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https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PydJ6uPdicAGYGRa8Xuu5t9DfcCLMM3i/view?usp=sharing

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Heaney, Seamus, translator. Beowulf. New York, W. W. Norton and Company, 2000.

Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Edited by Roma Gill, Oxford UP, 2006.

Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Penguin Books, 2000.

Asma, Stephen T. "Tolkien's Tragic Beowulf." On Monsters: An Unnatural History of Our Worst Fear, Oxford UP, 2009, pp. 97-102.

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- Allows us to look at people from a different lens and perspective.
- Good and Evil has more than black and white definition
- Based on Culture as well
- Asma: He believes that Christianity determines good an evil or in the case of a traditional story: who a monster killer/hero is

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"Reading sensitive and lengthy explorations of people's lives,.... literally putting yourself into another person's position- [into] lives that could be more difficult, more complex... can lead to more empathy and understanding of other lives."

"Without Christianity, monster killers are either hopeless existential heroes, trying by pathetic human effort to rid the world of evil, or they are themselves monstrous giants amid a flock of righteous and meek devotees." (99)

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-  open with the quote
- talk about how reading influences a readers actions

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- Satan is seen as a cruel character who went against god and is now trying to overthrow Heaven
- However, he feels hurt
- Heaven was so bad and he felt so oppressed under God's rule that he is willing to stay in hell than go back to Heaven
- He would rather be free and be his own ruler in Hell than be under a cruel God in Heaven
- Who is really evil?
- Based on perspective, Satan has a reason to act the way he does and God turns out to be the evil and cruel figure

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1) "To reign is worth ambition though in Hell: Better to reign in Hell, than serve in Heav'n" (9)

2) " So spake th' apostate angel, though in pain, Vaunting aloud, but racked with deep despair/And him thus answered soon his bold composer" (6)

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- Brutus did commit murder after all, so traditionally that would be murder because he innocently killed someone
- Torn society: cannot decide who is truly evil and who is good
- Caesar did have evil and selfish intentions that would have hurt Rome in the future
Brutus had good intentions, but he killed someone
- It is based on perspective

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1) "This was the noblest Roman of them all: / All of the conspirators, save he,/ Did that they did in envy of great Caesar. / He, only, in a general honest thought/And common good to all, made one of them. His life was gentle, and the elements/ So mix'd in him that Nature might stand up/ And say to all the world, 'This was a man!' (103)

2) "not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more...I honor him; but, as he was ambitious, I slew him." (56-57)

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-Write about the hubris of Beowulf
-Cruelly and needlessly cut off Grendel's head
- Demonize Grendel's mother, but she was just a monster getting revenge for the death of a son
- She acted as any mother would
- Beowulf turns out to be the materialistic and not very heroic
- because the society needed to be saved they made Beowulf a hero and Grendel a monster, but beyond labels there is a bigger story

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GREAT! And that culture varies our understanding of good and evil right? Which quote are you responding to? Refer to it implicitly in your thesis. 

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GREAT! And that culture varies our understanding of good and evil right? Which quote are you responding to? Refer to it implicitly in your thesis. 

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1) "Beowulf in his fury now settled that score: he saw the monster in his resting place, war-weary and wrecked, a lifeless corpse, a casualty of the battle in Heorot. The body gaped at the stroke dealt to it after death: Beowulf cut the corpse's head off." (Line 1584-1590, 109)

2)"Grendel's bloodied hand. It was a fresh blow to the afflicted bawn. The bargain was hard, both parties having to pay with the lives of friends." (91)

3)“his mother / had sallied forth on a savage journey, / grief-racked and ravenous, desperate for revenge” (1276-1278)

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Paragraph 3 Topic Sentence: Paradise Lost

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Paragraph 3 Topic Sentence: Paradise Lost

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In the mock epic Paradise Lost, John Milton outlines the reason for the fall of man and Satan's perspective on his situation in Hell. By placing the reader in Satan's shoes, Milton helps readers gain a new understanding of a character traditionally seen as an evil villain.

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Paragraph 2 Topic Sentence: Julius Caesar

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Paragraph 2 Topic Sentence: Julius Caesar

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In the play Julius Caesar, the ruler of Rome, Julius Caesar, dies at the hands of his close friend Marcus Brutus, however the reader's perspective determines the protagonist and antagonist of the story. Despite committing murder, many readers see Brutus as the tragic hero because he killed his best friend for the good of Rome.

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In the epic Beowulf, the main character, Beowulf, defends Heorot and later his own land from three different monsters. Despite appearing as a simple fight between good and evil, further analysis of the story shows society labelling Beowulf as a well-intentioned hero and labelling Grendel, Grendel's mother, and the dragon as evil monsters.

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Through reading, empathizing, and understanding the perspectives of antagonistic and protagonistic characters  in books like Beowulf, Julius Cesar, and Paradise Lost, readers begin to realize that culture and society dictate the concepts of good and evil and that no character acts entirely good or entirely evil.

“Literature seems to offer lessons in human nature that help us decode the world around us and be better friends.”