that Anne is a very "troubled" child, always misbehaving. Those with ADHD struggle with impulsivity, which causes a lot of behavioral problems. Anne desires to be a good student, but it is presented that she isn't by her teachers and fellow classmates throughout the novel. Overall, Anne's character seems to be depicted accurately for someone who has ADHD. Despite, the tough childhood Anne had and her challenges with her many different "quirks", she overcomes a lot and is quite successful in school and life. Thus, giving hope to those who have ADHD that they can lead wonderful lives.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(5th Ed.) Washington, DC: Author.

Montgomery, L. M. (1908). Anne of Green Gables. Boston: Godine.