# data[].attributes.body
dna profile to compare to normal non edited gene

# data[].attributes.body
Compare proteins synthesis of an unmodified cell to a modified cell

# data[].attributes.body
Testing for the non-functional or functional protein before and after. If non functional becomes functional or vice versa then it has worked.

# data[].attributes.body
Insert a gene that confers fluorescence or a specific colour

# data[].attributes.body
Add a piece of DNA coding for a florescent gene. Wait for the cells to replicate and see if its fluorescent

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Using Markers e.g. fluorescent markers

# data[].attributes.body
Grow the CRISPR-edited cells and treat with the antibiotic. All successfully edited cells will die.

# data[].attributes.body
Find what protein the gene codes for and then test the modified cell to see whether that protein is still being made. You could also mark the gene with a fluorescent dye.

# data[].attributes.body
Using Markers e.g. fluorescent markers

# data[].attributes.body
Use complementary radioactive or fluorescent DNA probes

# data[].attributes.body
Make a culture from the cells with the knocked out gene, then compare them to a control culture to test if the culture you believe has a knocked out gene expresses the characteristic of the gene or not

# data[].attributes.body
Sequence the genome and compare to one that hasn’t been tested on to spot any differences

# data[].attributes.body
Insert fluorescent markers

# data[].attributes.body
Tag gene of interest with fluorescence

# data[].attributes.body
If change in DNA in embryos then the change is passed onto offspring.
Time consuming to incorporate the gene for Cas9

# data[].attributes.body
create a culture then take a sample and find the number of bases, compare the number to the number of bases of the control sample

# data[].attributes.body
Moral - editing the germline of offspring - unfair biological advantage for the rich. Mutations may be amplified in offspring - unknown reprocussions. Ethical - lead to gene-edited babies.

# data[].attributes.headline
What do you think are the greatest challenges facing CRISPR’s use in medicine? 

# data[].attributes.subject
What do you think are the greatest challenges facing CRISPR’s use in medicine? 

# data[].attributes.body
Ethical issues surrounding changing DNA eg playing God, consent of an embryos/ descendants of someone who has genetically modified DNA
Reduce Biodiversity
Unknown effects of genetic change

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Unknown repercussions on genetic health (scientific and ethical).

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Designer babies
Cause unexpected changes

# data[].attributes.body
-Regulation of what is allowed and what isn’t.
-To what degree is too much.
- Running Clinical Trials - How do you go about it.

# data[].attributes.body
Ethical concerns-designer babies. Religious concerns-playing god. If all diseases were curable it could result in mass overpopulation

# data[].attributes.body
Designer babies-people being bred only for the purpose of who ever ‘designed’ them e.g. super soldiers etc.
Economical problems - expensive, if it is used too frequently without success

# data[].attributes.body
If permanent change to the genetic sequence is off target or ineffective causing an unwanted change, these changes could be passed on to the future generations.

Also the extent to which genetic editing is ethical in terms of creating a wider socioeconomic gap for those who can afford treatment and those who can’t if designer babies were to become viable.

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CRISPR was invented for benefit humans and improve their lifestyle, however, CRISPR methods on the human embryo is illegal so how could we overcome this?

Also, Editing DNA especially your gametes could negatively impact on your offsprings and the generations to come.

Cutting edge research therefore it is expensive in terms of equipment and etc.

Also unknown long term effects on the body after CRIPSR editing

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Time, money, unexpected consequences on the cells. You might not know of potential side effects on other functions of the cells that may have been affected or other parts of the DNA that may have been affected as well. Ethical issues around animal testing and authorising human tests. Just because it works well on some genes doesn’t mean it will be as efficient on other genes or loci.

# data[].attributes.body
Reliability of the techniques - bacteria are different to humans
Unpredictable outcomes of gene editing
Cost
Ethics - could lead to picked traits and playing God
Not enough testing on the long term effects

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Negating the risk of unintended base addition/substitution inbetween  the DNA cut and insertion of new DNA

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Lack of consent from both the future child and subsequent generations to which the traits will be passed on.

# data[].attributes.body
Ethics of society not being okay with genetic modifications. Unknown long term effects. Hard to actually apply it practically b/c such a small scale. Takes a longggggggg time. Where do the limits lie? Very controversial in general

# data[].attributes.body
Unknown effect on epigenetic mechanism