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https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/us-history/civil-war-era/slavery-and-the-civil-war/v/start-of-the-civil-war
The Civil War in the United States began in 1861, after decades of simmering tensions between northern and southern states over slavery, states’ rights and westward expansion. The election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 caused seven southern states to secede and form the Confederate States of America; four more states soon joined them. The War Between the States, as the Civil War was also known, ended in Confederate surrender in 1865. The conflict was the costliest and deadliest war ever fought on American soil, with some 620,000 of 2.4 million soldiers killed, millions more injured and much of the South left in ruin.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2HAVuld0_0
Juneteenth is a holiday commemorating the freedom of the slaves in the United States. The nameJuneteenth is a combination of the words June and nineteenth. The day is also called Emancipation Day and Freedom Day. The day is celebrated in the United States mostly by African-Americans.

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13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery
14th Amendment: Declared all person "born or naturalized in the United States" to be citizens. Required "Equal Protection of the Laws" Citizens cannot be denied life, liberty, or property without due process of law. Reduced the representation in Congress of states that did not grant Black Suffrage Banned Confederate officials from taking office Forbade the repayment of confederate War Debt
CONGRESSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION
Built Schools
Freedoms baroque
let free slaves acquire land
Offered free transportation to slaves
PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
Accept southerners back to the us
lincoln anounced 10% Plan
States can form new govt as long as follow laws
WANTED SOUTHERNS who SUPPOorted southerners take charge.

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Compare and contrast north and south during civil war

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Compare and contrast north and south during civil war

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Northern advantages
 superior leadership in Abraham Lincoln
 greater population – 22 million people
 military power – a five to two advantage in men who could fight, a navy, war machinery
 industrial power – more factories
 more money
 more railroads
 more farm land where food crops, not cash crops were grown Northern disadvantages
 weak motivation –
not fighting for a cause, or at least one they could understand
 officers not aggressive enough – many failed to press their enemy when they had the advantage, inexperienced
 fighting on unfamiliar territory – most Northerners had never been in the South, poor communication, and long supply lines hampered the North
 believed the war would be over quickly Southern advantages
 outstanding military officers – most had experience from the Mexican War, they had a strong military tradition and had been educated at military schools
 strong motivation – were fighting to keep way of life
 fighting on home ground – knew the territory
 soldiers skilled with guns and horses because they lived in rural areas Southern disadvantages
 weak leadership skills of Jefferson Davis
 no navy
 fewer men and supplies  few factories
 less money
 weaker government

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John Bell Hood

June 1, 1831 or June 29, 1831

John Bell Hood (June 1[2] or June 29,[3] 1831 – August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. Hood had a reputation for bravery and aggressiveness that sometimes bordered on recklessness. Arguably one of the best brigade and divisioncommanders in the CSA, Hood gradually became increasingly ineffective as he was promoted to lead larger, independent commands late in the war; his career and reputation were marred by his decisive defeats leading an army in the Atlanta Campaign and the Franklin–Nashville Campaign.

Hood's education at the United States Military Academy led to a career as a junior officer in both the infantry and cavalry of the antebellum U.S. Army in California and Texas. At the start of the Civil War, he offered his services to his adopted state of Texas. He achieved his reputation for aggressive leadership as a brigade commander in the army of Robert E. Lee during the Seven Days Battles in 1862, after which he was promoted to division command. He led a division under James Longstreet in the campaigns of 1862–63. At the Battle of Gettysburg, he was severely wounded, rendering his left arm useless for the rest of his life. Transferred with many of Longstreet's troops to the Western Theater, Hood led a massive assault into a gap in the Union line at the Battle of Chickamauga, but was wounded again, requiring the amputation of his right leg.

Hood returned to field service during the Atlanta Campaign of 1864, and at the age of 33 was promoted to temporary full general and command of the Army of Tennessee at the outskirts of Atlanta, making him the youngest soldier on either side of the war to be given command of an army. There, he dissipated his army in a series of bold, calculated, but unfortunate assaults, and was forced to evacuate the besieged city. Leading his men through Alabama and into Tennessee, his army was severely damaged in a massive frontal assault at the Battle of Franklin and he was decisively defeated at the Battle of Nashville by his former West Point instructor, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, after which he was relieved of command.

After the war, Hood moved to Louisiana and worked as a cotton broker and in the insurance business. His business was ruined by a yellow fever epidemic in New Orleans during the winter of 1878–79 and he succumbed to the disease himself, dying just days after his wife and oldest child, leaving ten destitute orphans.

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Importent African American people Estavico

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Importent African American people Estavico

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Joshua Houston (1822–1902)
was born into slavery in 1822 on the Perry County, Alabama plantation owned by Temple Lea and Nancy Moffette Lea, parents of Margaret Lea Houston. When Margaret married Sam Houston, Joshua moved to Texas with the newlyweds. Joshua traveled with Sam Houston and worked on the construction of Raven Hill in Huntsville, Texas. He became educated and was elected to local public offices. He had three wives and was the father of eight children,[1] including Samuel Walker Houston. Joshua was a Texas delegate at the 1884 Republican National Convention.[2] He helped establish the Bishop Ward Normal and Collegiate Institute.[3]

CONNECTION TO TX
was born into slavery in 1822 on the Perry County, Alabama plantation owned by Temple Lea and Nancy Moffette Lea, parents of Margaret Lea Houston. When Margaret married Sam Houston, Joshua moved to Texas with the newlyweds. Joshua traveled with Sam Houston and worked on the construction of Raven Hill in Huntsville, Texas. He became educated and was elected to local public offices. He had three wives and was the father of eight children,[1] including Samuel Walker Houston. Joshua was a Texas delegate at the 1884 Republican National Convention.[2] He helped establish the Bishop Ward Normal and Collegiate Institute.[3]
OBSTACLES
The trusted slave of legendary Texas independence leader and later governor, Sam Houston, Joshua Houston, after Emancipation, succeeded in business and politics, founded numerous institutions, and became a symbol of racial autonomy and progress. Born a slave in 1822 and later willed to Margaret Lea of Marion, Alabama, Joshua was brought to Texas in 1840 with Lea to unite with her new husband, President Sam Houston of the Republic of Texas. Unlike many slaveholders of the time, President Houston encouraged his slaves to read and write.  Joshua Houston became literate and was soon known in the region as intelligent and industrious. Joshua Houston, as servant to President Houston, became a well-known coachman of public dignitaries.  He was also the blacksmith and wheelwrignt.

In 1862, an infirmed Sam Houston, who as governor opposed secession, freed Joshua and his entire slave staff.  Months later, a grateful Joshua Houston offered penniless Sam Houston’s widow Margaret Lea Houston $2,000 in gold, his life savings.  She refused the gesture, and encouraged him instead to use the money for his family.  Houston married three women in his lifetime and had eight children, including Atlanta University graduate and celebrated educator Samuel Walker Houston.

Freedman Houston bought property, built a home, and opened a prosperous blacksmith shop.  Houston and other freedmen then in 1867 founded the Union Church, Huntsville, Texas’s first black institution.  He also led the effort to establish a small school for African American children in the same community.  Joshua Houston entered local politics, serving as an alderman in Huntsville and county commissioner in Walker County.  A lifelong advocate of education, he secured funding for the building in 1883 of another school, Bishop Ward Normal and Collegiate Institute. His son, Samuel Walker Houston, in turn, founded the first high school for black students. Joshua Houston died in 1902 in Huntsville, Texas.  He was 80.